STRENGTH OF

MATERIALS
MODULE 3
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 1.3 BEAMS AND
SUPPORTS

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 OBJECTIVE
To investigate the behavior of intermediate members in a
structural system.
TOPIC OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the forces acting on a structure due to
weight.
2. To understand the transmissibility of forces.

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 POST AND LINTEL
One of the
earliest examples
of beam and
column
construction, it
was built
approximately in
2000 B.C.

Stonehenge, England
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 POST AND LINTEL
Composed of 30
upright stones,
each weighing
approximately 25
tons, capped by
a continuous ring
of 30 lintel stones
each weighing
about 7 tons.
Stonehenge, England
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 Weight of an object is measured by its volume multiplied by
its density. (density and specific gravity due to gravitational
pull, )
1. Density of wood = 600 to 900 Kg./ - hard
wood
2. Density of water = 1,000 Kg./
3. Density of concrete = 2,400 Kg./
4. Density of steel = 7,850 Kg./

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 A concrete beam is an intermediate structure which possess
weight
If the density of concrete is 2,400 kg./m3,
and the dimensions are 0.3 m, 0.7 m, and 10 m for breadth,
depth, and length respectively,
the Total weight of the concrete beam is 5.04 metric tons
3 m
0.

d=0.7m
b=

L=10m
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 To compute that, multiply the volume by its density.
(volume)(density) = total weight
{(L)(b)(d)} (density) = WT
{(10 m)(0.3 m)(0.7m)} (2,400 kg/m3) = 5,040 Kg
or Equivalent to 5.04 metric tons 3m
0 .

d=0.7m
b=

L=10m

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 The applied force is equivalent to total weight multiplied by
the acceleration due to gravity.
The unit is in Newton.
(5,040 Kg.) (9.81 M/ s2) the amount of force required to
accelerate 1 kg. of weight per second per second.

49,442.4 N or 49.44 KN = The total dead load

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 The total dead load is 49.44 KN but how do we analyze
this?
If the dead load is divided by its total length
49.44 kn/ 10 m = we get 4.94 KN/m
meaning for every 1 meter of chunk of the beam is 4.94 KN

Translated49.44
into 4.94
KN KN / meter
L=10m

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 Thereby the totality of that force working on the vertical
direction 4.94 KN per meter assuming that the cross
sectional area of the beam is symmetrical throughout the
length of the beam. (Uniformly Distributed Load)
4.94 KN / m

L=10m

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 To make the analysis and computation easier, this is
represented by a graphical representation.

4.94 KN / m

L=10m

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 INTRODUCTION
BEAMS are horizontal structural elements, primarily
designed to resist bending moment.
COLUMNS are vertical and resist axial compressive loads.
In Theory a beam generally collects load along its entire
span and transfer it to the vertical resisting element
(column).
And safely transfer the load to the foundation and to the
ground.

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 Designed to withstand and transfer loads to its
vertical resisting elements.
example Concentrated loads
P P P

beam
Horizontal member
column column

vertical member
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 moving load Forcing that beam to bend
Occupant loads Transferring the forces to the column
These are LIVE LOADS
Which can be 300 KN 1.3KN
with or without
the structure.

While the beam and the columns

are loads permanently attached
to the structure Called
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DEAD LOADS ding 15
 Type of load transfer for the
Stonehenge, in reality it is pinned
by its own weight and the friction
in which it is in contact. But in the
analysis of structures considering
only forces, it acts like a roller
adjusting to the horizontal force
due to change in length brought by
thermal exchange.
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 7 TONS
Load transfer
depend on
the direction
of the forces
applied on a
structural 25 TONS 25 TONS
load path.

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 Amount of force transferred to the ground

28.5 Tons 32 Tons 32 Tons 28.5 Tons

25 tons + ½ 7 tons = 28.5 tons
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 Consider a force in the direction →horizontal, ↑vertical,
and ↶rotational (torque). Moment in Statics
CASE STUDY # 1

An architecture student
in a roller skate
was pushed by another
architecture student at
the 3rd floor corridor.
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 Discussion

1. What are the forces acting on the student during the

push (free ride)?
2. What are the forces allowed by and resistant at the
roller skate?
3. Why is the student not falling down the 2nd floor?
4. What are the static equilibrium reactions present at the roller
skate during the free ride? →horizontal, ↑vertical, or
↶rotational?
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 Analysis
A roller allows horizontal, rotation, moment, and
overturning forces but resist vertical forces.
Conclusion
1. A roller support connection is a structural load that
resist forces perpendicular to its plane.

(d) Roller
(c) Roller
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 2. Forces and Moments are determined by static
equilibrium equations.
 ∑FX=0
 ∑FY=0
 ∑M=0

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 Types of structural connection
TYPE GRAPHIC ALLOW RESIST EQ. EQ.
Roller Horizontal → Vertical ↑
∑FX=0↑+
Rotational ↶

Pin Rotational ↶ Vertical ↑ ∑FX=0↑+

Horizontal → ∑FY=0 →+

Fixed None Vertical ↑ ∑FX=0↑+

Horizontal → ∑FY=0 →+
Rotational ↶ ∑M = 0 ↶+
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1. Full length of PARTS OF THE BEAM
the beam 1. Span

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TERMS AND KEY WORDS TO PONDER
1. Span 2. Clear Span
1. Full length of
the beam
2. Measured
from the face
of the supports

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1. Full length of
the beam 1. Span 2. Clear Span 2. Effective Span
2. Measured
from the face
of the supports
3. Measured
from the
center to the
center of the
supports
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 END
Thank you
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