MALAYSIAN

STANDARD
MS 1228 : 1991

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR

DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS.
SECTION 1 : GENERAL

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(MALAYSIA} SON BHO
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SI RIM STANDARDS & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA

© Copyright
 MS 1228: 1991

This Malaysian Standard, which had been approved by the Building and Civil Engineering
Industry Standards Committee and endorsed by the Council of the Standards and Industrial
Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) was published under the authority of the SIRIM Council
in July, 1991.

SIRIM wishes to draw attention to the fact that this Malaysian Standard does not purport to
include all the necessary provisions of a contract.

The Malaysian Standards are subject to periodical review to keep abreast of progress in the
industries concerned. Suggestions for improvements will be recorded and in due course brought to
the notice of the Committees charged with the revision of the standards to which they refer.

The following references relate to the work on this standard:

Committee reference SIRIM 491/11-1
Draft for comment 0113 (ISC D)

CONTROLLED! COPY !
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SHINAYO (MAL-'YSIA) SON 6HO i
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Amd. No. Date of issue Text affected

MS 1228 : 1991

CONTENTS

Page
Committee representation 3
Foreword 4

1 General 5
2 Materials 10
3 Design flow and organic loadings 12
4 Sewer and appurtenances 14
5 Sewage pumping stations 21
6 Treatment works
27
7 Disposal of sewage and treated· effluent 52
8 Treatment and disposal of sludge 55

Tables
1 Equivalent populations 13
2 Design criteria for aerated lagoons 43
3 Common parameters and operating characteristics of single-stage activated
sludge system 47
4 Sludge Loading Rate 62

Appendx A List of references 66

Figures
1 Typical diagram for manhole and inspection chamber 67-74
2 Typical installation of automatic connecting type submersible pump 75
3 Typical diagrams for septic tank 76-77
4 Typical view of a sedimentation tank 78
5 Fixed film media 79
6 Suspended film media 80

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 MS 1228: 1991

Committee representation

The Building and Civil Engineering lnduatry Standards Committee under whose supervision this Malaysian Standard was
prepared, compriaes repreaentativea from the following Government Ministries, trade, commerce and manufacturer
aaaoclatione and acientific and profe11ional bodies.

Master Builders' A11ociation

Malayeian ln1titute of Architect,
Mini.etry of Work, and Utilitiea (Public Work, Department)
Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Houaing Division)
lnatitution of Engineera, Malayaia
Universiti Teknologi Malay1ia
Association of Consulting En1ineer1 (Malayaia)
Chartered Institute of Building (Malayaia)

The Technical Committee on Building Service, which prepared thia Malaysian Standard consists of the following
repreaentntivea:

Ir Sugunan Pillay Bhg. Perkhidmatan Kejuruteraan Kementerian Kesihatan

(Chairman)

Ir. Tan Hoo Bhg. Perkhidmatan Kejuruteraan Kementerian Keeihatan

Ir. K. Riahyakaran

Ir. Ka1al Sinha Bhg. Kerajaan Tempatan Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
[r. Zulkifii Yahya
Ir. Ong Soon Haw

Ir. Omar Mohd Yueof/ Jabatan Perumahan Negara

Ir. Shamsinar Samad/
Ir. Haanan Hassan

Encik Mohsin Ali Rahman Jabatan Bangunan, lnstitut Teknologi MARA

Encik Ahmad Najuib/ Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Puan Mariana Mohd Nor

Ir. Tee Tong Kher Peraatuan Jurutera Perunding Malaysia

Ir. S. Siva.rajah Majlia Perbandaran Ipoh (MPI)
Jr. C.D. Ponniah MINCONSULTANT Bhd.
Encik Eric Baxendale PAM
Ir. Mahesan Kandiah/ Bahagian Perparitan dan Pembentungan Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur
Ir. C. Balaaundran

Encik Ali Maidin/ Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia

Puan Mariani Mohammad
{Secretary)

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MS 1228: 1991

FOREWORD

This Malaysian Standard Code of Practice was prepared by the Technical Committee on Buildir
Services under the authority of the Building and Civil Engineering Industry Standards Committe

In the past, pit privies. conservancy systems and septic tank system were considered satisfactoi
methods for the disposal of excreta. However. numerous studies have indicated that the;
methods, without further treatment of the effluents and sludge can be an environmental heal
hazard. A number of epidemics of cholera. typhoid, gastroenteritis, infectious hepatitis and ti
like have been closely linked with water supply and contaminated with excreta. Furthermo
these systems were not designed to receive sullage which were discharged to surface drains wi
no treatment and were the only practicable means for disposal of sewage in rural areas where ti
density of population is low.

The provision of a sewerage system to collect and convey all wastewater to a convenient poi
where the wastewater can be treated prior to disposal is very necessary to protect the environme
and the health of the people in general. This code of practice deals with planning, desig
installation and testing, which includes the appurtenances, sewage pumping stations, sewa:
treatment works, sludge treatment and disposal of effluent. It is intended for use by the desii
engineer in the planning and the design of sewerage systems, and by the relevant approvii
authority for the vetting and evaluation of designs, plans and specifications for such works. Whi
this code provides standards/specifications for those experienced in design, it is also recognist
that not all sewerage works are designed by such persons. It is, therefore, strongly recommend,
that specialist advice be sought where appropriate, particularly in the design of the sewa:
treatment works.

In the preparation of this code, references have been made to various internationally accept,
codes of practice and standards, adapting them to local conditions. Considerable assistance a1
valuable advice have also been derived from a panel of experts and such assistance is herel
acknow I edged.

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 MS 1228 : 1991

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR

DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

SECTION l. GENERAL

I .I Scope. This code of practice deals with the planning design, construction and
installation and testing, of sewerage system, which includes the sewers and sewer appurtenances,
sewage pumping stations, sewage treatment works, and all the other works necessary to collect,
convey, treat, and finally dispose domestic sewage and permitted amount of industrial
wastewater. This code does not deal with the treatment of industrial effluents (those not
permitted to be discharged into the sewerage system) and operation and maintenance.

This code is intended to indicate what is considered .to be the minimum requirements for the
design of sewerage systems and good practices, under normal conditions. However, it is also
realised that in certain localities and/or circumstances, there may be special conditions which may
require modification to the minimum requirements laid down in this code.

This Code's recommendations should be supplemented as required by skilled engineering advice

based on knowledge of sewerage work practices and of local conditions.

1.2 Fundamental considerations

1.2.1 Legislaiions. The existing legislations that affect the provisions under this Code, and
that affect the rights and duties of the Local Authorities, who are the final approving authorities
of all plans pertaining to sewerage systems, include the following:

(a) Local Government Act, 1976.

(b) Streets, Drainage and Building Act, 1974:

(i) Uniform Building By-laws, 1984.
(ii) Drainage, Sanitation and Sanitary Plumbing By-laws, 1976.

(c) Environmental Quality Act, 1974.

(i) Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents)
Regulations, 1979 - P.U. (A) 12/79
(ii) Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations, 1978.-P.U. (A) 280/78
(iii) Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities)
( Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987.

(d) Town and Country Planning Act, 1976.

(e) Factories and Machinery Act, 1967.

(f) Electrical Inspectorate Act, 1984.

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 MS 1228: 1991

1.2.2 Safety. FulJ consideration shall be given to the safety of the public and operators
sewerage systems in the planning, design and construction of such system. The treatment wor
pumping station, sewer and sewer appurtenances shall be adequately protected and located wh
necessary against unauthorised interference and potential accidents.

Attention is also drawn to the provisions of the Factories and Machinery Act, 1967, with rega
to the safety requirements for operators in sewers and sewage works. Reference can be made
the Health and Safety Guidelines No. 2 'Safe National Joint Health and Safety Committee for
Water Service, National Water Council, England - 1969' and occupational health and physi
safety in the Wastewater Treatment Plant Design by a joint committee of the Water Pollut.
Control Federation and American Society of Civil Engineers.

I .2.3 Location off.acillties. All sewer and sewer appurtenances, pumping stations and sew;
treatment works shall be located as far from the public right-of-way and habitable buildings
i· economically practicable. The direction of prevailing winds shall be considered when siting
I·I sewage treatment works. Generally, unless required otherwise by the prevailing local conditio
the sewage treatment works and pumping station shall be at least 20 m away from any habita
building. For works where noise, odour, aerosols, etc. is a factor the distance should be increas
Location of the final discharge point for treated effluent from sewerage treatment works st
also consider beneficial users of the receiving water course.

1.2.4 Access. Good all weather access roads shall be provided to the sewer appurtenanc
pumping stations and sewage treatment works.

1.2.5 Industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewaters require pretreatment prior to discharge i1

the sewerage system. Pretreatment is necessary to reduce toxic substances and other materials t
may interfere with the normal operation of the sewerage system or may pose a risk to sews
system workers.

The stipulation of the pretreatment standard for the discharge of Industrial effluent into 1
sewerage system is the responsibility of the respective local authority. The Sixth Schedule of 1
Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations, 1979 - P.U.(A) 12/'
may be used as a guide for discharge of pretreated industrial wastewater into sewerage syster
In addition to this, industrial wastewaters shall not contain any of the following:

(a) Any liquid, solid or gases, which by itself or in combination with other substances, a
which by reason of its quantity is likely or is sufficient to cause Hre, explosion or to cai
damage to any component of the sewerage system, or be a health hazard or otherw
objectionable, or prevents the entry into the system by the maintenance/repair workers;

(b) Any radioactive substances; and

(�) Any substances liable to form a viscous or solid coating or deposition on any part of
sewerage system, thereby affecting the performance of the system.

1.3 References. The titles of publications referred to and other standards of interest in t
field is given in appendix A.

1.4 Definitions. For the purpose of this code of practice the following definitions apply:-

1.4.1 Activated sludge. A flocculent microbial mass, produced when sewage is continua.
aerated.

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 MS 1228 : 1991

1.4.2 Aerobic action. A biological process promoted by action of bacteria in the presence of
dissolved oxygen.

1.4.3 Anaerobic action. A biological process promoted by action of bacteria in the absence
of dissolved oxygen.

1.4.4 Ba/fie. A device used in a tank to check eddies and promote a more uniform flow
through the tank.

1.4.5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by
the microbiological action when a sample is incubated, usually for 5 days at 20°C.

1.4.6 Biological Jilter. A bed of relatively inert material (such as slag, moulded plastics,
clinker etc.) to promote or assist natural aerobic degradation of sewage.

1.4.7 Bottom water level (BWL). The minimum operating water level in a pump well.

1.4.8 Distributor, A device for spreading settled sewage over the surface of a biological filter.

1.4.9 Effluent. Fluid discharged from a given source.

1.4.10 Final effluent, The effluent discharged from a sewage treatment works.

1.4.11 Mixed liquor. A mixture of sewage and activated sludge undergoing circulation and
aeration in the aeration tank or channel of an activated sludge plant.

1.4.12 Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). The concentration of dry solids in mg/I of
mixed liquor in the aeration tank or channel of an activated sludge plant.

1.4.13 Package plant, A prefabricated factory-built sewage treatment installation.

1.4.14 Parameter. Any of the factors shown in the First Column of the Third Schedule or in
the Fifth Schedule and other factors which the Director General of Environmental Quality may
specify in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (4) of Regulation (8), Environmental
Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents Regulations) 1979 - P.U.(A) 12/79.

1.4. l S Population equivalent. · The equivalent, in terms of fixed population of a varying or

transient population or other activity (e.g. industrial, commercial contributing flow to the
sewerage system).

1.4.16 Primary sedimentation tank. A tank in which the settleable and floating solids are
substantially removed from the crude sewage flowing through it.

1.4.17 Rotating biological contactor (RBC). A unit consisting of a series of closely spaced
media mounted on a rotating shaft.

1.4.l 8 Scum board. A device used at the outlet end of a tank to retain scum and other floating
materials.

1.4.19 Sewage. Any liquid discharge containing animal or vegetable matter· in suspension or
solution, and may include liquids containing chemicals in it.

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MS 1228: 1991

1.4.20 Sewerage systems. A system incorporating sewers and all other structures, devic
equipment and appurtenances intended for the collection, transportation, pumping, treatment a
disposal of sewage including a treatment plant.

1.4.21 Sewer. Any line of pipes or channels with their appurtenances designed and used
convey sewage and effluents.

1.4.22 Sludge. A soft deposit of particulate matter settled from a liquid.

1.4.23 Specific surface. A property of biological filter media expressed as surface area 1
unit volume (m2 /m3).

1.4.24 Sul/age or sullage water. Includes any household waste liquids discharged from i
bath, shower, wash basin, floor gully, laundaries or sink (not being a slop sink) but exclu
faecal water and urine.

I .4.2S Supematant liquor. The effluent from the primary sedimentation tank, fi
sedimentation tank, clarifier or sludge digester.

1.4.26 Suspended solids (SS). Solids in suspension in sewage liquor.

1.4.27 Top water level"(TWL). The maximum water level in a sedimentation tank, an aerat
tank, oxidation pond or a sludge storage tank or any other sewage treatment structure.

I.S Collection of information. The following basic information should be obtained bef
designing a sewerage systems:

(a) requirements of the local building control and planning authority;

(b) requirements of the appropriate water/river authority;

(c) minimum and maximum numbers of persons (resident and non- resident) to be served;

(d) average 24 hours water consumption, and any special conditions affecting the compositior
sewage and peak rates of flow data are obtainable from the relevant authority;

(e) existence of infiltration water;

(f) particulars of site;

(i) distance from the nearest habitable buildings;

(ii) prevailing winds;

(iii) levels.

(iv) information as to the nature of the ground including the level and variations of
water table;

(v) access for vehicles and plant,

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 MS 1228 : 1991

(g) particulars of potential outfall location, e.g. tidal or inland waters, rivers, streams, ditches or
soakage, also the proximity, highest known flood level and minimum flow of any stream or other
watercourse to which discharge of the effluent is possible;

(h) conditions under which the works will be normally operate and be maintained;

(j)possibility of the need for future extension of the works or of their elimination by a
comprehensive scheme;

(k) availability of electric power and mains water;

(m) facilities for eventual disposal of sludge and screenings.

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 MS 1228: 1991

SECTION 2. MATERIALS

2.1 General. All materials used in the construction of any of the works described in
code should comply with the relevant Malaysian Standards.

Where no Malaysian Standard exists, materials should be suitable and adequate for the pur
for which they are used and comply with any acceptable international standard.

2.2 Aggregates. All aggregates shall comply to MS 29• and MS 30**. The grading ol
aggregates shall comply to the requirements stated in MS 522:Part I+.

2.3 Cement. Cement used for works included in this code should comply with
requirements of MS 522:Part 1+ and MS 1037++.

Other type of cement can be used with the prior approval by the relevant authorities.

2.4 Cement. mortar. Cement mortar selection of the correct cement and aggregate fo
use in mortars should follow the recommendations of 2.2 and 2.3. A mortar mix having
cement/sand ratio is suitable for the following purposes:

(i) brickwork plastering;

(ii) jointing clay or concrete pipes where flexible joints cannot be used;
(iii) rendering of inverts and benchings;
(iv) bedding and haunching manhole covers and frames.

Calcium chloride should not be added to mortars.

2.5 Bricks. All bricks shall comply to MS 768 and MS 327••.

2.6 Concrete

2.6.l General. Concrete works should be in accordance with MS 1195:Part 1.# All con
surfaces subjected to acid attack and corrosion should be treated and lined with epoxy or
treatments or constructed with sulphate-resisting cement.

2.6.2 Admixtures. Admixtures for promoting workability, for improving strength,

entraining air or for any other purpose should be used only with the prior approval o
relevant authority. Admixtures shall comply with MS 922:Part 1.##

MS 29 - Specification for coane and fine aia;regate, from natural sources.

MS SO - Method, for Sampling and Te1tin1t of Mineral Aggregates (Sands and Fillers).
+
MS 622:Part l • Specification of Portlnnd Cement (Ordinary and Rapid-Hardening)
++ MS 1037 - Specification for Sulphate-Reai,Ung Portland Cement .
•
II
MS 76 - Specification for bricks and block, of fire brickearth or shale,
MS 327 - Specification for refractory bricks.
# MS 1196:Part 1 - Malaysian Standard Structural Use of Concrete. Part l:Code of Practice for design and

*'*
eonstruction.
MS 922:Part 1 - Specification of Concrete Admixturet. Part l:Accelerating Admixtures and Water-re
Admixture,.

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 MS 1228: 1991

Calcium chloride as a admixture should not be used in reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete
or any concrete made from sulphate-resisting Portland cement. For guidance, reference should be
made to MSl 195.

2.6.3 Workmanship. Concrete should be mixed in a mechanical mixer until there is a uniform
distribution of the materials and the mix is uniform in colour. It should be transported to the
point of placing as rapidly as practicable by methods that will prevent segregation or the loss of
any of the ingredients, placed as soon as possible and thoroughly compacted by rodding, tamping
or vibration so as to form a void free mass around any reinforcement and into the corners of the
formwork or excavation. Exposed concrete should be cured by keeping it in a damp condition for
at least four days.

2.7 Plastics. All pipes and fittings should comply with the relevant Malaysian Standards
and where practicable should have flexible joints. New plastic products can be used with the
prior approval by the relevant authorities.

2.8 Others. Other materials which are not mention in this code can be used with the prior
approval by the relevant authorities and where possible it should comply with all the Malaysian
Standard.

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(r "'.-, ..

MS 1228: 1991

SECTION 3. DESIGN FLOW AND' ORGANIC LOADINGS

3.1 General. Sewerage systems shall be designed for the estimated ultimate contribu
population, except when considering parts of the system that can be readily increased in capac

The design flow and organic loading shall be estimated on the basis of the estimated contribu
population and shall include infiltration flows allowances.

3.2 Average design flow. The average daily design flow shall be based on 225 litre
person.

3.3 Design organic loadings. The organic loading from domestic sewage shall be norrr
based on 55 g of BOD (5 days at 20°C) per person per day, and 68 g of suspended solids
person per day. When existing system is being upgraded, the design of the new facilities shal
based on actual strength of the wastewater flow.

Where industrial wastewater is permitted into the sewerage systems, the loadings shall be baser
the permissible levels described under the Environmental Quality (Sewage and Indus
Effluents) Regulations,1979 - P.U.(A) 12/79.

3.4 Estimation of sewage flows and erganlc loading from various premises. The average de
daily flow may be estimated from a given premises can be determined by multiplying
estimated equivalent population for that premise by the average daily flow per capita givei
3.2. The equivalent population for the various types of premises given in table I can be use
the minimum, for the purpose of computing the average design daily flows.

3.5 Industrlal wastewater. Where industrial wastewater is permitted into a sewerage sysi
the design flows shall be based on the minimum requirements given in table 2.

3.6 Peak flows. The peak hourly flow, which will required in the design of sew
pumping stations and components of the treatment plant, shall be determined from the Iollov
i; formula:
'
Peak flow factor = 4.7 x p-o.u

where p is estimated equivalent population, in thousand.

3.7 Infiltration. While the sewerage system shall be designed cater for unavoidable amo
of infiltration, which arises from faulty joints, cracked sewer pipes and manholes, it is absolu
important that the infiltration into the sewerage system be minimised through proper selectior
construction technology and materials, proper supervision of construction and field testing of
components of system for water-tightness.

For guidance, the sewerage system may be designed to cater for a maximum infiltration rate
SO litre per mm. diameter per km of sewer per day.

3.8 The industrial wastewater flow for light industries including flatted facto:
shall be 20 ms per hectare/day. Other category of industry will be gauge by case basis.

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MS 1228: 1991

Table 1. Equivalent population

No. Type of Premise/Establishment Population equivalent
(recommended)

Residential 5 per unit"

2 Commercial:

(includes entertainment/recreational 3 per I 00 m gross area

centres, restaurants, cafeteria, theatres)

3 Schools/Educational Institutions:

- Day schools/institutions 0.2 per student

- Fully residential I per student

- Partial residential 0.2 per student for non-residential

student and I per student for
residential student
4 Hospitals 4 per bed

5 Hotels (with dining and laundry 4 per room

facilities)

6 Factories (excluding process wastes) 0.3 per staff

7 Market (wet type) 3 per stall

8 Petrol kiosks/Service stations 18 per service bay

9 Bus terminal 4 per bus bay

•1 peak flow is equivalent to 226 I/cap

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MS 1228: 1991

SECTION 4. SEWER AND APPURTENANCES

4.1 General. Sanitary sewers shall be designed and installed to collect and convey all waste
flows - both domestic(municipal) wastes and industrial wastes (should be approved by the
approving authority) as well as an unavoidable amount of the ground water infiltration to a point
of acceptable treatment and ultimate discharge. Rain water from roofs, streets, and other areas
and ground water from foundation drains shall be excluded.

4.2 Pipe Materials for Kravity sewers

4.2.1 Choice of materials. Various pipe materials are available and selection should be based
on evaluation of the following factors.-

(a) Life expectancy

(b) Previous local experience
(c) Resistance to internal and external corrosion and abrasion
(d) Roughness coefficient
(e) Structural strength
(f) Cost of supply, transport and ease of installation
(g) Local availability

4.2.2 Types of pipe material. Common material suitable for sanitary sewers are:-

(a) Vitrified clay pipe (VCP ). Available locally and are manufactured with flexible joints in
lengths of 0.6 m to 1.0 m or more and diameter of 100 mm to 300 mm.

(b) Reinforced concrete pipe. Available locally in sizes ranging from 150 mm to 3000 mm in
diameter. Standard length are 1.83 m for pipe diameter less than 375 mm and lengths of 3.05 m
for pipe diameter greater than· 375 mm. Several pipe joints are available including the spigot and
socket type with rubber rings.

(c) Fabricated steel with sulphates resistance cement lining. Available in a wide range of
diameter (100 mm to 1500 mm) and lengths up to 9.0 m. Several pipe joints are available such as
spigot and socket, flange and mechanical which are commonly used for small diameters up to
750 mm whilst welded joints are used for larger diameter pipes.

(d) Cast iron. Available in a variety of diameters and the standard length of 3.66 m. Pipe joints
commonly used include both the flanged and the spigot and socket types.

(e) Asbestos cement pipe. The available pipe diameters range from 100 mm to 600 mm and the
standard length is 4.0 m. Pressure pipes are manufactured in various classes suitable for certain
limits of working pressure. Gravity sewers (autoclaved only) are manufactured to suit various
loading conditions and required crushing strengths.

(f) Plastic pipes. Available in variety of plastics materials such as U PVC, HOPE, PE and PP
and with the nominal range from 110 mm up to 630 mm and of pipe length of 6 m. Pipe joints
are available including spigot end and socket type with rubber seals as well as jointing by flanges,
welding and solvent cementing.

(g) Other material. As approved and permitted for their use by the appropriate local authority.

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 MS 1228 : 1991

4.3 Design of sewers

4.3.1 Economy in the design. While sewers should generally be kept as short as possible, and
unproductive lengths avoided, care should be taken not to restrict potential development. The
route and depth of a new sewer should always take account of land where there is the possibility
of future development.

Where sewers are laid at considerable depths or under highways having expensive foundations
and surfaces, it may be cheaper or more convenient to lay shallow rider sewers to receive the
local house connections, and to connect the riders at convenient points into the main sewers.

4.3.2 Location of sewers. Adequate access to a sewer for maintenance should be allowed. The
following factors should also be considered:-

(a} Location of sewers within streets or alleys right-of-way.

(b} If topography dictates, the sewer to be located within the private properties, then adequate
access should be provided for maintenance purposes.

(c) The position of other exsisting or proposed services, building foundation, etc.

(d) In relation to water mains, a minimum at 3 m horizontal and l m vertical separation

respectively to be provided. No sewer line should be above water main unless the pipe is
adequately protected.

(e) The impact of the construction of the sewer and subsequent maintenance activities upon road
users.

4.3.3 Hydraulic design. The most economical design for sewer gradients is obtained when they
follow the natural falls of the ground. Sewers should, however, be laid at such gradients as will
produce velocities sufficiently high to prevent the deposition of solid matter in the invert. The
minimum gradient to be adopted should normally be such that the velocity of flow does not fall
below 0.8 m/sec at full bore. The maximum gradient to be adopted should be such that the
velocity of flow is not greater than 4.0 m/sec when flowing half or full bore in order to prevent
scouring of sewer by erosive action of suspended matter.

4.3.4 Structural design

4.3.4.1 Depths of sewers. Sewers should be laid at depths which will accommodate not only all
existing properties but also any future properties likely to be erected within the area which the
sewers are designed to serve; in certain cases, the depth of basements may need to be considered.

The depth of a sewer will have a significant effect on the cost of its construction. The depth, in
conjunction with other factors such as the nature of the ground, presence of groundwater and the
proximity of foundations, services etc, may influence the form and method of construction to
justify the adoption of alternative layouts with longer routes of sewers.

The minimum depth of invert to be adopted shall be 1.2 m.

4.3.4.2 Size of sewers. The minimum size of a gravity sewer conveying raw sewage shall be
200 mm in diameter.

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MS 1228: 1991
4.3.4.3 Sewer alignment. Sewers of 600 mm or less in internal diameter shall be laid on a
straight alignment and uniform gradient between consecutive manholes. Sewers of larger than �00
mm internal diameters can be laid on curves. In such cases. the curve shall be made by angling
the joints by not exceeding 80% of the manufacturers recommended d�fle�tion angle and the
radius of curvature shall not be less than 60 m. The designer shall provide information such as
vertical and horizontal alignment for proper construction.
4.3.4.4 Joints. Joints between sewers, sewer-manhole or other appurtenance structure_s shall �e
of flexible type and watertight to prevent infiltration and breakages due to differential
settlement.
4.3.4.5 Foundation. Foundation is needed to maintain the pipe in proper alignment and sustain
the weight of soil above the sewer and any superimposed load.
Bedding for rigid pipes with flexible joints can be classified under two types:-
(a) Class 'A' bedding. Where the pipe is embedded in carefully prepared �ase compacte_d. with
15 mm diameter crusher run extending half way up to the side of the pipe. The mmimum
thickness of the crusher run shall be 100 mm or 1/4 of the pipe diameter (whichever is greater).
The sidef'ills and top of the pipe shall be of monolithic 1:2:4 concrete mix with minimum cover of
I 00 mm thick.
(b) Class 'B' bedding. Where the pipes are embedded in carefully prepared base compacted with
l5 mm diameter crusher run extending halfway up the sides of the pipe. The minimum thickness
of the crusher run is 100 mm or 1/4 of the pipe diameter (whichever is greater). The remainder
sidefills and top of the pipe shall be compacted carefully with selected backfill to a minimum
thickness of 300 mm.
4.3.5 Inverted siphons. Inverted siphons shall have not less than two barrels with a minimum
pipe size of 150 mm and shall be provided with necessary appurtenances for convenient flushing
and maintenance.
The manholes shall have adequate clearance for rodding. In general sufficient head shall be
provided and pipe sizes selected to secure flow velocities of at least 0.9 m/sec for average flow.
The inlet and outlet shall be arranged so that the normal flow is diverted to one barrel, and so
that either may be out of service for cleaning. Since siphons need more cleaning, they must be
avoided as much as practicable. The siphon shall not have sharp bends, either vertical or
horizontal. The rising leg shall be limited to 15% slope, for this reason. There shall be no change
in pipe diameter along the length of barrel too.
4.3.6 Service connections. Service connections should be of an adequate diameter to reduce
the problem of blockage. As it receives only intermittent flows, they are invariably subjected to
intermittent stoppages during normal operation and these are removed by wave action rather than
by the maintenance of a minimum flow velocity. The minimum gradient of 2% should be
provided. The connection should be to the top portion of the main sewer at an angle of
approximately of 45° in the direction of flow. The connection should be done with the use of tee
junction.
The minimum size of service connection shall be 150 mm.
4.4 Testing of sewers.
The testing of sewers can be done either by air test or water test. The tests should be carried out
before backfilling of the sewer trenches.
16
MS 1228: 1991
4.4.1 Air test
4.4.1.1 General. It provides a rapid test which can be carried out after every third or fourth
pipe laid. This could then prevent a faulty pipe or a badly made joint passing unnoticed until it
is revealed by a test on a completed length.
4.4.1.2 Procedure. The following.test procedure should be adopted:-
(a) Seal the ends of the pipe run with expanding plugs;
(b) Attach U-tube (manometer) and a means of applying the air pressure to one of the plugs;
(c) Apply pressure to achieve a pressure slightly more than 100 mm. of water in the U-tube.
(d) Allow about 5 min for stabilization of air temperature.
(e) Adjust air pressure to 100 mm of water.
Without further pumping, the head of water should not fall by more than 25 mm in period of 5
minutes.
4.4.1.3 Factors affecting the test. There are several possible contributing factors that could
effect the apparent failure of the air test:-
(a) Temperature changes of the air in the pipe due to direct sunshine or cold wind acting on the
pipe barrel;
(b) Dryness of the pipe wall;
(c) Leaking plugs or other apparatus.
If there is a dramatic fall in pressure, then the pipeline is faulty or the end plugs or other
apparatus are leaking. If the failure is marginal, the pipeline should not be rejected on the air test
alone and the contractor should be given the opportunity of applying the water test.
4.4.2 Water test
4.4.2.l General. Sewers up to and including 750 mm diameter should be tested to an internal
pressure represented by 1.2 m head of water above the crown of the pipe at the high end of the
line. The test pressure should not exceed 6 m head of water at the lower end and if necessary the
test on a pipeline can be carried out in two or more stages. The test pressure should be related to
the possible maximum level of ground water above the sewer.
When pipes larger than 750 mm diameter are to be tested, expert advice and special equipment
may be needed.
4.4.2.2 Procedure. The following test procedure should be adoptedr-
(a) Fit an expanding plug, suitably strutted to resist the full hydrostatic head, at the lower end
of the pipe and in any branches if necessary. The pipes may need strutting to prevent movement.
(b) Fit a similar plug and strutting at the higher end but with access for hose and standpipe.
17
MS 1228 : 1991 MS 1228 : 1991

(c) Fill the system with water ensuring that there are no pockets of trapped air. (c) Every change in gradient;

{d) Fill the standpipe of requisite level. (d) Every change in size of sewer;

(e) Leave for at least 2 hours to enable the pipe to become saturated, topping as necessary. (e) All intersections and junctions.

(f) After the absorption period, measure the loss of water from the system by noting the amount
of water needed to maintain the level in the standpipe over a further period of 30 min, the
standpipe being topped up at regular intervals of 5 min.
The rate of loss of water should not be greater than 1 litre per hour per metre diameter per linear
metre.
4.4.2.3 Factors affecting the test. Excessive leaking may be due to:-
(f') Distances of not greater than 100 metres for sewers equal to or more than 200 mm in
diameter and 150 metres for sewers equal to or greater than 450 mm in diameter. Greater
distances may be permitted in cases where adequate modern cleaning equipments for such spacing
is provided, and also in cases where sewers convey pretreated sewage.
4.5.2 Construction. (Typical drawings as shown in Fig. I). Every manhole and inspection
chamber shall be of such size and form so as to allow ready access for rodding. The struct should
be strong, durable and watertight and shall be constructed as follows:-

(a) Porous or cracked pipe; (a) Brickwork in cement mortar at least 225 mm in thickness or concrete (l : 2 : 4 nominal mix)
at least 125 mm in thickness or other approved impervious material.
(b) Damaged, faulty or improperly assembled pipe joints;
(b) Internal faces shall be rendered with sulphate resistant cement mortar al least 20 mm thick so
(c) Defective plugs; as to provide a smooth and impervious surface.

(d) Pipes or plugs moving. (c) Step irons, ladders or other approved fittings shall be of non-corrosive durable material so as
to provide safe access to the level of sewer. Cast iron or stainless· steel or aluminium alloy is
4.4.3 Straightness. A sewer should be checked for line and level at all stages construction by recommended. The interval between steps should be 300 mm with slip prevention surface.
either:-
(d) Foundation of every manhole shall be constructed of concrete (I : 2 : 4 nominal mix) not
(a) surveyor's level and staff; less than 150 mm in thickness.

(b) laser beam with sighting targets; (e) The channel within the manhole shall be formed with half round pipe made of the material
as the sewer joining the manhole and shall have a diameter not less than the largest inlet sewer
(c) lamp and mirrors. and not more than that of the outlet sewer from the manhole.

4.4.4 lnfiltration. After backfilling is completed and after the groundwater level has (f) Every inlet to a manhole shall be discharge into the channel therein with properly made
stabilized, the sewer should be checked for infiltration. All inlets should be sealed and the line bends constructed within the benching of the manhole. The benching shall have a smooth
inspected from the manholes. Any flow from the pipeline coming into the manholes or within impervious finish with a minimum slope of I: 12 and so formed as to guide the flow of sewage
manholes themselves should be investigated to establish its source. towards the point of discharge and to provide a safe foothold.

In small pipes the point of infiltration may be located visually with light and mirror or with an
inflated rubber plug. When conditions justify it a television camera can be used. The rate of
in�iltration is depen.dant upon many factors; a guide to its permissible extent cannot be given; this
will depend on the Judgement of the engineer.
4_.4.S Freedom from obstruction. As the work progresses the sewer should be checked for
obstructions by visual inspection or inserting a mandrel or 'pig' into the line. A television camera
can also be used.
(g) Manhole shall be constructed in conjuction with its frame and cover to be watertight.
�-5.3 Dimension and shape. Generally, manholes shall be rectangular, square or circular. The
internal horizontal dimension shall be sufficient to perform inspection and cleaning operation
without difficulty and a clear opening shall be provided for access to the invert. The minimum
dimension required shall depend on whether it is a deep or a shallow manhole.
4.S.4 Frame and cover. The manhole frame and cover shall be of cast iron and shall haver-

4.5 Manholes (a) Adequate strength to support superimposed load;

4.5.l Manholes location. Manholes or inspection chamber shall be provided ac- (b) A good fit between each other such that surface runoff or rainfall will not get into it.

(a) The upstream end of all sewers; however this may be replaced by a terminal layout; (c) Provision for hinge and/or locking the cover to prevent vandalism and unauthorised access to
the manhole.
(b} Every change in direction or alignment for sewers > 600 mm;

18 19
MS 1228: 1991 MS 1228: 1991

The following minimum requirements as to the weight and dimension of the frame and cover are
as follows: SECTIONS. SEWAGE PUMPING STATIONS.

S.1 General. Sewage pumping stations should not be subject to flooding and shall be located
Type of cover Dimension Weight Usage off the right of way of streets and alleys preferably on land reserved for the purpose and readily
accessibility.
and frame
The pumping station structure is a major part of the cost of the station. It is the refore essential
Light duty 460 mm x 620 mm 54 lbs Use in domestic that it is efficient from a structural standpoint, that it is economical to construct, and that the
premises compound size of the wet-well and dry-well and the space requirements of all equipment to be housed, be
carefully determined, with efficient use made of all available spaces.
Medium Duty Cover 600 mm internal 250 lbs Use in domestic drives and
min. diameter 500 mm similar areas for bearing Apart from the pumping facilities which may be required at sewage treatment plants, the
Frame - 760 mm x wheel loads not exceeding principle conditions and factors necessitating the use of pumping stations shall be one or more of
the following:
760 mm l tonne

Heavy Duty As above 530 lbs Use in all carriageways. (a) The topography of the area or district does not permit drained by gravity into trunk sewers
or treatment plants.

4.5.S Deep manhole dimensions. Where deep manholes are required, its internal dimension
must be more than l .5 metre and the manhole may be tape�e�\upwards to a �ection �ith
minimum internal dimensions of 0.75 metres. In such cases, a mrrumum headroom ot 1.8 m trom
the base of manhole shall be provided. The opening to the manhole shall be at least 0.6 m.
(b) Omissions of pumping, although possible, would require excessive construction costs because
of the deep excavation required for the installation of a trunk sewer to drain the area.
(c) Service is required for areas that are outside the natural drainage catchment of the purposed
sewage treatment plant.

4.5.6 Shallow manhole dimensions, Where the topography results in a shallow manhole that is
in the depth of invert of sewer being from 0.9 m to 1.5 m, a manhole of at least 1.0 m in internal
horizontal dimension and a clear opening of at least ?OO mm shall be used.
The dimensions of the manholes at various depths shall be as follows:
Depth Dimension
All safety and other requirements should be met as required under other codes, standards and
regulations.
Pumping stations should be avoided as far as possible since the installation, operation and
maintenance of a pumping station is costly.
5.2 Design details. (Typical diagram of small pumping station is shown in Fig. 2). The
following design details shall be given consideration in the design of sewage pumping stations.-

5.2.1 Type. The sewage pumping facility provided may be any one of the following type, the
Less than 2' choice depending mainly on the capacity and efficiency required.
460 mm x 620 mm
(a) Wet-well type with submersible pump units
Between 2' - 3' 600 mm x 760 mm
(b) Dry-well type
Between 3' - 5' 760 mm x 760 mm

Greater than 5'
To follow deep manhole
4.5.7 Drop manholes. If an incoming sewer is higher than the outgoing sewer by 600 mm or
more, a drop manhole shall be used. Where the difference in elevation between the incoming
sewer and manhole invert is less than 600 mm, the invert shall be filleted at the corners to
prevent solids deposition.
4.5.8 Connection between manhole and sewer. To rrummise damage to the sewer due to
differential settlement, the joint between the sewer and the manhole shall be of the flexible type.
To acheive this, a flexible sewer pipe joint just outside the manhole may be used.
(c) Lift station, using screw-pumps or suction lift pumps. Suction pumps mainly used in sewage
treatment plants, and have the· advantage of handling variation in flow and all solids without
clogging. However, the suction-lift shall not exceed 4.6 m.
S.2.2 Structure
(a) The pumping station substructure shall be of reinforced concrete construction and the
exterior wall below ground surface shall be adequately waterproofed and protected against
aggresive soils and groundwater.
(b) Wet and dry wells, shall be separated.

20 21
MS 1228 : 1991
(c) Suitable facilities shall be provided to facilitate the removal of pumps, motors and any other
equipment in the pumping station.
(d) Suitable and safe means of access shall be provided t� the dry wells of pu�p st�tions, �nd to
wet wells containing either bar screens and/or mechanical equipment requmng mspecuon or
maintenance.
5.2.2.1 Wet well
(a) On small pump stations the practice is to provide, between th� cut-in and the cu�-o�t levels,
a storage volume equal in litres to 2 to 3 times the peak flow �nto the w?t well m htres per
minute merely to protect the starting equipment from overheating and fa1�ure caused by too
frequent starting and stopping. On larger installations, the effective capacity of the wet well
should not exceed 10 min for the design average 24 h flow. Wet wells that are too large cau�e
serious maintenance and operation problems because of excessive deposition of gritty and organic
material.
(b) The wet wells should be narrow but not less than 1.2 m -f'or r�ady access and �hould be as
deep as possible in order that the cut-in level of the last pumps ,�ill be below the invert of the
inlet channel to the wet-well. \
\
(c) Where continuity of pump station operation is important, consi�e.ration sh�uld b e grven
. to
dividing the wet well in two sections properly interconnected to facilitate repairs, cleaning and
expansions.
(d) Wet wells and suction channels should be designed so that. d�ad areas where solids a_nd scum
may accumulate are avoided. The bottom should have a mm1mum. slope of 1.5 vertical �o 1
horizontal to the hopper bottom in the direction of flow so that deposits an� _scum accumulau�ns
are carried to the pump suctions by the scouring action of the high velocities. at low operating
levels.
(e) The wet well should be well lighted with fixtures that are both vapour proof and explosion
proof.
S.2.2.2 Dry well
(a) The size of the dry well depends primarily on the nu�ber and type o� pumps selected and on
the piping arrangement. (Totally submerged pumping u�1ts do n�t require dry wells). A good
rule of thumb for those installations requiring dry wells is to provide at least J .0 m from. each of
the outboard pumps to the nearest side wall and at least 1.2 m between each pu'?p discharge
casing. Sufficient room is required between pumps to move the pump-off of tts. base w_ith
sufficient clearance left over between suction and discharge piping and room for on sue repairs,
inspection, or removal from the pit to the surface for repairs.
(b) Depending on the size of the pump station, consideration should be given to the installa�ion
of monorails, lifting eyes in the ceiling, and •A' frames for the attachment of portable hoists,
cranes and other devices.
(c) Provisions should also be made for drainage of the dry well to the wet well.
22
MS 1228: 1991
S.2.3 Pump Unit
(a) Minimum number of units. At least 2 units of pumps shall be provided of which one shall be
a standby unit. Constant speed pumps are recommended in view of simplicity of operation and
maintenance. If only 2 units are provided, they shall have the same capacity each being able to
handle the design peak flow. Where 3 or more units are installed they shall be designed to fit
actual flow conditions and must be· of such capacity that with any one unit being out of service,
the remaining units will have capacity to handle maximum sewage flow.
(b) Pumps handling raw sewage should be preceeded by readily accessible bar racks or screens
with clear spacings not exceeding 30 mm, unless pneumatic ejectors or screw pumps are used, or
special devices are installed to protect the pump from clogging or damage. Convenient facilities
shall be provided for handling screenings. Where the size of pumping stations warrant, a
mechanically cleaned bar screen or communition device is recommended. For larger or deeper
stations, duplicate protection units of proper capacity are prefered.
(c) Pump openings. Pumps shall be capable of passing spheres of at least 75 mm in diameter.
Where a communition or screening device is provided, pumps with smaller-sphere passing
capability may be allowed.
Pump suction and discharge openings shall be at least 100 mm in diameter.
(d) Priming. Except for the self-priming pumps, screw pumps and submersible pumps, the
gland of the pump shall be so placed that under normal operating conditions, it will operate
under a positive suction head.
(e) Pumping rates. The pumps and controls of pumping stations, shall be selected to operate at
varying delivery rates to permit discharging sewage from the station to the treatment works at
approximately its rate of delivery to the pumping station. The desirable range between the
maximum and minimum wet-well levels is 900 mm, while the minimum range shall be 450 mm.
Where 2 or more pumps are to operate simultaneously, the difference in level between the start or
stop of respective pumps shall not be less than 150 mm.
(f) Pumping cycle. Pumping cycle or time between successive starts, of a pump operating over
the control range, shall be preferably more than IO minutes for each pump.
5.2.4 Valves. Suitable shut-off valves shall be placed on the discharge line of each pump and
its suction line where applicable. A check valve shall be provided on each discharge line. All
valves shall be selected such that the closure time is sufficiently provided to minimise surge
Pressure and water hammer.
5.2.S Ventilation, Adequate· ventilation must be provided for all sections of the pumping
stations. Where the pump pit is below the ground surface, mechanical ventilation is required.
The ventilation shall be so arranged as to provide completely separate and independant ventilation
for the dry and wet wells.
Dampers shall not be used on exhaust or fresh air ducts and fine screens or other obstruction shall
be avoided to prevent clogging. Switches for ventilation equipment shall be marked and located
conveniently. All intermittently operated ventilating systems shall be interconnected with the
respective pit lighting system.
Consideration should also be given to automatic controls where dehumidification equipment
Where dampness, excessive moisture is a problem.
23

MS 1228 : 1991
(a) Wet wells. Ventilation shall be either intermittent (with at least 30 complete air changes per
hour) or continuous (in which case at least 12 complete air changes per hour). Such ventilation
shall be accomplished by introduction of fresh air into the wet well by mechanical means.
(b) Dry wells. For continuous ventilation, at least 6 complete air changes per hour shall be
provided. If intermittent ventilation is proposed, at least 30 complete air changes per hour shall
be provided.
5.2.6 Flow measurement, Provision shall be made to install convenient flow measurement
equipment whenever such data is required.
5.2.7 Electrical equipment and power supply. All pump stations should be provided with
electricity from two independent sources (looped supply) and be given priority restoration by the
power authority when outages occur. When availability of electrical power supply cannot be
assured, the use of standby generators or engine drives as well as in-system storage and by-pass
should be considered.
All electrical equipment and light in the wet-well should be explosion proof.
Adequate lighting and a convenient number of equipment receptacles for power tools shall be
provided. \ iv) P.V.C pressure pipe
The motor starters and controls should be located within a safe and satisfactory control unit.
Separate rooms shall be used for the electrical starters, switches etc. for larger stations. Such
control units or rooms shall be easily accessible, preferably above flood level, and shall be in
accordance to the requirements of other relevant codes and regulations.
S.2.8 Alarm systems. Alarm systems shall be provided for all pumping stations. The alarms
shall be activated in cases of power failure, pump failure, or any other malfunctioning of the
station. Where a municipal facility of 24 hours attendance is provided, pumping stations alarms
shall be telemetered thereto. Where no such facility exists, an audio-visual device shall be
installed at the station for external observation.
5.2.9 Emergency operation. The objective of emergency operation is to prevent in the case of
power failure or pumping station malfunctions, the indiscriminate overflow of raw or partially
treated sewage to any waterway and to protect the public by preventing back-up of sewage and
subsequent overflow to basements, streets and other public and private property.
(a) Emergency power supply. Provision of an emergency power supply for pumping stations
shall be made especially for stations in which interruption due to power is not desirable. This
may be accomplished by connection of the station to at least l standby generator, driven by
petrol or diesel engines.
Where generator is used, the unit shall be provided with adequate foundation, and have facilities
to remove and perform routine maintenance. Provision shall be made for automatic and manual
start-up and cut-off. The generator housing shall be installed with ventilation equipment and
lighting. Where internal combustion is used, provision for ventilation of exhaust gases shall be
made.
(b) Portable pumping equipment. Alternatively, portable pumping equipment could be utilised.
The pumping facility shall have the capability to operate between the well and the discharges side
of the station. with the station provided with permanent fixtures which will facilitate rapid and
easy connection of lines.
24
MS 1228 : 1991
(c) Overflow. Consideration shall be given to the provision of overflow. Such provision of
overflow shall be permitted· in areas in which the permitted overflow shall not adversely affect
the quality of public water supplies and other receiving water bodies.
S.2.10 Instruction and maintenance, Sewage pumping station and shall be provided with a
complete set of operation and maintenance instructions, including emergency procedures,
maintenance schedules, tools and such spare parts as may be necessary.
5.2.11 Force or pumped mains design
(a) The minimum internal diameter for pumping mains shall be I 00 mm.
(b) Pumping main should be so sized such that the velocity in the suction will not
exceed 1.50 m/sec and discharge 2.5 m/sec. The velocity in the force mains should be at least 0.9
to 1.1 m/sec.
(c) The pumping main shall be of the following materials:
i) Cast iron pipe
ii) Asbestos cement pressure pipe
iii) Steel-pipe with sulphate resisting concrete lining
v) Ductile iron ,
vi) Other materials approved by the local authority and certified by SIRIM
(d) All joints shall be flexible and watertight
(e) The pumping mains shall be provided with such appurtenances as access/inspection chamber,
air relief valves and wash out.
(f) The minimum earth cover for pumping mains shall be 1.0 m unless it is concrete surrounded.
(g) The forced mains shall enter the gravity sewer system at a point not more than 600 mm
above the flow line of the receiving manhole.
(h) The force main and adjoining piping and appurtenances on the discharge side of the pump
should be heavy enough to withstand the maximum hydraulic head on the system, including
abnormal pressures that may be produced by water hammer and surge pressures.
Screening/communiting facilities. Where conventional pumps are used, facilities for screening or
communition of solids, which are capable of clogging the pumps and/or pumped mains shall be
provided.
5.2.12 Control system
(a) The selection of a control system and a specific control mode is at least as important as the
selection of the pump. The factors to be considered in selecting a control system are efficiency,
power factor, reliability, operational effects, structural costs and ease of operation.
(b) For larger installation, automatic variable speed controls are often more reliable and
maintenance free than presumably simpler automatic on off controls. The overall efficiency of a
variable speed system may be greater than that of an on off system despite control losses.
25

MS 1228: 1991
(c) The sophistication and competence of the operating. and maintenance p�tson�e� is an
important consideration when selecting control systems which have to match their trammg and
experience.
S.2.12.l Manual control
(a) Generally consist of push button stations or selector switches that energize or de-energize the
pump motor starter. Manual control systems are rarely used with anything other than constant
speed pumps.
5.2.12.2 Automatic control
(a) Time. Pumps are started at regular intervals and operate for a preset length of time. Time
controlled systems are generally used for sludge pumping.
(b) Pressure. Pressure drop is used to start the pumps on plant water systems. Pressure is
generally served by a standard pressure switch.
(c) Flow. Pumps are turned on as flow exceeds a certain .val�e �r tur_ned off when flow drops.
Influent flow signals are generally from a flow meter or wen with multivolt control.
\ (e) other local conditions such as soil conditions, climatic conditions, topography, etc.;
(d) Level. Most of the automatic constant speed systems operate from le�el sign�ls. Pumps are
turned on as levels rise and turned off as they fall. Level detection systems include:
(e) Automatic switch over. The controlled system shall be designed to ensure automatic switch
over of operation between available pumps in each successive cycle. Level detection systems
include:
(i) Float switches using a rod or tape. Float type controls are �conomical, simple and reliable
when operated in effluent or clear water. When operated in raw waste�ater or �ludge,
maintenance problems can develop from grease coating the float and rods, sohds punching the
floats, or corrosion of the float, roads or tapes.
(ii) Enclosed floats. Enclosed float switches consist of an encap_s?lated mercury �wi.tch �hat may
be either open or closed when the float is in the pendant posruon.. As the liquid rrses, the
position of the float changes the angle of the mercury switch reversing its condition.
(iii) Electronic probes. With the use of relays, it is possible to control a single pump or. multiple
pumps. Enclosed probes in a sealed tube below which is suspended a bladder type container with
fluid results in less maintenance problem.
(iv) Captive air system. Captive air systems using a diaphragm and small diameter tubing to
transmit pressure signals to switches that turn pumps on and off.
(v) Pneumatic or air bubbler type control system. This system is generally used for a duplex or
multipump installation.
26
MS 1228 : 1991
SECTION 6. TREATMENT WORKS
6.1 General
6.1.1 General process design considerations. The treatment works processes shall be planned
and designed to meet the following aspects:
(a) the effluent quality requirements as specified in the Third Schedule of the Environmental
Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations, 1979. P.U.(A) 12/79 as in Appendix B;
(b) the projected effluent flows and characteristics, including anticipated variations in the flows
and characteristics;
(c) the local environmental and aesthetics requirements, including the proximity to the nearest
habitable premise, direction of the prevailing winds, local zoning requirements, socio-economic
aspects, and compatibility of the treatment processes with the present and future land and
receiving water uses;
(d) the availability of land space for the treatment works, including area for future expansion
and/or upgrading of the treatment processes;
(f) the ultimate disposal of the treated effluents, including the access to receiving waters;
(g) the capital costs and the operating and maintenance costs of the works;
(h) the reliability of the process, including the performance of the process under normal
operating conditions as well as during unusual or adverse circumstances (a treatment process
reliability is the measurement of the ability of the facility to perform its designated function
without failure). The reliability criteria shall include the following:
(i) designing the facility for all anticipated circumstances, and this shall include, where
necessary, bypasses, standby units, and protection against floods;
(ii) the mechanical equipment installed shall be easily repaired or replaced without violating the
effluent limitations for long period of time (this shall also include adequate backup service and
the availability of spare-parts);
(iii) units that require to be taken out of service for maintenance purpose on a routine basis shall
be duplicated in parallel, so that some treatment can be achieved during the maintenance period;
and
(iv) the electric power system shall be so designed to cater for breakdowns of the power supply,
or to switch the circuitary to standby units in the event of breakdown of any units. Where
necessary, power supply shall be obtained from two sources, one of which shall be a standby
generator or another utility sub-station.
(j) complexity of the processes, including the level of process controls required, and level of
trained personnel required; and'
(k) the ultimate disposal of the sludge.
27
 MS 1228 : 1991
MS 1228 : 1991

6.1.2 Physical design consideration. Having selected the treatment process to be employed,
careful considerations shall be given to the planning and design of the physical facilities.
6.1.2.1 Treatment works layout
6.1.2.1.1 Process units. Careful consideration shall be given to size. shape and the physical
arrangement of the process units, depending on the availability of space, the number of units and
economics. In selecting the shape .of the unit, due consideration shall be given to the aesthetics
aspects, without compromising on the functional aspects of the process unit. Wherever
practicable, multiple modules that will. comprise of a single process will be preferred, as this will
facilitate diversion of flows during repairs and/or maintenance of a module.
6.1.2.1.2 Conduits and their identification. In planning the conduits connecting the various
process units, provisions shall be made for future expansion, and for isolation of each unit,
through the use of valves and other flow control devices. These valves and flow control devices
need only have manual operators or nuts that can be controlled by portable manual or power
driven operators.
Where multiple modules of a single process are employed, proper, flow division facility shall be
provided so as to control both the hydraulic and organic loading 'on each modules, and shall be
designed for easy operation, change, observation and maintenance. \
All connecting conduits shall be designed to convey the maximum anticipated flows, including
when flows are diverted from one unit to another for maintenance or repair purposes. The
conduits shall be designed to avoid pockets and corners where solids can settle and accumulate.
For easy indentification of the conduits and piping, these shall be painted with the following
colour codes:
Chlorine line - yellow
Compressed air line - green
Fuel gas line - orange
Potable water supply line blue
Sewage/effluent line - grey
Sludge line - brown
(f) Local soil characteristics, geology, hydrology and topography available to minimize pumping.
(g) Access to receiving stream by gravity prefer
(h) Water quality of the receiving water course
(j) Compatibility of treatment process with the present and planned future land use, including
noise, potential odours, air quality, and anticipated sludge processing and disposal techniques.
6.1.2.1.4 Structure to be reinforced concrete
Unless otherwise required, wall, slabs, beams, columns and structure for sewerage plant shall, in
general, be in reinforced concrete. Walls shall have minimum thickness of 225 mm. Brickwork
may be used in shallow chamber.
Where a site must be used which is critical with respect to those items, appropriate measures shall
be taken to minimize adverse impacts. The treatment plant should be located in an area not
subject to flooding or otherwise be adequately protected against flood damage.
6.1.2.1.S Foundation
Where necessary, special foundation (eg. bakau piling, reinforce concrete piling etc) shall
provided.
6.1.2.1.6 Quality of effluent
The required degree of treatment for sewage treatment plants shall be based on the parameter
limits as specified in the Third Schedule and the objectives for the receiving waters as established
by the Ministry of Health/Department of Environment. In any case the effluent must be
adequately disinfected to destroy disease causing organisms.
6.1.2.1.7 Flow
The sewage treatment plant shall be designed to serve the ultimate contributary population based·
on an average daily per capita flow of 225 liters, to which must be added an anticipated amount
of industrial wastewater and some allowances for infiltration. Where a plant is designed to serve
an existing sewerage system, the plant shall be designed on the basis of actual flow measurements,
plus allowances for estimated future population and shall be staged as required.

6.1.2.1.3 Plant location i) Operating equipments

The following items shall be considered when selecting a treatment plant site: A complete range of tools, accessories and spare parts necessary for the plant operator's use shall
be provided together with the necessary storage space.
(a) Proximity to residential areas
ii) Grading and landscaping
(b) Direction of prevailing winds
Upon completion of the plant, the ground should be graded. Conrete or hard surfaced walkways
(c) Accessibility by-all weather roads should be provided for access to all units. Surface water shall not be permitted to drain into any
unit. Landscaping should be provided especially where a plant is located near residential areas.
(d) Area available for expansion Lansdcaping should be provided at all such plants to cover the harsh and unpleasant sight of
sewage structures.
(e) Local zoning requirements

29
28
 ----·--- "-----���···----·--------·----- -4·--
MS 1228: 1991
6.1.2.t.8 Plant outfalls
The outfall sewer should be designed to discharge to the receiving waters with the consideration
for the following:
i) Preference for freefall or submerged discharged.
ii) Utilization of cascade aeration of effluent discharge to increase dissolved oxygen.
iii) Limited or complete dispersion across receiving waters.
6. 1.2. 1.9 Organic loading
The process design of a domestic waste treatment plant shall be on the basis of 55 grams of BOD
per capita per day and 68 grams of suspended solids per capita per day. When an existing
treatment works is to be upgraded or expanded, the design shall be based upon the actual strength
of the wastewater. Domestic waste treatment plants designed to include these industrial waste
loads should take into consideration the shock effects of high concentrations and diurinal peaks
for short periods of the time on the treatment process particularly for small treatment plants. ·
\ All treatment works shall include a laboratory for making the necessary analytical determination
6.1.2.1.10 Flow division control \\
Flow division control facilities shall be provided as necessary to ensure organic and hydraulic
loading control to plant process units and shall be designed for easy operator access, change,
observation and maintenance.
6.1.2.l.ll Plant details
i) lnstallation of mechanical equipment
The specifications should be written such that the installation and initial operation of major items
of mechanical equipment will be supervised by a representative of the manufacturer.
ii) Unit bypass
Bypass structure and piping properly located and arranged should be provided so that each unit
of the plant ca� be removed from service independently.
iii) Appropriate effluent sampling
The outfall sewer should be so constructed and protected against the effects of floodwater, tide or
other hazards as to ensure its structural stability and freedom from stoppage. A manhole should
be provided at the shore end of all gravity sewers extending into the receiving waters. Hazards to
navigation shall be considered in designing outfall sewers. Provision shall be made for sampling
of influent or effluent as well as individual process unit.
6.1.2.1.12 Essential facilities
All plants shall be provided with an alternate source of electric power to allow continuity of
operation during power failures. An adequate supply of potable water under pressure should be
provided for use in the laboratory and for general cleanliness around the plant. Toilets, shower,
lavatory and locker facilities should be provided in sufficient numbers and convenient location to
serve the expected plant personnel. Flow measurement facilities shall be provided at all plants.
30
MS 1228: 1991
6.1.2.1.13 Safety
Adequate provision shall be made to effectively protect the operator and visitors from hazards
The following shall be provided to fulfill the particular needs of each plant: ·
(i) Fencing of the plant site to discourage the entrance of unauthorized persons and animals.
(ii) Hand rails and guards around tanks, trenches, pits, stairwells and other hazardous structures.
(iii) First aid equipment including CPR.
(iv) "No Smoking" signs in hazardous areas.
(v) Protective clothing and equipment.
(vi) Portable lighting equipment.
6.1.2. 1.14 Laboratory
and operating control tests, except in individual situations where the omission of a laboratory is
approved by the reviewing agency. The laboratory shall have sufficient size, bench-space,
equipment and supplies to perform the. process control tests necessary for good management of
each treatment process included in the design. ·
6.1.3 Measuring devices. Devices should be installed in all plants for indication flow rates
of r�w sewage or primary effluent, return sludge, and air to each tank unit. Where the design
provides for all return sludge to be mixed with the raw sewage (or primary effluent) at one
location then the mixed liquor flow rate to each aeration unit should be measured
6.1.4 . Evaluation of new treatment processes. In the case of a particular new treatment
process not included in this code of practice, the designer shall obtain approval of the proposed
treatment process to the relevant approving authority.
6.2 Preliminary treatment
6.2.1 Bar screens. Bar screens shall be provided upstream of pumps or treatment facility
for protection against clogging and damage.
The screening device may be manually-cleaned or mechanically cleaned.
6.2.1.l Manually or mechanically cleaned screens. Clear opening between bars shall be from
25 mm to 30 mm and shall be placed at a sloped of 10° to 45° to the vertical.
Approach velocities should not exceed 0.2 m/sec and the flow through velocity should not exceed
0.8 m/sec at velocity average rate of flow.
The approach channel should be so designed to ensure a good distribution of velocity.
Facility for a screened by-pass to be provided in the event of clogging.
Where mechanically cleaned screening devices are installed auxiliary manually cleaned screen
shall be provided.
31
MS 1228: 1991 MS 1228: 1991

6.2.2 Fine screens. Fine screens, where used for pre-treatment or primary treatment should 6.3.1.1 Capacity. The capacity of the septic tank should be based on the number of persons or
equivalent population served based on the following formula:
be installed to manufacturer's specification and require prior approval of the Local Authority.

6.2.2.l Disposal of screening. Screenings should be removed, handled, stored and disposed in a
sanitary manner. where
6.2.3 Grit removal. Grit removal facilities may be considered as optional process depending C is the capacity of the tank in litres and
on the nature of sewage to be treated. Grit removal systems may comprise either the Horizontal
Constant Velocity Grit Chamber or the Aerated Grit Chamber or Detritor. P is the designed population or equivalent population
6.2.3.1 Horizontal constant velocity grit chamber
The minimum capacity of septic tank should not be less than 2000 litres and should not serve an
equivalent population of more than 150.
(a) The flow through velocity should not exceed 0.23 m/sec
6.3.2 Rectangular septic tank.
(b) The surface loading rate should not exceed 1500 m2/d/m2•
6.3.2.1 Minimum requirements. Rectangular septic tanks should have the following minimum
6.2.3.2 Aerated grit chamber dimensions:

(a) Maximum detention time to be 3 min. (a) Minimum liquid depth of 1.25 m but not more than 2.0 m.
(b) Air rates should be in the range of 4.5 to 12.5 liter/sec/m of tank, (b) Should have width not less than 750 mm.

(c) Depth to width ratio of 1:2. (c) Have a length not less than 2 times its width.
(d) Length to width ratio of 1:2.
(d) Should be roofed and have a minimum water free-board of 250 mm.
6.2.3.3 Detrltors
(e) Adequate opening for desludging and maintenance should be provided.
(a) The maximum flow through velocity should not exceed 0.3 m/sec at peak flows (f) Access for desludging vehicles should be provided.
(b) Tangential flow entry into detritor width minimum turbulence. 6.3.2.2 Arrangement
(c) Water depth in tank to be controlled by weir outlet. (a) Tanks Jess than I .25 m width
(d) Reciprocating inclined dewatering systems should be incorporated for washing grit and
reducing organic content. (i) The septic tank shall be constructed with 2 or more compartments, either 2 separated tanks
or by dividing a single tank into two by a partition or baffle.
6.2.3.4 Disposal of grit. Mechanical grit removal system of collecting and disposal of grit in a
(ii) Where a baffle is used it shall be positioned at a distance of about 500 mm from the inlet
sanitary manner should be provided.
end. The baffle shall extend 150 mm above TWL and shall leave a minimum clearance of about
500 mm at the bottom.
6.3 Primary treatment
(iii) The inlet and outlet shall be a vertical 150 mm diameter cast iron T -shaped dip pipe with the
6-.3.1 Design criteria for septic tanks. (Typical diagrams as in fig. 3 ). Septic tanks are to be
top limb extending above scum level and the bottom limb extending 500 mm below TWL.
either rectangular or cylindrical chambers sited or constructed below ground level. They are to
be of watertight construction so that they neither permit ingress of ground water or engress of
(iv) The invert of the inlet dip-pipe should be 75 mm above the invert of outlet dip-pipe.
sewage to the ground.
(v) The floor of the tank should be sloped towards the inlet end at a slope of I to 6.

(b) Tank greater than 1.25 m width.

(i) For tanks more than 1.25 m width, the tank shall be of two compartments in series. The
inlet compartments to have a capacity of twice that of the second compartment.

32 33
MS 1228: 1991
(ii) The influent into tanks of more than 1.25 m width shall discharge into a channel which feeds
two or more dip-pipes. The two compartments should also be interconnected by equal number of
dip-pipes.
(iii) The outlet shall be in jhe form of weir which should extend the full width of the tank.
Scum boards should be placed before the weirs.
(iv) The floor of the inlet chamber should be sloped towards the inlet end at a slope of 1 to 6.
(v) The invert of the inlet dip-pipe should be 75 mm above the invert of the outlet dip-pipe.
6.3.3 Other types of septic tanks. As cylindrical septic tanks are precast and factory-made
they requires the approval of the relevant Authority on an individual basis.
6.3.4 Design criteria for imhoff tank
6.3.4.1 Sedimentation compartment
The sedimentation compartment shall have a capacity of not less than 2 hours detention time for
average daily flow of 225 litres/cap./day. \ ·.
It shall have a surface overflow rate of not more than 30 m3 /m2 /day at, design peak flow.
The sedimentation compartment shall. have a length to width ratio of not less than 3 to 1.
Minimum width shall be 600 mm and depth of not less than 900 mm or more than 2.8 m.
In the sedimentation compartment of the Imhoff Tank the side slopes shall have a slope of not
less than 1.5 times vertical to I horizontal.
The compartment shall have a false bottom and communication with the sludge digestion
compartment shall be by means of a horizontal slot minimum l 50 mm wide running the full
width of the tank.
A slot overlap of at least 200 mm to be provided,
6.3.4.2 Sludge compartment
The sludge digestion compartment shall have a capacity of not less than 0.04 m8 per capita.
The floor of the compartment will have a slope of I vertical to 4 horizontal towards the sludge
draw-off pipe.
The sludge draw-off pipe shall be of cast-iron and not less than 100 mm and shall draw off
sludge from the bottom of the sludge compartment.
Sludge sampling pipes for sludge draw-off above and below the neutral zone shall be provided.
The scum compartment shall have a width not less than 450 mm or 25% of the total surface area
of the sedimentation compartment, whichever is larger.
The scum compartment shall be adequately vented and facilities for adequate removal of gas
provided.
34
MS 1228: 1991
6.3.4.3 Neutral zone. A neutral zone of not less than 300 mm deep shall be provided between
the bottom of the sedimentation compartment and the top of the sludge digestion compartment.
6.3.4.4 Inlet and outlet
The inlet may be of minimum 150 mm diameter cast-iron T-shaped dip-pipe with the top limb
extending above the scum level and. the bottom limb extending 500 mm below the TWL.
For wider tanks multiple inlets to be provided.
The outlet shall be in the form of weir which should extend the full width of the tank.
Scum boards shall be provided at the inlets and outlets and in the larger tanks at intermediate
points. The scum boards shall be submerged at least 600 mm and extended by at least 450 mm
above TWL.
The TWL in the sedimentation tank shall be at least 75 mm below the invert level of the inlet
sewer.
6.3.4.5 Reversal of flow direction. In large installations with multiple units of sludge
compartment, provision shall be made for reversal of flow periodically, so as to obtain even
distribution of sludge.
6.3.4.6 Effluent. Effluent from septic and imhoff tanks require secondary treatment in
biological filter or other methods approved by the Local Authority.
6.3.4. 7 Sia b cover. The roof of the septic and imhoff tanks shall be either covered with a
reinforced concrete cast-in-situ slab with adequate openings with air-tights manholes covers for
inspection and maintenance or covered with precast reinforced concrete slabs fitted with lifting
handles and having grooves for jointing with line to prevent emission of smell and breeding of
insects.
6.3.5 Ventilation, In all septic and imhoff tanks the space between the top of the water level
and the roof shall be:
(a) Adequately ventilated;
(b) Provided with adequate means for drawing off gases;
(c) All ventilation provided shall be proofed against the entry of mosquitoes.
6.3.6 Primary sedimentation tank
6.3.6.I General. Sedimentation tanks may provide the principal degree of wastewater
treatment, or they may be used as a preliminary steps in the further treatment of wastewater.
When used as the only means of treatment, these tanks shall be provided for the removal of:
(a) settleable solids capable of forming sludge banks in the receiving water and;
(b) much of the floating material.
35

MS 1228: 1991
When used as a preliminary step to further treatment the main function of primary
sedimentation tank is to reduce the organic loading on the secondary treatment units and are
essentially components of secondary sewage treatment.
The efficiency of a sedimentation tank is dependent on the velocity of the flow, which is
determined by, the tank dimension. Effective flow measurement devices and control
appurtenances shall be provided to permit proper proportioning of flow and solids loading to each
unit. Sedimentation tanks may be of the horizontal flow or upward flow or radial flow type.
Primary sedimentation tanks could be either rectangular or circular in shape, the circular
configurations are recommended for larger flows.
6.3.6.2 Rectangular tanks. The length to width ratio should be 3 : l or more. The width to
depth ratio should be between I : l to 2.5 : I. Typical depth of rectangular primary
sedimentation tank is 2.5 m to 3.0 m.
6.3.6.3 Circular tank. The side water depth should not be under 3 m. The floor slope when
used in conjunction with scraper mechanism should be l : 12 or as recommended by supplier of
scraper. \
\ The usual way in which the remaining fraction can be further treated is to encourage micro-
6.3.6.4 Detention time. Detention time should vary with depth, of tank and surface loading
rate and should be within the range of 90 to 150 min at Average Daily Flow.
6.3.6.5 Surface loading. For the rectangular tank the sludge will mainly settle out at the
inlet end of the tank. The settled sewage is collected at the opposite end for treatment. For
circular tanks the loading can either be central or peripheral. The surface loading rate at peak
flow should not exceed 60 m3/day/m2•
6.3.6.6 Weir loading. The weir loading rate should be in the range of 150 to 180 m3/day/m2•
6.3.6.7 Scraper mechanism and sludge pumps. Scraper mechanism and sludge pumps for the
collection and transfer of scum and sludge should be approved by the Local Authority.
6.3.6.8 Primary sedimentation tank with hopper bottom and rectangular (Typical diagrams
as in fig. 4).
6.3.6.8.1 Upward flow sedimentation tanks. An upward flow tank is normally square or
circular in plan with hopper bottom having steeply sloping sides to provide sludge storage.
Sewage enters the tank through a feed pipe and is initially deflected downwards by a stilling box.
As the sewage is dispersed into the body of the tank it rises steadily towards a peripheral weir
and suspended material fall into the hopper.
ln designing hopper bottom tanks an angle of slope of 60° (giving 51 ° valley slope) will usually be
satisfactory. ln order to reduce sludge accumulation ·in the valley angle, a tank of steeper angle
of slope of 68° (giving 60° valley slope) may be considered.
6.3.6.8.2 Capacity. The capacity of the hopper should be equivalent to 2 hours detention time
at peak flow.
Additional water depth of minimum 400 mm should be provided above the hopper in the vertical
side-wall section between the top of the hopper and the TWL. The side-wall height should not
be less than 400 mm.
36
MS 1228: 1991
6.3.6.8.3 Horizontal flow tank. A horizontal flow tank is normally rectangular in plan and
should have length of approximately 3 times its width and a depth below TWL of about 1.5 m.
This tank should be designed to have a single or multiple hopper conforming to clause 6.3.6.8.1.
To facilitate desludging twin tanks should be provided for larger installation.
6.3.6.8.4 Sur Iace loading rate. The overflow rate should not be greater than 60 m8/day /m2
primary sedimentation tank.
6.3.6.8.5 Solid loading rate. The solid loading rate should be between 2.5 to 6 kg/m2 /hr.
6.3.6.8.6 Weir loading rate. The weir loading rate should not exceed 150 m3/day/m.
6.4 Secondary treatment. In waste water treatment plants the preliminary and primary
stages of treatment which were described in the earlier chapters of this code can efficiently
remove 30% to 40% of the B.O.D. and 60% to 70% of the influent Suspended Solids (S.S).
The fraction remaining are soluble, colloidal or sufficiently small not to settle easily and they
consists of a wide range of organic and inorganic materials.
organism to oxidize the organic material in a similar manner to that in the natural process
occuring in rivers and streams but at an increased rate.
In such secondary treatment the organic material is made to come into contact with micro-
organisms either in a 'Fixed Film Media' or a 'Suspended Film Media'.
The most commonly used biological process in the fixed film media is the trickling filter and in
the suspended film media is the activated sludge with their many varied and modified processes.
Other common biological process are the Aerated Lagoon and the Waste Stabilization Pond.
6.4. 1 Fixed growth (Typical diagrams as in fig. 5}.
6.4. 1.1 Mineral media. For sewage treatment plant of 500 persons capacity or less the
rectangular type of percolating filter with tipper, chute and channel distribution system of settled
sewage may be used.
Tipper, chute and channel shall be made of aluminium sheet of minimum 2 mm thickness or of
cast iron or stainless steel. The size, capacity, dimension, support shall be approved by the Local
Authority.
Tipper trough should have a capacity equivalent to 4.5 litres/m2 of filter surface area.
For sewage treatment plant above 500 persons capacity the circular type percolating filter with
dosing syphon and rotary type distributors and ancillaries shall be used. Dosing syphon, rotary
distributor equipment shall be of approved make, size, capacity and material and designed for 3 x
DWF. The distributor arm shall be approximately 150 mm to 300 mm above the media line.
The average depth of the media shall not exceed 1.8 m and minimum depth shall not be Jess than
1.2 Ill.
37
 MS 1228 : 1991
MS 1228 : 1991

6.4.2.2 Process design

The media provided shall be inert and resistant to biological attack e.g. granite, limest_one or
coral. Two sizes of media shall be provided viz. 100 mm single size for the lower one-thud and (a) The RBC system requires preliminary treatment, primary and secondary settlement, sludge
50 mm single size for the upper two-third of the filter. storage and treatment.

The loading for the low or standard rate filter shall be as follows:
· 100o x P
(a) Hydraulic 0·11
1·itres /d ay I m 2
(b) Organic (BOD6 @ 20°C)-80 x P o.u kg/day I 1000 m3
where P is the designed population.
The hydraulic loading rates are not to exceed 4500 litres/day/m2 and the organic loading rates are
not to exceed 400 kg/day/1000 m3•
Good ventilation shall be provided at the bottom of and through the media.
Aeration pipes of 100 mm or 150 mm diameter shall be provided extending th.rough the full
depth of the media. The size and/or number of opening that will provide the required volume of
air shall be based on 0.5% of the surface area of the bed. \ (f')
(b) T�e soluble BOD is the controlling factor in design and therefore the approach taken is to
dete�mine the amount of the soluble BOD removed per unit of surface area for each stage of a
multi-stage RBC system. The soluble BOD shall be taken as 70% of the total BOD for domestic
waste.
(c) Where primary sedimentation tanks are used also for sludge storage/digestion, an additional
increase of 50% of the soluble fraction shall be taken into account in design due to the exertion
of the secondary BOD from the digestion process.
(d) When the peaks flows are greater than 2.5 DWF, sufficient equilisation volumes shall be
provided additionally to primary settling volumes or separate equalisation tanks.
(e) _Where necessary the RBC systems should be preceeded by fine screens with a maximum clear
spacing of 20 mm.
Required media area should be calculated based on the peak loading rate.

The inlet openings into the filter underdrains have an unsubmerged gross combined area equal to (g) The RBC _should be covered in order to protect media from. effect of UV rays and rainfall.
at least 15 percent of the Surface of the filter. Adequate ventilation should be provided.

The base slab shall be sloped no flatter than l in 50 and overlaid with approved drainage tiles or (h) The limiting design parameters for RBC are summarised below:-
pipes.
Rotating Biological Contactor
6.4.1.2 Synthetic media. The synthetic media for trickling fil�ers has extende� the range of
hydraulic and organic loading well beyond the range of stone media. Two properties that are of Soluble BOD6 specific loading on first stage 12 to 20 g/day.m2
interest are specific surface area and· percent void space. . . . .
The ability of synthetic media to handle higher hydraulic and organic. loadings is directly Tank volumes 5 ljday.m2 of media
attributed to the higher specific surface area and void space of these media compared to stone
media. Maximum peripheral velocity 0.35 m/sec
The organic and hydraulic loading should be inaccordance to the manufacturer's specification. Minimum number of stages 2 stage

6.4.2 Rotating biological contactors ( RBC) Dry sludge removal 0.8 - I.I kg of dry
sludge I kg of BOD removed.
6.4.2.1 General. Rotating biological contactors consist of basically high ?ensity plastic �edia
discs mounted on the shaft. The shaft is then made to turn slowly at approximately I rpm either Minimum detention in tank I hour
mechanically through a gear drive system or by the use of air through buoyancy forces exerted. on
air trapped in air cups fixed to the edge of the discs fro� an air blow system. The slow rotanon
of the shaft causes alternating exposure of the media to atmosphere and the wastewater. 6.4.2.3 Detail design
Biological growths (biofilm) become attached to the surfaces of the discs and event�ally fo_rm a
slime layer (biomass) over the discs. The rotation effects oxy�en transfe_r, k�ep the b10_�ass �n an 6.4.2.3,l Input arrangements and capacity. Wherever possible installations using RBC system
aerobic condition and also causes excess biomass to slough t rom the d�scs 1�10 the mixed ltquor should be supplied by gravity and means provided to minimise surges in flow, especially where
and out of the process basin. This sloughing maintains a uniformly thick biomass and prevents Package units are used. Where crude sewage is admitted by pumping it is important that the
clogging of the discs. averag e f requency o f pumping
· s h ould not be less than four times per hour
' throughout most of the
day.
RBC's are also available in package units for limited capacity which. inco�porate facilities for
primary and secondary settlement together with sludge storage for a period ot 4 to 6 months.

39
38
 MS 1228: 1991
MS 1228: 1991

(a) Waste stabilization ponds can be provided in. a variety of combination covering anaerobic?
Septic tanks or other system of sludge tanks built integrally. with RBC should be able to hold at facultative and maturation ponds system. A series of ponds produces a better quality effluent
least the total volume of sludge deposited in 1-3 months use, dependent on the size of the plant, than that from a single· pond of the same size and it avoids short circuiting of sewage flow.
at the full design loading. They should provide convenient access for desludging and should be
sufficiently rigid to withstand pressure from adjoining compartments during desludging. (b) Ponds have considerable advantages as regards to costs and maintenance requirements and
the removal of faecal bacteria over all other methods of treating sewage from communities.
In integral plants, it is desirable for the inlet zone to be baffled or for a weir providing a hea�
loss of lO mm to 20 mm to be installed to minimise the effect of surges in flow. Treatment rs (c) Anaerobic ponds are designed to receive very high organic loading or to pretreat strong
more efficient when longitudinal mixing is minimized in the treatment zone by installation of a wastes which have a high solids content where the solids settle to the bottom and are digested
number of transverse baffles each providing a head loss of about IO mm. anaerobically. The partially clarified supernatant liquor can be discharged into a facultarive
pond for further treatment.
The design should facilitate the transfer of excess film, shed from the rotating surfaces from the
treatment zone to a secondary settlement unit, either by positive mechanical means or by ensuring (d) Facultative ponds are the most common and they normalJy receive raw sewage or that which
that sufficient turbulence is induced to carry it forward in the effluent stream. has received only preliminary treatment for example settled effluent from septic tanks and
anaerobic pretreatment ponds.
6.4.2.3.2 Rotor units and drive mechanisms. The rotational speed (usually 1-3 rpm) and
diameter of the rotating structure govern the peripheral velocity, which should not exceed 0.35 (e) Maturation ponds are used as a second stage to facultative ponds. Their main function is the
m/sec to avoid stripping of the biomass. Random media, where employed, should be tightly destruction of pathogens such as faecal bacteria and viruses.
packed for the same reason. Biological film accumulates more thickly on the surfaces nearest the
inlet to the treatment zone, and the spacing between adjacent surfaces of discs in this region 6.4.3.1.2 Basis of design. The climate of the area (temperature, sunlight, cloud cover, wind,
should be designed to prevent the bridging of gaps between surface's. etc) and the nature of the wastewater to be treated (presence of the toxic chemicals, non-
degradable substances, sulphates, total dissolved solids, etc) have a considerable effect on pond
6.4.2.3.3 Construction. The design and alignment of the drive s�ft should provide adequate loadings, and must be taken into account when designing the system .. The design loading for the
strength to assure long trouble-free life. Failure of power or other interruption of rotation may, various pond systems shall be as follows:- ·
if continued more than 24 hours, allow the biomass on the rotor to become unbalanced due to
drainage and drying of the exposed areas. If the rotation recommences without the proper Parameter Design Criteria
maintenance and cleaning of the discs, severe strain will be placed on the shaft and drive. It is
therefore assential that proper provisions for overload protection of the motor is made that (a) Anaerobic Pond
automatic restart for the motor is provided after an electrical failure.
Liquid depth 2.5 m - 4 m
Structures supporting the rotor bearings and drive should have a adequate long term rigidity to Maximum loading rate 0.4 kg BOD/day.m3
maintain alignment. Bearing, drive chains and sprockets should be protected from moisture and Detention time minimum 2 days
provided with easy access for lubrication and adjustment. Sludge accumulation rate 0.04 m3/year/capita

Discs shall be durable materials including expanded metal, plastic mesh, G RP, unplasticized (b) Facultative Pond
polyvinyl chloride or similar materials or high density polystyrene foam. The packing used in Total surface loading rate :
rotating cylinders may be similar to random fill media used in high rate biological filters. Rotors Standard A 225 kg/ha/day
are also used with a variety of surfaces disposed in a spiral or honeycomb form. Standard B 330 kg/ha/day
6.4.2.3.4 Loading and performance oi the biological stage. Where full treatment of domestic Minimum detention time
sewage to the Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents), Regulations 1979 Standard A 14 days
standard is required the loading of the rotating surfaces in the biological zone should not exceed Standard B 9 days
5 g BOD/m2 /day of settled sewage or 7 .5 g BOD/m2 /day as crude sewage entering an integrated
package plant. Higher loadings may be used provided that adequate technical support data has Maximum surface loading rate for the first stage facultative pond.
been supplied. The loading should be based on the maximum population to be served. Where Standard A 330 kg/ha/day
quality standards are critical, additional tertiary treatment (polishing) should be provided. Standard B 505 kg/ha/day
6.4.3 Suspended growth (Typical diagrams as in fig. 6). Minimum free board 0.5 m
Liquid depth (minimum) 1.5
6.4.3.1 Waste stabilization pond Sludge accumulation rate 0.04 m3 /year/capita
6.4.3.1.1 General

41
40
MS 1228: 1991
MS 1228 : 1991

6.4.3.1.3 Design and constructional details
(a) Pond geometry. Geometry of pond is not necessary rectangular. All corners of pond should
be rounded-up with a minimum radius of 10 m.
(b) Impermeable construction. The pond should be impermeable so as to avoid percolation and
ground water pollution.
(c) Embankment, The inner slope of pond embankment shall have a protective lining of cement
rip-rap 0.3 m thick or cast-in situ concrete slab of 75 mm thick extending from top of
embankment to a minimum of 0.5 m below liquid surface, or erosion of the embankment by
surface wave action can be avoided by placing precast concrete slabs at the top water level. The
inner slope shall have a maximum slope of 1 horizontal to 1 vertical if it is pitched with cement
rip-rap or rubble pitching and the slope of the embankment is well compacted.
The outer slope shall be protected by turfing or rip-rap if subjected to external water wave
action. When it is turfed the recommended slope shall be 3 horizontal to 1 vertical.
All weather roads of enough width (minimum 3.5 m wide) and strength shall be provided for
large trucks or lorries to have easy access to the ponds. Surface runoff must be prevented from
entering the pond. \,
(d) Inlet and outlet structures. In order to minimise hydraulic short circuiting, the inlet and
outlet to each pond shall be of multiple units and located in diagonally opposite corners cross
connection between ponds should also be provided.
The inlet into the waste stabilization pond shall be preceeded with a scum chamber to arrest scum
or other floating materials from entering the pond. A flow measuring device such as venturi or
partial flume to measure inflow and a vee-notch to measure final outflow shall be installed if
required.
Floating aerators are most commonly used to supply' the necessary oxygen and mixing power.
6.4.3.2.2 Facultaiive aerated lagoons. Facultative aerated lagoons are akin to the algal ponds
used for waste stabilization except that the oxygen is derived from mechanical aeration instead of
algal photosynthesis. The power input is sufficient for. diffusing enough oxygen into the liquid
but not sufficient for maintaining all the solids in suspension with the result that suspended solids
in the raw sewage entering the lagoons tend to settle down and undergo anaerobic decomposition
at the bottom. It is very significantly affected by changes in temperature. It requires lower
power to drive the aerator then the completely mixed lagoons.
Sludge accumulation will take place at the rate of 0.04 m8 /year/capita. Anaerobic decomposition
leads to liquefaction of solids and a non-degradable residue while the original load of grit and
inorganic solids entering the lagoon along with raw sewage also settles at the lagoons bottom. The
detention time is much larger than the completely mixed lagoons.
6.4.3.2.3 Completely mixed aerated lagoons system. The lagoons need more power than the
facultative type as the surface aerator has to keep the solids in suspension (as in activated sludge
aeration tank) in addition to diffusing enough oxygen into the liquid. The wastewater enters at
one end and leaves at the other end of lagoons along with the solids under aeration. Hence the
solids concentration in the effluent will be the same · as the solids concentration in the lagoon
itself. The efficiency of BOD removal concentration in the lagoon is not very high since solids
are present in the effluent.
6.4.3.2.4 The effluents from the aerated lagoons should be further treated.
6.4.3.2.5 Basis of design. The design criteria for both the completely mixed and facultative
lagoons are set out below.
Table 2. Design criteria for aerated lagoons

In order to reduce the amount of scum the pipe should discharge below the pond surface with a Aerated Lagoons
concrete splash pad at the pond base just below the end of inlet pipe to receive the incoming raw
sewage. ln order to reduce the amount of scum the pipe should discharge below the pond surface Parameters Completely mixed Falcu lta ti ve
and in order to prevent the formation of a sludge bank, the end of the pipe should be sited up to
about 1/3 length of the pond away from the embankments.
Minimum detention period 1 day 2.5 days
(e) Facilities shall be provided for by-passing to the first, second and subsequent ponds.

6.4.3.2 Aerated lagoons Oxygen requirement 0.8 - 1.1 kg 02 1.5 - 1.8 kg 02

consumed/kg BOD consumed/kg BOD
6.4.3.2. l General. Aerated lagoons are essentially similar to waste stabilization ponds except removed. removed.
that it is mechanically aerated instead of algal oxygenation, much deeper and has a shorter
detention time. An advantage that aerated lagoons have is, the relative ease with which additional Minimum mixing power 5 kw/1000 m8 3 kw/1000 m3
aerators can be added as population increases or as better efficiency is desired.
Minimum free board 1.0 m 1.0 m
Aerated lagoons are activated sludge units operated without sludge return. Two basic aerated
lagoon systems are recommended, namely Maximum depth 5m 5m
(i) Completely mixed aerated lagoon system or the aerobic flow through type; and BOD removal 50% 60% to 70%
(ii) Partially mixed or facultative aerated lagoons system. Dissolved oxygen concentration - . 2 mg/I

42
43
MS 1228 : 1991
6.4.3.2.6 Design details. The construction of aerated lagoons is essentially the same as that of
waste stabilization ponds. The major differences are : greater depths (usually 3 m - 5 m) steeper
embankment slopes and the provision of a complete butyl rubber or polythene or cemented rip-
rap lining (minimum 0.5 m thick) to prevent scouring by the turbulence induced by the aerators.
Where surface aerators are used, it is preferably to have floating units. Where fixed aerators are
used (mounted on columns or stilts) it is essential that the liquid level in the lagoon is maintained
constant so as to ensure the required degree of submergence of the aerator blades.
Electric cable has to be carried overhead to the aerator from the banks of the lagoon. The steel
ropes used to anchor the aerator to the side banks can be used to carry the cable also. For repairs
or maintenance the aerator can be pulled in water to the corner of the lagoon where a small loop
or arm can be provided to 'wet-dock' the aerator and enable lifting it up for inspection.
6.4.3.2.7 Po11d geometry. Aerator lagoons shall be designed to prevent short circuiting to
ensure uniform mixing and aeration. The shape of the pond will depend on the selection of the
aeration equipment and zone of influence.
6.4.3.3 Activated sludge
6.4.3 .3.1 General. The activated sludge process is an aerobic, biological process which uses
micro-organisms in suspension to remove colloidal, suspended and dissolsed substances exerting
an oxygen demand. Settled sewage is led to an aeration tank where oxygen is supplied either by
mechanical agitation or by diffused aeration. Aeration of the sewage is followed by settlement in
the secondary sedimentation tank with part of the resulting sludge recycled to the aeration
system to maintain a high cell concentration (2000 - 8000 mg/I of MLSS) in the aeration tank and
the remainder being wasted for further treatment.
6.4.3.3.2 Type of processes and modification. The activated sludge process is very flexible and
can be adopted to almost any type of biological waste treatment problem. Basically the activated
sludge processes comprise of:
(a) Conventional activated sludge
(b) Contact stabilization
(c) Conventional extended aeration
(d) Oxidation ditch (a modified extended aeration process)
The other modified activated sludge systems that have become standardized vary from the above
4 processes in the way sewage and aeration is introduced into the tank. They include tapered
aeration process, continuous flow stirred-tank step aeration, modified aeration, high rate aeration
and the pure oxygen system.
6-.4.3.3.2.1 Conventional activated sludge. The conventional activated sludge process consists of
an aeration tank, a primary and secondary clarifier, and a· sludge recycling line. Sludge wasting
is accomplished from the recycle or mixed liquor line. Both influent settled wastewater and
recycled sludge enter the tank at the head end and are aerated for a period of about 4 to 8 hours.
The influent wastewater and recycled sludge are mixed by the action of diffused or mechanical
aeration, which is constant as the mixed liquor moves down the tank. During this period,
absorption, flocculation and oxidation of the organic matter take place. The mixed liquor is
settled in the activated sludge sedimentation tank and the sludge is returned at a rate of 20-50%
of the influent flow rate depending on the MLSS maintained in the aeration tank.
44
MS 1228: 1991
6:4.�.3.2.l Contact stabilization. The contact stabilization process involves treatment in four
distinct co?lpartment�. In the first compartment, sewage, which will usually be screened or
'?acerated ts aer�ted m contact with activated sludge for a period of 30 to 90 min, the mixed
liquor then pass1_ng _to the settlement compartment. After settlement the supernatant liquor
treated. e�fluent) is discharged and the sludge is transfered to a third (re-aeration) compartment
where. it is aerated for a period of 3 to 6 hours during which time oxidation of absorbed organic
matenal occurs. A large proportion of the activated sludge is then recycled to the first (contact)
compartment. Ther� !11a� be a fourth (aerobic digester) compartment where surplus sludge is
further aerated to oxidize it as completely as possible before being removed for disposal.
6.4_.3.3.2.3 Extended a_eration. This process is used extensively for prefabricated package plants.
It involves treatment m two compartments, an aeration or mixed liquor compartment and a
settle_ment compartment. Sewage, which will usually be screened or macerated flow to the
aeration compartmen� wh�re it _is aerated in admixture with activated sludge. The sludge is
s.�parated from the mixed liquor m the settlement compartment which is usually integral with the
t irst compart�ent but separated from it by partition. The sludge is recycled to the aeration
compartment either. by gravity pump or air lift. The supernatant liquor (treated effluent) leaves
the plant over a weir. Separate sludge wasting generally is provided.
Operating experience has indicated that ��oblems have developed in many plants where wasting
facilities have not been provided. Provisions shall be made to remove excess sludge and this
should be treated prior to disposal.
6.4.3.�.2.4 Oxidati�n ditch. This is basically an extended aeration system and consists
essentially of a contmuous shallow channel I m to 3 m deep usually forming an oval circuit in
plan.
Raw sewag�, �fter screeni?g. an� grit �emoval enters the ditch where mechanical rotors (aerator)
aerate th� liquid and keep Jt in circulation. The ditch may be followed by a separate settling tank
from which �he settled �ludge may be returned to the ditch by a pump and the excessive solid .be
sent to a drying _bed while the clear supernatant is discharged. In some cases the ditch itself may
be used as settling compartment by periodically shutting off the aerators. Excess solids must be
removed as sludge on a regular basis.
The long sludg� age, acheiv.ed by recycling more than 95% of the sludge ensures minimal excess
sludge prod�ct1on and a high degree of mineralization in the sludge that is produced.
Slud�e handling and. treatment is almost negligible since the small amount of waste sludge can be
readily dewatered without odour on drying beds.
The ditch should have. a co?crete lining with side slopes of about I in 1.5 vertical. A rigid lining
should always be provided m t�e vicuuty of the rotor extending to at least 4.5 m downstream to
prevent damage due to the high turbulence in these areas.
Th� sa�e depth below top water level and preferably of the same cross-sectional area should be
mamtamed for the complete circuit. The ditch should be equipped with one or more mechanical
aerators arranged to maintain a velocity of flow in the ditch sufficient to keep the activated
sludge in suspension.
Provi�ion _shout� be made fo� separate settlement of sludge before discharge of final effluent in
the ditch is designed for continous operations.
45
 ----·-··-·--··----.
-:,or.---____....-.----------------·�··-·---·-··-------·�·-----··- ----·

• 1

MS 1228 : 1991
MS 1228: 1991

Table 3. Com�on parameter� and operating characteristics of

6.4.3.3.3 Process design smgle-stage activated sludge system

6.4.3.3.3. l Applicability
Proce.. Loadin1 Hyd,raulic o2 required MLSS
(a) Biodegradable waste. The activated sludge process and its various modification may be used Detention kgj'kg mg/I
F/M SRT kgof Time (bra) BOD removed
where sewage is amenable to biological treatment. (Kg BOD/ (day,) BOD/m
8
KgMLSS
(b) Operational requirements. This process requires close attention and competent operating
supervision including routine laboratory control. These requirements shall be considered when Conventional 0.15 - 5 • 15 0.82 - .. - 8 0.8 - 1500 -
proposing this type of treatment. 0.-t 0.92 1.1 4000
Extended 0.05 - 20 - 30 0.16 - 16 - 24
(c) Energy requirements. This process requires major energy usage to meet aeration demands. Aeration 0.16 0.4
1.-4 - 2000 -
1.6 6000
Provisions shall be made for the emergency energy supply.
Contact 0.16 - 8 - 10 0.48 - 0.6-1.5 0.8 - 1000 -
0.6 1.12 1.1
6.4.3.3.3.2 Specific process selection. The activated sludge process and its several modifications 3000
may be employed to accomplish varied degrees of removal of suspended solids and reduction of St abilisaficn 0.5 - 1.44 - 3-6 0.4 - 6000 -
carbonaceous and/or nitrogenous oxygen demand. Choice of the process most applicable will be 2.0 - 2.88 0.6 10000
influenced by the degree and consistency of treatment required, type of waste to be treated, Oxidation 0.06 - 20 - 30 0.16 - 16 - 2oi 1.4 - 2000 -
proposed plant size anticipated, degree of operation and maintenance and operating and capital Ditch 0.16 0.4 1.6 6000
costs. All design shall provide for flexibility in operation. \
\ 6.4.3.3.4.2
6.4.3.3.3.3 Pretreatment. Where primary sedimentation tanks are not used, effective removal or Aeration tanks
exclusion of grit, debris, excessive oil or grease, and communition or screening of solids shall be
accomplished prior to the activated sludge process.Where primary sedimentation is used, provision 6.4.3.3.4.2.1 General. Aeration· tanks shall b .
shall be made for discharging raw sewage directly to the aeration tank to facilitate plant start-up a�p.roved materials. For large plant.the total aera�o constructed of rem�orced concrete or other
divided among two or more units capable f . d n tank volu�e required should preferably be
and operation during the initial stages of the plants design life. o m ependant operation.

6.4.3.3 .3.4 Capacity. The size of the aeration tank or oxidation ditch for any particular If the wastewater is to be aerated with diffused air h
adaptation of the process shall be determined by full scale experiment, or rational calculations affect the aeration efficiency The depth of w • t e .geometry of the tank may significantly
based mainly on food to microorganism ratio and mixed liquor suspended solids levels. Other � m so that the diffuser can .work efficientl a�ewtter in /he tank should be between 3 m and
factors such as size of treatment plant, diurnal load variations and degree of treatment required li�e should be provided. The width to deptt rat��e oard rom 0.3 m to 0.6 m above the water
width of tank channel to 6 m to m. may vary from I: I to 2: I. This limits the
shall also be considered when designing for nitrification and denitrification. Calculations should 12
be submitted to justify the basis for design for aeration tank capacity. Calculation using values
differing substantially from those in table 3 should made reference to actual operational plants. For tanks with diffusers on both sides or in the
Mixed liquor suspended solids levels greater than 5000 mg/I may be allowed providing adequate so that 'dead spots' are eliminated or di . shoulc of the tank, greater widths are permissible
s h rmensions s ould be such as to . . d
data is submitted showing the aeration and clarification system capable of supporting such levels. o t. at . deposition of solids will not occur T . mamta_m a equate velocities
longttudmally in the .corners of the channels t . Ii . riangular baffles or fillets may be placed
o e inunate dead spots and to deflect the spiral flow.
6.4.3.3.4 Detail design
1 amence. tanks should have inlet and outlet gates or valves so that they may be removed for
6.4.3.3.4.1 General requirement. The installation should incorporate the following features: mlnad·invtid.ual

(a) adequate protection against corrosion; Aeration tanks

saturated soil. must have adequate f oun d anons
· to prevent settlement or to prevent floatation in
(b) standby electrical equipment incorporating automatic changeover, where practicable;
6.4.3.3.4.2.2 Froth-control system Large uantiti s f f
of the process, when the mixed Jiqu�r sus en�ed .e � oam may be produced during start up
(c) automatic restarting in the event of power failure; sur.factants are present in the wastewater PThe f sol_ids is low, or whenever high concentration of
(d) arrangement for the removal and disposal of surplus sludge;
solids, grease and bacteria and the wind �ay
•
rri°:t•? ahcttoffn produces froth that contains sludge
e rot o the tank surface and blow it about.

(e) adequate control of flow to minimise risk of washout of activated sludge; Froth c ontro 11·mg systems should be installed to . .
nozzles for spraying cleanwater or screened effl prevent it. fro� foaming, A series of spray
mounted along the top edge of the aerati t k uent .or ant1�oa�mg chemical additives can be
(f) if below ground level, adequate protection against floatation. ion an opposite the air diffuser.

47
46
 MS 1228: 1991
MS 1228: 1991

(a) (i) Tank depth

6.4.3.3.4.2.3 Arrangement of aeration tanks
(a) Dimensions. The dimensions of each independent mixed liquor aeration tank or return
sludge reaeration tank shall be such as to maintain effective mixing and utilization of air.
Ordinarily. liquid depths should not be less than 3 m or more than 5 m.
(b) Short-circuiting. For very small tanks with special configuration. the shape of the tank and
the installation of earation equipment should provide for positive control of short circuiting
through the tank.
6.4.3.3.4.2.4 Inlets and outlets
(a) Controls. Inlet and outlets for each aeration tank unit shall be suitably equipped with valves,
gates, stop plates, weirs or other devices to permit controlling the flow to any unit and to
maintain reasonably constant liquid levels. The hydraulic properties of the system shall permit
the maximum instantaneous hydraulic load to be carried with any single aeration tank unit out of
service.
(b) Conduit. Channels and pipes carrying liquids with solids in suspension shall be designed to
maintain self-cleansing velocity or shall be agitated to keep such solids in suspension at all rates
of flow within the design segment of channels which are not being used, due to alternate flow
patterns.
6.4.3.3.4.2.S Free board. All aeration tanks should have a free board of not less than 0.5 m.
6.4.3.3.S Aeration equi pment
(ii) Certified aeration device transfer efficiency
(iii) Minimum dissolved oxygen concentration in .aeration tank.
(iv) Critical wastewater temperature
(b) Normal oxygen requirements for all activated sludge process are as in table 3.
��) The_ blower� shall be pro�ided in n_iultiple units, so arranged and in such capacities as to meet
e �aximum a1� demand with the single largest unit out of service. The design shall also
provi�e for varymg the volume of air delivered in proportion to the load demand of the plant
A�rha.tion equip�ent shall be easily adjustable in increments and shall maintain solids suspensio�
wit in these limits.
(d) Diffu_ser systems shall be capable of providing for the diurnal peak oxygen demand or 200%
of the design average oxygen _de�and, whichever is larger. The air diffusion piping and diffuse
system shall be capable of delivering normal air requirements with minimal friction losses.
All pla�ts e�ploying less than 4 independent aeration tanks shall be designed to incorporate
remova le diffusers that can be serviced and/or replaced without dewatering the tank.
�e) lnd�vidu�lly assemble unit diffusers shall be equipped with control valves. Air filters shall
effr?v,�ed f 10 nr°mbers, arrangements, and capacities to furnish at all times and air supply
su dicient Y ree rom dust to prevent damage to blowers and clogging of the diffuser system
use .

6.4.3.3.S.l General. There are basically two methods of aerating wastewater i.e.: 6.4.3.3.5.3 Mechanical aeration system
(a) introduce air or pure oxygen into the wastewater with submerger porous diffusers or air (a) Oxygen t�a�isfer. performance. The mechanisms and drive unit shall be designed for the
nozzles and expected_ conditions. m the aeration tank in terms of the power performance. Certified testing
shall verify mechanical aerator performance.
(b) to agitate the wastewater mechanically so as to promote solution of air from the atmosphere.
(b) Design requirement
Oxygen requirements generally depend on maximum diurnal organic loading, degree of
treatment, and level of suspended solids concentration to be maintained in the aeration tank (i) Maintain a minimum of 2 mg/I of dissolved in
mixed liquor. Aeration equipment shall be capable of maintaining a minimum of 2 mg/I of throughout the tanks. oxygen the mixed liquor at all times
dissolved oxygen in the mixed liquor. In the absence of experimentally determined value, the
design oxygen requirements for all activated sludge processes shall be in accordance to Table 3. (ii) Maintain all biological solids in suspension.
6.4.3.3.5.2 Diffused air aeration. A diffused air system consists of diffusers (that are submerged
(iii) M�et maximum oxygen demand and maintain process performance with the largest unit out
in the wastewater), header pipes, air mains and the blowers and appurtenances through which air of service, and
passes,
(ch) Provide for varying the amount of oxygen transferred in proportion to the load demand on
The efficiency of oxygen transfer depends on the type and porosity of the diffuser, the size of t e plant.
the bubbles produced, the depth of submersion etc. The diffuser that produces fine bubbles is
recommended for its higher transfer efficiency. As there are many different makes of air 6.4.3.3.6 Return sludge equipment
diffusers available, the recommended design charts and catalogues from the manufacturer should
be submitted for evaluation together with the calculation. Having determined the oxygen
requirements, air' requirements for a diffused air system shall be determined with the following
factors:

49
48
MS 1228: 1991 MS 1228: 1991

6.4.3.3.6.l Return sludge rate. The minimum permissible return sludge rate of withdrawl from The lo�er overflow rates to be used for secondary sedimentat1'on
RBC umts, tank for biological filter and
the final sedimentation tank is a function of the concentration of suspended solids in the mixed
liquor entering it, the sludge volume index of these solids, and the length of time these solids are
retained in the sedimentation tanks. Since undue retention of solids in the final sedimentation 6.4.3.4.S
Solid loading rate. The solid loading rate should be between 2.5 to 6.0 kg/m2/hour.
tanks may be deleterious to both the aeration and sedimentation phase of the activated sludge
process, the rate of sludge return expressed as a percentage of the average design flow of sludge 6.4.3.4.6 Weir loading rate. The. weir Joading should be in the range of 150 to 180 ms/day I m.
2
return should be generally variable on the basis as F /M ratio and MLSS limits as set forth in
6,4.J.4•7 Scraper mechanism and sludge pump. Scraper mechanism for the collection and
table 3.
transfer or recycle of sludge should be approved by the Local Authority
6.4.3.3.6.2 Return sludge pumps. lf motor driven return sludge pumps are used, the maximum
return sludge capacity shall be obtained with the largest pump out of service. A positive head 6.4.3.4.8
s 636
Secondary sedimenuuion tank with hopper bottom,• The design requirements are the
should be provided on pump suctions. Pumps should have at least 7 5 mm suction and discharge ame as . . except that the surface loading rate is 30 m /day/m.
openings. If air lifts are used for returning sludge from each sedimentation tank hopper, no
standby unit will be required provided the design of the air lifts are such to facilitate their rapid
and easy cleaning and provided other suitable standby measures are provided. Air lifts should be
at least 75 mm in diameter.

6.4.3.3.6.3 Return sludge piping. Discharge .piping should be at least 100 mm in diameter and
should be designed to maintain a velocity of not less than 0.60 m/sec when return sludge facilities
are operating at normal return sludge rates. Suitable devices for observing, sampling and
controlling return activated sludge flow from each sedimentation tank hopper shall be provided.
\...

6.4.3.3.6.4 Waste sludge facilities. Waste sludge control facilities should have a minimum
capacity of not less than 25% of the average rate of sewage flow and function satisfactorily at
rates of 0.5% of average sewage flow or a minimum of 45.5 litres/min, which ever is larger.
Means for observing, measuring, sampling and controlling waste activated sludge flow shall be
provided. Waste sludge may be discharged to the concentration or thickening tank, primary
sedimentation tank, sludge digestion tank, vacuum filters, other dewatering devices or any
practical combination of these units.

6.4.3.4 Secondary sedtmentatlen tank. Secondary sedimentation tank could be either

rectangular or circular in shape.

6.4.3.4.l Rectangular tanks. The length to depth ratio should be 3 : I or more. The width to
depth ratio should be between I: I to 2.5 : I.· The typical depth is about 3 m and where possible
the maximum length of tank should not exceed l O times its depth.

6.4.3.4.2 Circular tanks. The side water depth should not be under 3 m. It is desirable for the
radius of the tank not to exceed five times its side water depth.

The floor slope when used in conjunction with scraper mechanism should be 1:12 or as
recommended by supplier of scraper.

6.4.3.4.3 Detention time. The detention time should be between 90 to 120 min at design peak
flow.

6.4.3.4.4 Surface loading rate. When used activated sludge processes the surface overflow rate
will depend on the concentration of the MLSS being settled in the sedimentation tank. For
concentration of MLSS of 600 mg/I the overflow rate should be in the region of 60 m3/day/m2
and for MLSS concentration of 3500 mg/l and above the overflow rate should not exceed 30
m3 /day /m2• Both these overflow rates should be at peak flows unless special flow control devices
are provided at the inflow of the clarifyer then this overflow rae of the clarifyer should be based
on the constant flow rate of this device.

50 51
MS 1228: 1991 MS 1228: 1991

In the above event, fi.nal discharge standards may, differ from those specified as Standard A or
SECTION 7. DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE AND TREATED EFFLUENTS Standard B of _the Envuonme?tal Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979, and
may be prescribed on the basis of those recommended following such an assessment.
7 .1 General. After treatment, the disposal of final effluent into inland waters should
comply with the requirement of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 and Environmental Quality 7 .2.3. .Disposal of. E/fluem and Sludge onto Land. In accordance with the respective
(Sewage & Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979-P.U.(A) 12/79. provis�ons of the Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979 the
following are subject to the prior written permission of the Director-General of Environment
7 .2 Discharge standard for final effluent Quality»- ·

7.2.1 Discharge lo inland waters (i) discharge of any effluent in or on any soil or surface of any land under Regulation 9.

7 .2.1.1 All discharge from sewage treatment systems into any inland waters within the (ii) discharge of any solid waste or sludge that is generated from any effluent treatment plant in
catchment areas specified in the Fourth Schedule"; shall comply with Standard A, as shown in the or on any soil or surface of any land under Regulation 10.
third column of the Third Schedule, of the Environmental Quality (Sewage & Industrial
Effluents) Regulations 1979 - P.U.(A) 12/79. 7 .3 Marine outfalls

In particular, where sewage is free from and does not include industrial effluents, the following 7 .3.1 For a proper design, it is essential to obtain detailed data on the following:
parameter limits of Standard A may be of primary consideration for the purpose of design of the
sewage treatment works: (a) Profiles of possible outfall routes;

Parameter Limit in mg/I (b) Nature of the ocean bottom;

Biochemical Oxygen Demand 20 (c) Water density stratification or thermoclines; and

(5-Day; 20°C)
(d) Patterns of water movement at point of discharge and travel to shore.
Suspended Solids 50
(e) Tides and currents
7 .2.1.2 All discharges from sewage treatment systems into any other inland waters shall comply
with Standard B, as shown in the fourth column of the Third Schedule of Environmental Quality (f:) ' Prevailing winds
(Sewage � Industrial Effleunts) Regulations l 979.
(g) Coastal habitation on either side of this proposal outfall site.
In particular, where sewage is free from and does not include industrial effluents, the following
parameter limits of Standard B may be of primary consideration for the design of the sewage Sin�e seawater is denser than sanitary wastewater, this causes the discharged wastewater rises
treatment works: rapidly, norJ?ally producing a 'boil' at the surface. The rising plume mixes with a quantity of
sea�ater which is generally from 10 to 100 or more times the wastewater flow. Dilution increases
Parameter Limit in mg/I rapidly as the 'wastewater field' moves away from the boil. The required length and depth of the
outfa�I is relate? t� the �egree of treatment of the wastewater. The length must be calculated so
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 50 that time and dilution will protect adequately the beneficial uses of the adjacent waters.
(5-Day; 20°C)
7 .3.2 Whe�e the outfall is deep and there is good density stratification (thermocline), the rising
Suspended Solids 100 plume may pick up enough cold bottom water so that the mixture is heavier than the surface
water. The rising plume, therefore, stops beneath the surface, or reaches the surface and then
7.2.2 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant and Marine Ow/all for Municipal Sewage resubmerges.
Discharge. In accordance with the provisions of the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities)
(Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987, the following are listed as prescribed activities 7 :3.3_ The diffuser must be approximately level if it is to accomplish reasonably uniform
and implementation of which are subjected to environmental impact assessment. distribution. For design of the diffuser, the rule of thumb may be used that the total cross-
section�l �rea of the ports should not be more than half the cross-sectional area of the pipe. In
(a) The construction of municipal wastewater treatment plant; large diff users, often exceeding I km in length, the diffuser diameter may be stepped down in
size toward the end.
(b) The construction of marine outfall for municipal sewage discharge.

•NOTE. The Fourth Schedule requires periodic updating with respect to new water supply intakes and due attention should
be given to new water aupply catchment areas 1ubject to future gauettment.

52 53
 I!
i

MS 1228: 1991 MS 1228: 1991

7 .3'4 Outfalls into the open ocean generally are buried to a point where the water is deep SECTION 8. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE
enough to protect them from wave action, usually about 10 m. Beyond the buried portion the
outfall rests on the bottom, with a flanking of rock to prevent currents from undercutting it 8.1 �rocess s�lectlon. The sludge resulting from wastewater treatment operations and
where the bottom is soft. processes i_s usually m the form of a liquid or semisolid liquid which typically contains from 0.25
to 12% �ohds. The sludge must be disposed of in a manner which does not give rise to nuisance
7 .3.5 Outfall pipes lines are constructed of reinforced concrete, cast iron ductile iron, steel or or public health problems. The following factors shall form the basis of all sludge disposal
other suitable material. Cast iron is sometimes given a cement mortar lining. Steel is more likely methods and design.
to be lined with mortar or bituminous material and is sometimes provided with cathodic
protection. Joints in the pipe should have substantial mechanical strength and be resistant to (a) There should b� no public health hazard at site of disposal which include odour. ground or
chemical or biological corrosion. Ball-and-socket joints have been used in iron pipe, while steel surface water pollution and nuisance of insects or rodents.
pipe is usually welded. Several ingenious joints have been employed in concrete outfalls. The
pipe may be placed in trenches on bottoms of soft rock, sand or gravel. On unstable bottoms (b) After tipping the deposited sludge must remain firm and intact.
piling is necessary. Outfalls may employ a number of ports on the sides or top distributed over a
long length of the pipe, perhaps as much as a third of its total length. The ports may be plain or (c) Complexity of equipment, financial and staffing requirement.
may be fitted with Tees to discharge the sewage in low flows.
(d) A back-up method of sludge handling and disposal.
7 .3.6 The implications of bacteriologic) contamination of tidal waters are difficult to quantify
which depends on the climatic and environmental conditions. However the effect on public health (e) Methods of ultimate sludge disposal.
should not be ruled out.
' There are many methods of sludge treatment processes and an almost infinite number of
The effect on the flora and the fauna in the region of discharge should b��onsidered and could combinations are possible. The more common and suitable processes applicable to Malaysian
have severe economic implications e.g. on fishing. ' conditions are:

The presence of floating debris and settled solids can cause local problems, and therefore (a) Preliminary treatment
screening of effluent should take place long before discharge.
(b) Thickening

(c) Stabilization

(d) Dewatering

(e) Ultimate disposal

8.2 Preliminary treatment

8.2.1 Sludge storage. Sludge storage must be provided to smooth out fluctuation in the rate of
sludge . produc�i?�· to allow sludge to accumulate during periods when subsequent sludge
processing facilities are not operatmg and to ensure a uniform feed rate into subsequent
treatment.

Sh_ort t�rm sludge storage may be accomplished in wastewater sedimentation tanks or in sludge
th_1ckenmg tanks. Long term �ludge st�rage may be accomplished in sludge stabilization processes
with long detention times (Le. aerobic or anaerobic digestion) or in specially designed separate
tanks .. Such tanks may _be sized to retain the sludge for a period of several hours to several days.
Aeration of the sludge rs necessary to prevent septicity.

8.3 Sludge thickening

8.3. I . General: Thickeni�g _is a pr?cedure used to increase the solids content of sludge by
removing a portion of the liquid fraction and hence volume reduction. The volume reduction
o?tain_ed by sludge con�entration is beneficial to subsequent treatment processes such as
digestion, dewatering, drying and combustion from the following stand points:

54 55
MS 1228: 1991
MS 1228: 1991

(a) Capacity of tanks and equipment required;
(b) Quantity of chemicals required for sludge conditioning;
(c) Amount of auxiliary fuel required for heat drying or incineration or both.
8.3.2.2 Floatation thickeners. Floatation thickening is most efficiently used for waste sludges
from suspended growth biological treatment processes such as the activated sludge process. The
degree of thickening that can be achieved depends on the initial concentration of the sludge and
the sludge age at which the plant is being operated. Higher loading can be used with floatation
thickeners than are permissible with gravity thickeners. The limiting values for the design of a
floatation thickeners (secondary sludge) is summarised below.

8.3.2 Design of thickeners. The design of thickeners should consider . the. ty�e and Input concentration = 5000 mg/1
concentration of sludge, · the sludge stabilization processes, the method �f ultimate disposal,
chemical needs and the cost of operation. Particular attention should be given to the pumping
and piping of the concentrated sludge and possible on set of anaerobic conditio�s .. Sludg� sho�Jd
Output concentration = 4%

be thickened to at least 5% solids prior to transmission to digestors, In designing thickening Solids loading = 10 kg/ha.m2
facilities it is important to:
8.4 Anaerobic sludge digestion
(a) provide adequate capacity to meet peak demands.
8.4. l General. Primary and secondary sludges are most commonly treated together in a two
(b) prevent septicity "!ith its attendant odour problem, during thickening processes. To reduce stage anaerobic digester. The first tank is used for digestion. The second tank is used for storage
the size of the units, the use of sludge storage facilities should be evaluated. and concentration of digested sludge and for formation of a relatively clear supernatant.

8.3.2.1 Gra\llty thickener. Gravity thickener is accomplished in a tank similar in �esign to a Where a single stage digestion is used, an alternate method of sludge processing or emergency
conventional sedimentation tank. Normally a circular tank is used. Di,lute s.ludge is fed to .a storage to maintain continuity of service shall be provided.
centre feed well. The feed sludge is allowed to settle and compact, and th,� thickened sludge is
withdrawn from the bottom of the tank. Enough storage space must be provided for the sludge. 8.4.2 Process design
Gravity thickening is most effective for untreated primary sludge.
8.4.2.I Tank capacity. The total digestion tank capacity shall be determined by rational
The gravity thickener shall be designed with a maximum surface loading rate of 36 ms/m2.d. calculation based upon such factors as volume of sludge added, its present solids and character,
The solids loading are as follows:
the temperature to be maintained in the digesrers, the degree or extend of mixing to be obtained,
and the degree of volatile solids reduction required. Calculations should be submitted to justify
the basis of design.
Type of Sludge (0/o) Sludge Concentration Solids Loading
kg/m2d When such calculations are not based on the above factors, the minimum combined digestion tank
Un thickened Thickened capacity outlined below will be required which assume, that a digestion temperature is to be
maintained in the range of 30°C to 38°C, that 40% to 50% volatile matter will be maintained in
the digested sludge and that the digested sludge will be removed frequently from the system.
Primary sludge 4 - 12 6 - 12 150
Activated sludge 0.5 - 2.5 1.5 - 4.0 40 Process Sludge Age Loading Factor Detention Time
Trickling Filter sludge l - 3 4 - 10 50
Completely mixed system 10 days
Primary and activated sludge 1.28 kg/m3.day 30 days
3 - 10 3 - 10 80
Moderately mixed system 14 days
Primary and trickling filter sludge 0.6 kg/m3.day 30 days
4 - 10 4 - 10 100

8.4.3 Detail design. In a two stage tank system, the tanks are made identical, either one can
In operation, a sludge blanket is maintained at the bottom of the thickener to _aid in con�e�trating be the primary. In other cases the second tank may be an open tank, an unheated tank, or a
the sludge. The sludge volume ratio (volume of sludge blanket held in the thickenner divided by sludge lagoon. The tanks may have fixed roofs or floating covers. Any or all of the floating
the volume of the thickened sludge removed daily) shall range between 0.5 to 20 days. roofs may be of the gas holder or compressed and stored under pressure.

56
57
 1
I
MS 1228 : 1991
8.4.3.1 Depth. For those units proposed to serve as supernatant separation tanks, the depth
should be sufficient to allow for the formation of a reasonable depth of supernatant liquor.
Tanks shall be circular and range between 6 m to 35 m in diameter. The minimum water depth
should be 7 .S m at the centre and the minimum side water depth of 6 m.
8.4.3.2 Maintenance provisions. To facilitate draining, cleaning and maintenance the following
features are desirable:
(a) Slope. The tank bottom should slope to drain toward the withdrawal pipe. For tanks
equipped with a suction mechanism for withdrawal of sludge, a bottom slope not less than l : 12
is recommended. Where the sludge is to be removed by gravity alone, 1 : 4 slope is recommended.
(b) Access manhole. At least two 900 mm diameter access manhole. should be provided in the
top of the tank in addition to the gas dome. There should be stairways to reach the access
manholes. A separate sidewall manhole shall be provided. The opening shall be large enough to
permit the uses of mechanical equipment to remove grit and sand.
(c) Safely. Non sparking tools, safety lights, rubber solid shoes, saf�ty har�ness, gas dete�tors
for inflammable and toxic gases, and at least two self-contained breathing units shall be provided
for emergency use. \ 8.4.4.6 Waste gas. Waste gas burners shall be readily accessible and should be located at least
8.4.3.3 Sludge inlets and outlets. Multiple recirculation withdrawal and return points, to
enhance flexible operation and effective mixing should be provided, unless mixing facilities are
incorporated within the digester. The returns, in order to assist in scum breakup, should
discharge above the liquid level and be located near the centre of the tank.
Raw sludge discharge to the digester should be through the sludge heater and recircu!ation return
piping or directly to the tank if internal mixing facilities are provided. Sludge wtthdra:,val to
disposal should be from the bottom of the tank. This pipe should be interconnected with the
recirculation piping to increase versatility in mixing the tank contents, if such piping is provided.
8.4.4 Gas collection, piping and appurtenances
8.4.4.l General. All portions of the gas system, including the space above the tank liquor, the
storage facilities and the piping, shall be so designed that under all normal operating conditions,
including sludge withdrawal, the gas will be maintained under positive pressure. All enclosed
areas where any gas leakage may occur shalt be adequately ventilated.
Total gas production is usually estimated form the volatile solids loading of the digester or from
the percentage of volatile solids reduction.
Typical values are from 0.5 to 0.75 m3/kg of volatile solids added and from 0.75 to 1.15 m3/kg of
volatile solids destroyed.
8.4.4.2 Gas collection. Floating covers fit on the surface of the digester contain and allow the
volume of the digester to change without allowing air to enter the digester. Gas and ai_r must not
be allowed to mix or else an explosive mixture may result. The covers may also be installed to
act as gas holders that store a small quantity of gas under pressure and act as reservoirs.
Fixed covers provide a free space between the roof the digester and the liquid surface. Gas
storage must be provided so that:
(a) When the liquid volume is changed, gas and hot air will be drawn into the digester.
58
MS 1228: 1991
(b) Gas will not be lost by displacement.
�as can be stored either at low pressure in gas holders that use floating covers or at high pressure
�f gas compressors are used. Gas not used should be burned in a flame. Gas meter should be
installed to measure gas produced and gas used or wasted.
8.4.4.3 Safety equipment. All necessary safety facilities shall be included when gas is produced.
Pressure and vacuum relief valves and flame traps, together with automatic safety shutoff valves
shall be provided. Water seal. equipment shall not be installed. Gas safety equipment and ga�
compressors should be housed m a separate room with an exterior entrance.
8.4.4.4 Gas piping and condensate. Gas piping shall be of adequate diameter and shall slope to
condensate traps at low points. The use of float controlled condensate trap is not permitted.
8.4.4.S Gas ulitilization equipment. Gas fired boilers for heating digesters shall be located in a
sepa�a�e room not connected t� the digester gallery. Such separated room would not ordinarily be
classlfied as a hazardous location. Gas lines to these units shall be provided with suitable flame
traps.
7 .S m away from any plant structure if placed at ground level, or may be located on the roof of
the control building if sufficiently removed from the tank.
AI_I waste gas burn�rs shall be equipped with automatic ignition, such as pilot light or a device
usmg a photoelectnc cell sensor. Consideration should be given to the use of natural or propane
gas to insure reliability of the pilot light.
In remote locations it ma.y b� permissible to discharge the gas to the atmosphere through a return
?end screened vent termmatmg at least 3 m above the ground surface, provided that the assembly
mcorporates a flame trap.
8.4.4.7 Ventil.at.ion. Any _underground enclosures connecting with digestion tanks or containing
sludge or gas psprng or equipment shall be provided with forced ventilation.
8.4.S Digester heating. The heat requirements of digesters consist of the amount needed to:
(a) raise the incoming sludge to digestion tank temperatures.
(b) to compensate for the heat losses through walls, floors and roof of the digester.
(c) to make up losses in the piping system.
8.4.5.J Insulation. Wherever possible digestion should be constructed above ground water level
and should be suitably insulated to minimise heat loss.
8.4.5.2 Heating facilities. Sludge may be heated by circulating the sludge through external
heaters or by heating units located inside the digestion tank.
(a) Ex�emal he?ting. Pipi�g shall be designed to provide for the preheating of feed sludge
befo_re mtrod�c.tton to th� digesters .. Provisions shall be made in the layout of the piping and
valving to facilltare cleaning of the Imes. Heat exchanger sludge piping should be sized for heat
transfer requirements.
59
MS 1228: 1991
MS 1228: 1991

(b) Other heating methods. Other types of heating facilities will also be considered on their own The determination of tank · · h ·
factors as quantity of I d capacities s all be based on �ational calculations, including such
merits. temperature. s u ge produced, sludge characteristics, time of aeration, and sludge
8.4.5.3 Heating capacity. Heating capacity sufficient to consistently maintain the design sludge
temperature shall be provided. Where digested tank gas is used for heating, an auxiliary fuel The aerobic digestion tanks shall be desi n d f f . . .
supply is required. e�uipment. Sufficient air shall be provi�e: too� e fec�1ve �1x1?g by sat�sfactory ae�ation
dissolved oxygen between 1 to 2 mg/I A . . e.e� t e solids m suspension and maimaln
shall be provided with the largest blo.wer :ri;um �ixmg an.d oxygen requirement of 0.35 l/m3
8.4.5.4 Hot water Internal heating control
is recommended, and they should be designed t serv17e, If ,diffusers are �sed, the non-clog type
0
are summarised below: permit conununy of service. The design criteria
(a) Mixing valves. A suitable automatic mixing valve shall be provided to temper the boiler
water with return water so that the inlet water to the heat jacket can be held below a temperature
at which caking will be accentuated. Manual control should also be provided by suitable by pass Parameter
Design criteria for aerobic digester
valve.
(a) Hydraulic detention time :
(b) Boiler conirols. The boiler should be provided with suitable automatic controls to maintain (i) Activated sludge
10 days
the boiler temperature at approximately 80°C to minimise corrosion and to shut off the main gas (ii) Primary sludge or with activated sludge 15 days
supply in the event of pilot burner or electrical failure, low boiler water level, or excessive
temperature. (b) Maximum volatile solids loading
1.6 kg/m3.d
\ (c) Dissolved oxygen level in liquid
(c) Thermometers. Thermometers shall be provided to show temperatures of the sludge, hot 1 - 2 mg/I
water feed, hot water return and boiler water. \
(d) �nergy requirements for mixing :
8.4.6 Supernatant withdrawal. Supernatant pipmg should not be less than 150 mm in (1) Mechanical aerators
20 w/m3·
diameter. The piping should be arranged so that withdrawal can be made from 3 or more levels (ii) Diffuser
0.35 l/m3.s
in the digester. A positive unvalved vented overflow shall be provided. Provisions should also be.
made for sampling at each supernatant draw-off level using a sampling pipes of minimum 8.5.3 Supematant separation.
Facilities should · be provided for effective collection and
diameter 37 .5 mm and should terminate at a suitably sized sampling sink or basin. removal of scum and grease.

8.5 Aerobic sludge digestion 8.6 Sludge drying beds

8.5.1 General. Aerobic digestion can be used to stabilize primary sludge, secondary sludge, or 8.6.1 General. This method of dewaterin · · ·
a combination of the two. Digestion is accomplished in single or multiple tanks, design to determining the area of sludge drying b d g is.;ost. suitable m h?t climatic conditions. In
the character and volume of sludge et s, bco�s, eration shall be given to climatic conditions,
provide effective air mixing, reduction of the organic matter, supernatant separation, and sludge
concentration under controlled conditions. Its advantages over anaerobic digestion are: removal. It may involve pumping if site olev:ls ewatered, th� met�od and schedule of sludge
valves, sumps or pump well will depend . dlo n�t permi_t .gravity flow. Requirements for
on particu ar site conditions. ·
(a) volatile solids reduction is approximately equal anaerobic process
8.6.2 Design consideraiion Air dryin f l d · ·
(b) tower BOD concentrations in supernatant liquor or grit-sand drying beds consisting of a g td s u ge is earned out on under drained clinker ash
evaporation occur simultaneously. n a equate number of separate bays where drainage and
(c) production of a relatively odourfree, stable end product that can be disposed easily
Sludge is laid on the drying beds in a 200 mm 300
(d) production of a sludge with excellent dewatering characteristic on a per capita basis or on a unit loading of kg-of d mm/�yer. Sludge bed loadings are computed
required to dry the sludge depends on the clim ti ry �- •. s per s�uare met�r per y�a�. The time
(e) recovery of more of the basic fertilizer values in the sludge be from 4 to 8 weeks. The area requirements � itch codn �tionbadn� m Malaysian condition it should
. o e ryrng e rs as the table below:
Its disadvantages are due to higher power cost associated with supplying the required oxygen and
that a useful by-product such as methane is not recovered.

8.5.2 Detail design. Multiple tanks are recommended. A single sludge digestion tank may be
used in the case of small treatment plants or where adequate provision is made for sludge
handling and where a single unit will not adversely affect normal plant operations.

60 61
MS 1228 : 1991 MS 1228 : 1991 !

8.7 . . Mechanical dewatering facilities. Provision shall be made to maintain sufficient

Table 4. Sludge loading rate cont1�u1ty of servi_ce �o that sludge ma� be dewatered without accumulation beyond storage
capacity. The auxdlanes should be provided to ensure facilities should be sufficient to dewater
the. sludge produced with one largest unit out of service. Unless other standby facilities are
Type of sludge Area Sludge loading rate available, adequate storage facilities shall be provided. The storage capacity should be sufficient
(m2 /person) kg dry solids/m3 .yr to handle at least a 3 month sludge production.

8: 7 .t Auxiliary I'acilities for vacuum filter. There shall be a back-up vacuum pump and
Primary digested 0.09 120 filtrate pump mst�lled for each vacuum filter. It is permissible to have an uninstalled back-up
va:uum PUD_1P or filtrate pump for every three or less vacuum filters, provided that the installed
Primary and activated (digested) 0.16 100 urut can easily be removed and replaced.

Primary and humus (digested) 0.1 100
8.6.3 Detail design
8.6.3.1 Floor. The floor of the drying bed may be of concrete laid to a fall of 1 :200 and the
walls of brick, insitu concrete or precast panels.
8.6.3.2 Wall. Walls should be watertight and its height above the grou�� should be kept t? a
minimum in order to avoid obstruction to the passage of air over the surface 'of the sludge, which
assist evaporation of the surface liquor. The outer walls should be curbed to prevent soil from
washing into the beds.
8.6.3.3 Underdrainage system. Sludge dewaters by drainage through the sludge mass and
supporting sand and by evaporation from the surface exposed to the air. Underdrains should be
clay pipe or concrete drain tiles at least 100 mm in diameter laid with open joints. Underdrains
should be spaced at not more than 6 m apart. The tile should be adequately supported and
covered with coarse gravel or crushed stone.
8.6.3.4 Sands. The bed shall consist of a bottom layer of 250 mm depth consisting of coarse
agregate graded from 28 mm to 40 mm topped with a 225 mm layer of fine to coarse sand. The
finished sand surface should be level.
8.6.3.5 Bed compartment. The drying bed area is partitioned into individual beds,
approximately 6 m wide by 6 m to 300 m long or a convenient size so that one or two beds will
be filled by a normal withdrawal of sludge from the digesters. The size of bed should be such
that it is filled to a depth of each not more than 225 mm at one desludging operation.
8. 7 ,2 � entilation. Adequate facilities shall be provided for ventilation of de watering and the
exhaust au should be properly conditioned to avoid odour nuisance.
8.7.3 Chemical ha11�/ing enclos�res. Lime-mixing facilities should be completely enclosed to
prevent the escape of lime dust. Chemical handling equipment should be automated to eliminate
the manual lifting requirement.
8. 7 .4 Drainage and filtrate disposal. Drainage from beds or filtrate from dewatering units
shall be returned to the sewage treatment process at appropriate points.
8.7.5 · Other �ewaterin? [acilities. If it is proposed dewater or. dispose of sludge by other
methods, a detailed description of the process and design data shall accompany the plants.
8.8 Sludge disposal on land
�.8.1 Site selection. The programme of land spreading of sludge must be evaluated as an
integral system which includ�s stabilization, storage, transportation, application, soil, crop and
groundwater. Sewage sludge is useful to crop and soil by providing nutrients and organic matter.
However, . sewage sludge contains heavy metals and other substances which 'could affect soil
productivity and the quality of food and as such care should be taken on the application of sludge
especially in relation to food crops.
By proper selection of the sludge application site, the nuisance potential and public health hazard
should be minimized. The following items should be considered and the regulatory agency should
be consulted for specific limits:
(a) Land ownership information;

The sludge should discharge onto a precast concrete slab to avoid scouring of the surface of the (b) Groundwater table and bed rock location·,
bed. Decanting devices should be provided for the removal of the supernatant liquor which
forms in the initial stages. Not less than two beds should be provided and they should be (c) Location of dwellings, road and public access·,
arranged to facilitate sludge removal.
(d) Location of wells, springs, creeks, streams, and flood plains;
8.6.3.6 Sludge influent. The sludge pipe to the drying beds should terminate 300 mm above the
surface and be so arranged that it will drain. Tracks or roads of sufficient width for transporting (e) Slope of land surface;
away the dried sludge by big lorries or trucks should be provided.
(f) Soil characteristics;
8.6.3.7 Buffer. To avoid odour nuisance from poorly digested sludge, sludge beds should be
located at least 30 m away from dwellings.

62 63
 MS 1228: 1991
MS 1228 : 1991

8.9.2 Sludge piping

(g) Climatological information
�.9.2.J _Size _and head. Sludge withdrawal piping should have a minimum diameter of 200 mm
(h) Land use plan; and for grav_ity withdrawal and 100 mm for pump suction and discharge lines. Where wi.thdrawal is
by gravity, t�e available head on the discharge pipe should be adequate 10 provide al least
(j) Road weight restrictions. 0.90 m/s velocity.
8.8.2 General limitations to be observed 8.9.�.2 �lope. G�a�,ity piping should be laid on uniform grade and alignment. The slope of
gra�1�y discharge prpmg should not be less than 3%. Provisions should be made for cleaning,
8.8.l.l Stabilized sludge. Only stabilized sludge shall be surface applied for agricultural draining, and flushing discharge lines.
purposes. Stabilized sludge is defind as processed sludge in which the organic and bacterial
contents of raw sludge are reduced to level deemed necessary by the regulatory agency to prevent
8.9.�.3 . Supports. . Special consideration should be given to the corrosion resistance and
nuisance, odours and public health hazards. conunurng stability ol supporting systems localed inside the digestion tank.
8.8.2.2 Raw vegetables. Sludge should not be applied to land which is used for growing food
crops to be eaten raw such as leafed vegetables and root crops.

8.8.2.3 Minimum pH. No sludge shall be applied on land if the soil pH is less than 6.5 when
sludge is applied. The pH shall be maintained above 6.5 for at least two years following end of
sludge application.
\
8.8.2.4 Persistent organic chemicals. At present, sufficient information is not available to
establish criteria of sludge spreading with regard to persistent organic chemicals, .such as
pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) heavy metals and other toxic substances.
However, if there is a known source in the sewer system service area which discharge or
discharged in the past such chemicals, the sludge should be analysed for such chemicals, and the
regulatory agency shall be consulted for recommendations concerning sludge spreading.

8.9 Sludge pumps and piping

8.9.1 Sludge pumps

8.9.1.1 Capacity. Pump capacities should be adequate but not excessive. Provision for varying
pump capacity is desirable.

8.9.1.2 Duplicate units. Duplicate units shall be provided where failure of one unit would
seriously hamper plant operation.

8.9.1.3 Type. Plunger pumps, screw feed pumps, recessed impeller type centrifugal pumps,
progressive cavity pumps, air lift pumps or other types of pumps with demonstrated solids
handling capability shall be provided for handling raw and digested sludge. Where centrifugal
pumps are used, a parallel plunger type pump should be provided as an alternate to increase
reliability of the centrifugal pump.

8.9.1.4 Minimum head. A minimum positive head of 600 mm shall be provided at the suction
side of centrifugal type pumps and is desirable for all types of sludge pumps. Maximum suction
lifts should not exceed 3.0 m for plunger pumps.

8.9.1.S Sampling facilities. Unless sludge sampling facilities are otherwise provided, quick-
closing sampling valves shall be installed at the sludge pumps. The size of valve and piping
should be at least 400 mm.

65
64
MS 1228 : 1991 MS 1228: 1991

Appendix A

Llst of references. keylett.r A e E 0 H J K L Ill 0 p Q R Approx. W.T. of Ota de

cover and fr•m•

�·
Heavy duty
A 1. BS 6297: 1983 British Standard code of practice for Design and .i�stallation of small
.. 20 233/C 30 II :1/C :I.IC 1/! 1 31r, :1/4 2 1112 !I 4112CNT. A

sewage treatment works and cesspools. Meclum duty 20 211 4 1/2 112 111 :!IC 211:1 1,12 1 4 21t4fNIT,
7111 B

key letter A a c 0 E F 0 H J K L M 0 Approx. W.T. of Grade

cover and frame
Al. Sewerage Master Plans* in Malaysia.
U1htcluty 18 24 2fll!rt'te 2015/te 28 22 1,... 11(4 1/!12 3132 1/4 711 3111 :1/4 (j/{f, c

AJ. Wastewater Treatment Plant Design by A joint committee of the Water Pollution Control
Federation and American Society of Civil Engineers.
Dimension In inches

A4. Recommended standards for sewage works prepared by the .\Great Lakes, Upper

\
Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers 197�. .I

AS. Sewerage Treatment in Hot Climates by Duncan Mara.

A6. Wastewater Engineering by Metcalf and Eddy.

A7. Wastewater System Engineering by Homer W. Parker.

AS. Sewerage Procedures and Requirements for Planning Approval, Building Plan Approval
And Sewerage Plan Approval by Sewerage Department,Environmental Engineering Division, Pl.AN l HALF COVER REMOVED l PLAN ! HALF COVER REMOVED)
Ministry of the Environment of Singapore.

SECTION 1-1
SECTION 1-1
LIGHT DUTY MANHOLE COVER HEAVY ANO MEDIUM DUTY MANHOLE
ANO FRAME COVER ANO FRAME

• As available in the Economic Planning Unit of the Prime Minister's Department.

Figure 1. Typical diagram for manhole and inspection chamber

66 67
MS 1228: 1991 MS 1228: 1991
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Figure 2. Typical installation of automatic connecting

type submersible pump

74 75
MS 1228: 1991 MS 1228 :_ 1991

Outlet
Inlet

---- Pump Sump

vent pipe

- 4'4> outlet pipe

61 tv- c
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Typical Single Compartment Septic Tank
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ISOMETRIC VIEW OF SEPTIC TANK & FILTER BED

11 ft.Ill-.. I/� TP 1-P II

Typical Double Compartment Septic Tank

Figure 3. Typical diagrams for Septic Tank Figure 3. Typical diagram for Septic Tank (contd.)

76 77
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Figure 5. Fixed Film Media

Figure 4. Typcal view of a Sedimentation Tank

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