Dumitrascu Celsia

S202355

Ship and Offshore Structures and

Production
HOMEWORK I
30.10.2020

Professor: Rigo Philippe

Student: Dumitrascu Celsia

1
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

1. Problem’s Data

For the structural analysis was considered a vessel of 120 m length, divided in
4 tanks. For this analysis, 20 sections have been considered. The distribution of the
lightweight and of the cargo along the vessel is pictured in the figure below.

Fig.1 Lightweight and Cargo distribution

For this project, I calculated the shear forces and bending moments regarding
2 different cross-sectional areas. The analysed cases are:
a) Still water
b) Sagging
c) Hogging.

The amplitude of the wave is 0.5 m.

In the analysis, the worst-case scenario was considered, meaning the wave’s
length is equal to the vessel’s length. (λw=L)

Design I
The cross-sectional area for this design is as shown in Figure 2.

Fig.2 Design 1. Cross-sectional area.

Design 2
2
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

The cross-sectional area for the second design is as pictured below.

Fig.3 Design 2. Cross-sectional area.

1. Calculations
A) Design 1. Still water
 Weight distribution
For calculating the shear forces (V) and the bending moments (BM), the
weight and the buoyancy are considered distributed along the entire ship. The cargo
of the vessel is expressed as the distributed load and is added to the distributed
lightweight load, the sum creating the total weight load which is distributed along the
20 considered sections.
In the picture below it is depicted how much each tank has been filled with
crude oil.

Fig. 4 The tank capacity usage

In order to find out how much cargo is in each tank, the filled volume of each
tank has been calculated and then multiplied by the density of the crude oil.
As example, let’s take the first tank. It is 30 m long, 30 m wide and 20 m tall.
That means the total volume of the first hold is 18000 m 3. The filled volume, as seen
in the Fig.4, is 20% of the total volume. The result is 3600 m 3. Therefore, the weight
of the cargo in the first tank is 3132 tons. The distributed cargo for the hold 1 is 104.4
t/m.
Vttk1 = L tk1 * B * D = 30 m * 30 m * 20 m = 18000 m3
Vftk1 = 20/100 * 18000 m3 = 3600 m3
3
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

w tk1 = 3600 m3 * 0.87 t/m3 = 3132 t

w dtk1 = w tk1/30 m = 104.4 t/m
Considering that the lightweight (1200 tons) is distributed evenly along the
length of the vessel, the distributed lightweight load for this tank is 10 ton/m.
w ttk1 = w ltk1 + w dtk1 = 10 t/m + 104.4 t/m = 114.4 t/m
The calculus is applied for all 20 sections.

 Buoyancy
Using the Archimede’s Principle in the analysed situation, it is observed that
the buoyancy works as a reaction to the weights’s action. The trim is used as angle
and the draft is calculated with respect to the trim.
Ti = T0 + (xm-xi)*tan(trim)
Where:
T0 = the random value chosen for the initial draft
Ti = the draft at the position i
xm - xi = the distance between the midship and the wanted position
trim = the random value chosen for the initial trim
Therefore, the first step is calculating the buoyancy per each station. The
buoyancy acts upwards and is equal to the weight of the displaced volume of fluid.
A(xi) = B * Ti
b(xi) = - A(xi) * ρ, the “–“ is because the buoyancy acts in the opposite direction to the
weights.
For the present analysis, the buoyancy is, as the weight, a distributed load.
In the current report, it will be calculated per section, as the average buoyancy
between 2 stations. Because it is function of the draft and because the draft changes
its value from station to station, the buoyancy is calculated with the trapezoidal
approximation.

B’= (b(xi) + b(xi+1))*( xi+1- xi)/2

4
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

Where:
B = Beam [m]
Ti = draft at the position “i” [m]
ρ = 1.025 [t/m3], density of the salt water
xi = position [m]
b(xi) = the buoyancy for the station at the position i, [t/m]
B’= the buoyancy for the section between xi and xi+1 [t]

 Net Load Distribution

The total distributed load (q(x)) at each section is the sum of the total weight and
the buoyancy, each per section.

Net loadi = (lightweight + cargo) + buoyancy

As example, for the section 1, the calculations are:

wts1= w ttk1*(x1-x0) = 114.4[t/m] * 6[m] = 686.4 [t]

q(x1) = wts1 + B(s1) = 686.4 [t] – 1089.09 [t] = -402.69 [t]

The sum of all the net loads should be 0. Then and only then the buoyancy and the total
weights will be in equilibrium.

 Shear forces

To calculate the shear forces per station, the following formula was used:
Vi=Vi-1+q(xi)
And to calculate the shear forces per section:
Vsi=(Vi+Vi+1)*(xi+1-xi)/2.
Where:
Vi = the shear force at station i
Vi-1 = the shear force at station i-1
V i+1 = the shear force at station i+1
q(xi) = the next load at the section between the i-1 and i stations
5
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

Vsi = the shear force in the section i

xi = the position of the station i
xi+1 = the position of the station i+1
The ship is not supported at the aft and at the fore so we impose that the shear
force at the aft is 0. The result for the shear force at the fore must be 0 as well.

 Bending Moments
With the shear forces calculated, the calculation of the bending moments is
done through the next formula:
Bi = Vsi + Bi-1
where:
Bi = the bending moment at the station i
Vsi = the shear force in the section i
Bi-1 = the bending moment at the station i-1
As mentioned in the calculation of the shear forces, the ship is not supported at the
aft and at the fore so we impose that the bending moment at the aft is 0 and the result for
the bending moment at the fore must be 0 as well.

 Final draft and trim. Iterative process.

The shear forces and bending moments at x=0m and x=120m should be 0.
But the values chosen for the initial draft and initial trim don’t maintain the
equilibrium.
Normally, the process of calculation should be done again and again, with
different values, until the equilibrium is reached. However, this iterative process can
be done easier by using the excel solver. The variable values will be T 0 and the trim,
the constraints being that the shear force and the bending moment at fore must be
equal to 0.
The steps for calculating the correct draft and trim are:
1. Fix random values for T0 and trim.
2. Calculate the draft at each station with respect to T 0 and the trim.
3. Calculate the weight distribution along each section.
4. Calculate the buoyancy distribution along each section.
5. Calculate the net load distribution.
6. Calculate the shear force at each station and along each section.
7. Calculate the bending moment at each station.

6
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

8. Use the Excel Solver (select the last value of BM = 0, the variables: T 0 and
trim and the constraint is the last value of V = 0).

 Results
a) Draft & Trim

b) Net Load Distribution Diagram

c) Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram

7
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

A) Design 1. Sagging wave

 Formula
In this case, waves act on the analysed vessel, changing the draft and thus,
the immersed area, the buoyancy distribution and therefore it changes the shear
force and the bending moment values.
The new drafts will be obtained by adding to the linear function, used in the
still water conditions to calculate the draft, a sine wave. The new formula will be:

where:
A = 0,5 [m], the amplitude of the wave
L = 120 [m], the vessel’s length
Φ = π/2, for the sagging wave
The immersed area will be calculated with the new drafts. The steps into
finding the equilibrium are the same as the ones mentioned in the previous case.
(See Still water. Final draft and trim. Iterative process.)
8
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

 Results
a) Draft & Trim

b) Net load distribution diagram

c) Shear force & Bending Moment diagram

A) Design 1. Hogging wave

9
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

 Formula
Unlike the sagging wave, which begins and ends at 1m elevation while at
midship is -1m, the hogging wave is -1m at x=0m and x=120m and at x=60m it is 1m.
In terms of the formula, the only difference in calculating the new draft is that
Φ is negative. Therefore it will be Φ = -π/2.

 Results
a) Draft & Trim

b) Net Load Diagram

c) Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram

10
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

A) Design 2. Still Water.

1. Weight Distribution

For this design, the cargo distribution is the same as for the first design. But
the cross-sectional area is different. Considering we already know the cargo and
lightweight distribution along the ship (because it is the same as for the first design –
mentioned in the homework requirements), the calculation for the weight distribution
is not necessary.
2. Buoyancy distribution

In Fig.3 it is observed that the cross-sectional area can be divided into a small
trapezoid (b=10m, B=30m and h=10m) and a rectangular (l=10m and B=30 m). But
the area is a function of the draft so 2 cases are considered: when the draft is under
10 m and when it is above 10 m.
a) T <= 10m
If the draft is under 10 m or equal to 10 m, then the area is calculated with
respect only to the trapezoid area.

From the picture above, it is observed that both b and T variate from 0 to 10.
But b variates with respect to T. The draft is a linear function and for the present
case, it is safe to say that b=T, so the slope is 1. In this situation, the area will be
calculated as following:

11
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

At = 2* AΔ + Asq = 2*(b*T)/2 + 10*T = (T * T) + 10T =T2 + 10T [m2]

b) T>10 m
If the draft is above 10 m, the area will be calculated as shown in the next
formula:
Atot = Atrap + Ar = [(b+B)*h]/2+B*(T-h) [m2]

Where:
B= 30 m
b= 10 m
h= 10 m
The formula for the area becomes:
Atot = Atrap + Ar = [(10+30) *10]/2+30*(T-10) = 30T - 100 [m2]
The process for calculating the buoyancy distribution is the same as for the first
design but with respect to the new cross sectional area and therefore, the immersed
area.

A(xi) = IF (Ti<=10,At,Atot)
b(xi) = - A(xi) * ρ
B’= (b(xi) + b(xi+1))*( xi+1- xi)/2
Where:
B = Beam [m]
Ti = draft at the position “i” [m]
ρ = 1.025 [t/m3], density of the salt water
xi = position [m]
b(xi) = the buoyancy for the station at the position i, [t/m]
B’= the buoyancy for the section between xi and xi+1 [t]
12
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

1. Final draft and trim. Iterative process.

The distribution of the net load, the calculation of the shear forces and
bending moments are done using the same methods as for the previous design. The
draft and the trim for which the weights and the buoyancy are in equilibrium are
found through the following iterative process:
1. Set a random initial value for both T0 and trim
2. Calculate the cross-section area for every station
3. Calculate the buoyancy distribution
4. Calculate the Net Load
5. Calculate the shear forces and bending moments
6. Use the Excel Solver to find the draft and the trim for which the equilibrium is
obtained.

1. Results
a) Draft & Trim

b) Net Load Distribution

c) Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram

13
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

A) Design 2. Sagging wave.

1. Results
a) Draft & Trim

b) Net Load Distribution

c) Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram

14
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

1. Results Analysis
1. Design 1
a. Draft & Trim Comparison

As can be observed from the results, the trim is the same but the values of the
drafts, just as expected, are different.
Considering the theory, the draft results are correct. In the case of the sagging
wave, the draft at the at and at the fore are higher than in the hogging wave’s case.
However, the value of the draft at midship for sagging is smaller than the one for
hogging.

b. Net Load Comparison

Net load
600.00
400.00
200.00 Still Water
Sagging
0.00
Hogging
-200.00
-400.00
-600.00
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Taking into consideration the way the cargo has been distributed along the
vessel and the conditions (still water, sagging and hogging), the results are
according with what was expected.

15
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

Because in the sagging case, the buoyancy is bigger in the aft and the fore
we can see that the net load is smaller in these areas but compensate in the midship
zone, where the buoyancy is smaller.
In the hogging wave case, the buoyancy is high in the midship area but small
at the ends. The graph shows how the net load compensates the buoyancy along
the entire length of the ship.
The “jump” in the graph, from section 5 to 6 and from section 15 to 16 is
caused by the cargo distribution (20% filled volume in tank 1 to 40% filled volume in
tank 2 and 40% filled volume in tank 3 to 10% filled volume in tank 4).

c. Shear Force Diagram Comparison

Shear Force
3000.00

2000.00

1000.00
Still Water
Sagging
0.00 Hogging

-1000.00

-2000.00

-3000.00
0 5 10 15 20 25

The shear force is dependent on the net load. The results fit with the theory,
the values for the hogging case being smaller than the values for the sagging case.
At the aft, fore and in the midship, the shear force is equal to 0 and the maximum
values are at ¼ and ¾ of the length of the ship.

d. Bending Moment Comparison

16
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

Bending Moment
80000.00

70000.00

60000.00

50000.00
Still Water
40000.00 Sagging
Hogging
30000.00

20000.00

10000.00

0.00

-10000.00
0 5 10 15 20 25

The maximum values of the bending moments are at the midship section while
at the fore and at the aft it is equal to 0. This proves that the results fit with the
theory. The results for the bending moment, in the cases of sagging and hogging are
as expected. The bending moment with the biggest value is the one for the sagging.

2. Design 2
a. Net Load Comparison

Just as for the previous design, the values of the drafts behave as expected
and fit to the theory. The difference from the first design however is the variation of
the trim. The value is small and the trim behaves as expected.

b. Net Load Comparison

17
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

Net Load
600.00

400.00

200.00 Still Water

Sagging
0.00 Hogging

-200.00

-400.00

-600.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00

The hull geometry is different from the first design but the cargo is distributed
just the same. The results are satisfying and fit to the theory.

c. Shear Force Diagram Comparison

Shear Force
3000.00

2000.00

1000.00 Still Water

Sagging
0.00 Hogging

-1000.00

-2000.00

-3000.00
0 5 10 15 20 25

The shear force graph for the 3 cases is correct according to the theory.

d. Bending Moment Comparison

18
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

Bending Moment
80000.00
70000.00
60000.00
50000.00 Still Water
40000.00 Sagging
Hogging
30000.00
20000.00
10000.00
0.00
-10000.00
0 5 10 15 20 25

The maximum values of the bending moments are at the midship section while
at the fore and at the aft it is equal to 0. This proves that the results fit with the
theory. The results for the bending moment, in the cases of sagging and hogging are
as expected. The bending moment with the biggest value is the one for the sagging.

1. Conclusions
This exercise brought a great improvement in terms of knowledge
and understanding of the beam theory concerning a ship. It helped me to
understand better the concepts of shear force and bending moment in a
structure and it also offered me the occasion to discover and to
understand how different factors can affect the results.
The main focus for this project was obtaining and analysing the
equilibrium between the buoyancy and the weights but it offered an overall
vision for the importance of all the terms in the calculation process.

2. Annexes

19
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

1. Design 1. Still Water

2. Design 1. Sagging.

20
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

3. Design 1. Hogging.

4. Design 2. Still Water.

21
 Dumitrascu Celsia
S202355

5. Design 2. Sagging.

3. Design 2. Hogging.

22