Week 9 Lecture | Manal Maqsood

Week 9 Lecture | Manal Maqsood

WEEK 9 LECTURE
FRAMED STRUCTURES- TRANSFER OF STRUCTURAL
LOADS
LOADS ON BEAMS FROM SLABS
Before designing a beam, it is essential to know how much loads will be coming from
the slabs to the beams.
STEPS
The steps to determine the loads on beams from slabs are:
Step 1: Identify the beams on architectural plans
 Marking of columns
 Marking of beams
Calculate the maximum moment of beam for which loads are to be known.
Step 2: Identify the slabs that are being supported by the beam under
consideration
It can be a single slab or multiple slab supported by the beam
Step 3: Check the longer to shorter ratio of slab
This can be done using the ratio Ly/Lx
Step 4: Determining if it’s one way slab or two way slab
For One Way slab: ratio > 2
For Two Way slab: ratio < 2
Step 5: Transfer all the load from slab to beams
If it’s a one way slab, then it will be UDL
If it’s a two way slab, then there will be different forms of VDL
 Week 9 Lecture | Manal Maqsood

VALUES OF LIVE LOADS

UBC stands for Universal Building Code which is applied in various regions and have
provided values to consider for live loads in different structures as shown in the table
below. These values of the live loads depends upon the usage and function of the
building.

CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE LOADS

LOAD CALCULATION FOR BEAMS
(A residential plan that was previously discussed will be considered here as well)
Step 1: Find loads per unit area
Loads per unit area refers to the force per unit area.
First the dead loads will be calculated and later the live loads will be calculated.
 For dead loads:
1. Assume the slab thickness. The minimum slab thickness is 5” while the
convenient for architects is 6”
2. Hence the value for slab thickness is taken to be 6”
3. Multiply the slab thickness with the γconcrete which is the unit weight of concrete.
Unit weight is more like density and since density equals to mass/volume therefore the
unit weight is equal to weight per unit volume or weight/volume.
 Week 9 Lecture | Manal Maqsood

The main difference between density and unit weight is that in density mass is
considered without gravity while in unit weight, weight is considered which is the
product of mass and gravitational force i.e.,

W=mg

We are more interested in weight because weight is the force and as mentioned
above we’ll be looking into force/area which refers to load.

The unit of γconcrete is weight per unit volume and if we multiply the volume with
any dimensions we get a value in terms of area.

The values of γ are:

 γconcrete (plain one without steel) = 144lb/ft 3

 γconcrete (reinforced with steel) = 150lb/ft 3

4. Calculate the weight of the slab,

It will be calculated by using the formula,

Wslab = Unit weight x thickness of slab (in ft.)

Putting in the values,

Wslab= 150lb/ft3 x 6/12ft
Wslab= 75lb/ft2 (this is the service load because it is an original load)

The weight of the beams will be there acting on the slab but it will be neglected
since it won’t be affecting the size of the beams.

 For live loads:

1. Consider the live loads of certain function with respect to UBC
Since the plan we’re working on is residential, therefore:

2
Residential= 40lb/ft (this is the service load because it is an original load)

2. Ultimate Load will be calculated which is the load of the structure with some
safety factors applied. (While service loads are the actual loads that will be
applied)

According to ACI, American Concrete Institute new and old codes of safety were
provided.
 Week 9 Lecture | Manal Maqsood

Old Code: Ultimate Load= 1.4(dead) + 1.7 (live)

New Code: Ultimate Load= 1.2(dead) + 1.6 (live)

But in Pakistan the old code is preferred because the beams are much safer.
Hence,

Ultimate Load= 1.4 (dead) + 1.7 (live)

Wu = 1.4 (75) + 1.7 (40)
Wu = 105+68
Wu = 173 lb. /ft2 (this is the total combined load with safety factors)
The above total combined load i.e. 173 lb. /ft 2 will be used time and again.

LOADS FROM ONE WAY AND TWO WAY SLABS

LOAD TRANSFER- ONE WAY SLAB

A one way slab will only have beams along the longer direction as shown with the
orange line. The one way slab will be divided into two equal halves along the length
hence the load from the first half or rectangle will be go towards the first beam and the
load from the second half or rectangle will go towards the second beam.
One way slab will have loads distributed along the beams parallel to the longer side (ly)
in form of a UDL.
Wu = 173 lb. /ft2 (from previous calculations)
Step 1: Calculate the UDL on the weight of the beam
UDL on beam = Wu x half of the shorter side (lb. /ft.)
WUDL = Wu x 8/2
WUDL = 173 x 4
WUDL = 692 lb. /ft.
 Week 9 Lecture | Manal Maqsood

After the above calculations of WUDL, maximum moment and bending moment diagrams
can be made and the beam can be designed. As shown in the above figure.
LOAD TRANSFER- ONE WAY SLAB

In a two way slab as discussed earlier, we’ll draw diagonals at 45 degrees till they
intersect on both the shorter sides and the intersected points are then connected
through a line like an envelope which shows that in a two way slab:
 Beams are all on four sides
 Shorter side will have VDL since it’s a triangle
 Longer side will have a load that looks like a trapezoid
Two way slabs will have loads distributed along the beams parallel to both longer (ly)
and shorter (lx) sides.
Wu = 173 lb. /ft2 (from previous calculations)
The method to calculate Wu will remain the same regardless of it being one way or two
way slab. However the value will change if the slab thickness changes.
Loading on beam = Wu x half of the shorter side (lb. /ft.)
Wtrapezoid = Wtriangle = 173 x 10/2
Wtrapezoid = Wtriangle = 865 lb. /ft.
 Week 9 Lecture | Manal Maqsood

Shorter Beam:

Longer Beam:

*It is better to use a beam

with an equivalent
UDL therefore replace the
loads with UDL of same effect as that of the triangular or trapezoidal VDL.
SIMPLIFICATION INTO EQUIVALENT UDL:
For simplification of calculations, the triangular loadings and trapezoidal loadings can be
converted into UDLS by using the following formulae.
FOR TRIANGULAR LOADINGS:

Bending Moment OR WUDL = Wu x lx/3

Where lx is the shorter side

WUDL = 173 x 10/3
WUDL = 576.67 lb. /ft.
Now the bending moment diagram will
look like the one on right.
For equivalent shear the formula is,

Shear OR W = Wu x lx/4

FOR TRAPEZOIDAL LOADINGS:

2
Bending Moment OR WUDL = [3-(lx/ly) ] x Wu x lx/6
 Week 9 Lecture | Manal Maqsood

WUDL = [3- (10/15)2] x 173 10/6

WUDL = 736.72lb/ft.

2
Shear OR W = [2- (lx/ly) ] x Wu x lx/4

The equivalent UDL values are less than the original loadings.
When the loads are converted into UDL, the moments can be calculated and the
bending moment diagram can be drawn easily.
Once the value of moments is known, the same maximum moment will be utilized in
designing of the beams as we use in the beam design numerical.
If a beam is supporting two slabs then loads from both the slab must be calculated.
If designing for shear, then maximum shear will be used for shear design.

WORKED EXAMPLE ON A PLAN:

 Week 9 Lecture | Manal Maqsood

After marking the beams and slabs we’ll work to transfer the loads on the beam.
BEAM 1
So let’s consider beam 1 B1 as shown.

The supports are marked on the basis of columns. And there are two slabs supported
on the B1.
 SLAB 1- TRIANGLE:
Since it is a two way slab and the beam is on the shorter side therefore, a triangle will
be there.

Wtriangle = Wu x lx/2

Wtriangle = 173 x 13/2

Wtriangle = 1124.5 lb. /ft. OR 1.124k/ft.

 SLAB 3- TRAPEZOID:
 Week 9 Lecture | Manal Maqsood

Since it is a two way slab and the beam is on the longer side therefore, a trapezoid will
be there.

Wtrapezoid = Wu x lx/2

Wtrapezoid = 173 x 9.3/2

Wtrapeoid = 804.45lb/ft OR 0.804k/ft

SIMPLIFICATION OF LOADS INTO UDL:

 FOR TRIANGULAR LOADINGS:

Bending Moment OR WUDL = Wu x lx/3

WUDL = 173 x 13/3

WUDL = 750.67lb/ft. OR 0.75k/ft.
 FOR TRAPEZOIDAL LOADINGS:

2
Bending Moment OR WUDL = [3-(lx/ly) ] x Wu x lx/6

WUDL = [3- (9.3/15.83)2] x 173 9.3/6

WUDL = 736.72lb/ft. OR 0.74k/ft.

Now the diagram will look like this, and moments can be used to design the beams with
the help of the following diagram. This can be repeated for all the beams

LOADS ON COLUMNS
 Week 9 Lecture | Manal Maqsood

CATCHMENT AREA METHOD

Step 1: Divide each portion between columns into halves vertically and
horizontally
Step 2: Repeat this for all spans
Step 3: Find the catchment area
Step 4: Multiply it with Wu
*Consider the columns only not the beams.
*Whatever the portion of the slab is, it tries to transfer its load towards the nearest
column.
*Further division can be carried out to see which portion is nearer to which column in
case of offset.

WORKED EXAMPLE
LOAD CALCULATION C2
 Week 9 Lecture | Manal Maqsood

Considering C2, it is supporting portions of S1 and S3. So we will calculate the area of
the portion from S1 and S3 and then after adding it we’ll get the catchment area of C2
as follows:
CATCHMENT AREA OF C2
 From Slab S1:
Area = 13/2 x 13.5/2 ( since the portion is the quarter of the slab hence half of both the
sides are multiplied)
Area = 43.88 ft2
 From Slab S3:
Area = 9.33/2 x 15.83/2
Area = 36.92 ft2
Catchment Area of C2 = 43.88 + 36.92
= 80.8 ft2
LOAD ON C2 = WU x catchment area
LOAD ON C2 = 173 lb/ft2 x 80.8ft2
LOAD ON C2 = 13978.4lb OR 13.98 kips