Microwave Components Scattering Parameters

UNIT V.
Microwave Components
Lecture no:-35 (Introduction and scattering parameters)

Waveguide Microwave Junctions:
At a certain position in a waveguide system, many times it becomes necessary to split all or
part of the microwave energy into particular directions. This is achieved by waveguide or in
general microwave junctions. Alternately the same junctions may be used to combine two or
more signals.
Fig 5.1: Microwave Waveguide junction
Fig 5.1 shows microwave source at port 1 and microwave loads at port 2,3,4. The microwave
junctions is analogous to traffic junction where a number of roads meets on which vehicle
enter and leave the traffic junctions. When microwave source is applied to port 1 a part of it
comes out of port 2 and another part out of port 3 some part out of port 4 and remaining part
may come out of port 1 itself due to mismatch between port 1 and microwave junctions.
Scattering or (S) Parameters:
Low frequency circuits can be described by two port networks and their parameter such as
Z,Y,H,ABCD etc. here network parameter relate the total voltage and total currents as shown
in fig. In a similar way at microwave frequencies, we talk of travelling waves with associated
powers instead of voltages and currents and the microwave junctions can be defined by what
are called S-parameters or scattering parameters.
Fig 5.2 Structure of two port network.
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UNIT V. Microwave Components
Referring to 5.2 it can be seen that for an input at one port ,we have four output. similarly if we
apply inputs to all the port, we will have 16 combinations, which are represented in matrix form
and that matrix is called as a scattering matrix. It is square matrix which gives a all the
relationship of power relationships between the various input and output port of a microwave
junction.
Case 1. let the first line be terminated in an impedance other than the characteristic
impedance( ≠ ) and all remaining lines in an impedance equal to zero .
If be the incident wave at the junction due to source at the line then it divides itself among
(n-1) number of lines as , … . .there will be no reflections from 2nd to nth line .there is a
mismatch at the 1st line and hence there will be a reflected wave going back into the junction.
is related to by,
=(reflection coefficient ) = .
Where, =reflection coefficient of 1st line.
1= reflection from 1st line and
i=source connected at ith line.
Hence the contribution to the outward travelling wave in the ith line is given by,
= 1.[∴ [ = ... = 0]
Case 2: let all the (n-1) lines be terminated in an impedance other than (i.e. ≠ for all the
lines)
Then there will be a reflections into the junctions from every line and hence the total
contribution to the outward travelling wave in the line is given by
= . + . + . +… . ………(5.1)
i=1to n since I can be any line from 1 to therefore we have ,
= . + . + . +… .
= . + . + . +… .
::
:
= . + . + . +… .
• Let a1& a2 = Incident waves at port 1 & port 2

• Let b1& b2 = Reflected waves at port 1 & port 2
• But we have (b1 b2) = f(a1 a2) hence scattering matrix are given by
o [b] = [S][a]
• For a two port n/w we have
= . + . & = . + .
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 b   S S   a 
⇒ b
1
 =  S
11 12
  a
1

 2   21 S 22   2 
..(5.2)
Column matrix[b] Scattering column Matrix [a]
corresponding to matrix [S]
reflected waves of order n*n corresponding
or output to Incident
waves or Input
∴ [b] = [s] [a]
When a junction of n number of waveguide is considered,
a’s represent inputs to particular port.
b’s represent outputs of various ports.
corresponding to scattering coeffients resulting due to input at ith port and output taken
denotes hoe much of power reflected back from the junction into the ith port when input
power is applied at the ith port itself.
Fig : two port network.
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Scattering (S) Parameter:

= =0 output is matched Input reflection coefficient

= =0 Input is matched Reverse transmission coefficient

= = 0 output is matched Forward transmission coefficient

= =0 Input is matched Output reflection coefficient
Properties of (S) Matrix:
1. [S] is always a square matrix of order (n x n).
2. [S] is symmetric matrix i.e. Sij = Sji.
Where Sij is scattering parameter resulting due to input at ‘j’th port and output taken at
‘i’th port.
3. [S] is a unitary matrix
Where [S]* = complex conjugate of [S] matrix.
[I] = Unit or Identity matrix of same order as that of [S]
4. The sum of products of each term of any row (or column) multiplied by complex conjugate of
corresponding terms of any other row (or column) is zero.
+ = 1,2,3 … . .
S S"$ = 0 for k≠j * 0
/ = 1,2,3, … .
! "#
5. If any of terminal or reference planes are moved away from junction by an electric distance
βkIk each of the coefficients Sij involving k will be multiplied by factor e-jβkIk.
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Lecture no: -36 (H Plane Tee)
H-Plane Tee
An H-Plane Tee junction is formed by cutting narrower dimension of main waveguide and
attaching a side arm. The arms of rectangular waveguides make two ports called collinear
ports i.e., Port1 and Port2, while the new one, Port3 is called as Side arm or H-arm. This H-
plane Tee is also called as Shunt Tee.
As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the magnetic field, this junction is called H-Plane Tee
junction. This is also called as Current junction, as the magnetic field divides itself into
arms. The cross-sectional details of H-plane tee can be understood by the following figure.
Fig. H-Plane Tee
Properties of H-Plane Tee

The properties of H-Plane Tee can be defined by its [S] matrix.
It is a 3×3 matrix as there are 3 possible inputs and 3 possible outputs.
S11 S12 S13
[S] = 3S21 S22 S234........ Equation 1
S31 S32 S33
Scattering coefficients S13 and S23 are equal here as the junction is symmetrical in plane.
From the symmetric property,
Sij=Sji
S12=S21S23=S32=S13 S13=S31
The port is perfectly matched
S33=0
Now, the [S] matrix can be written as,
S11 S12 S13

[S] = 3S12 S22 S134........ Equation 2
S13 S13 0
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We can say that we have four unknowns, considering the symmetry property.
From the Unitary property
[S][S]∗ =[I]
S11 S12 S13 S11∗ S12∗ S13∗ 1 0 0
[S] = 3S12 S22 S134 3S12∗ S22∗ S13∗4 = 3
0 1 04
S13 S13 0 S13∗ S13∗ 0 0 0 1
Multiplying we get,
R1C1:|S11||S11|∗ +|S12||S12|∗ +|S13||S13|∗ =1
|S11| + |S12| +|S13| =1........ Equation3
R2C2:|S12| + |S22| +|S13| =1........ Equation4
R3C3:|S13| +|S13| =1........ Equation5
R3C1:|S13||S11|∗ − |S13||S12|∗ =0....... Equation6
2|S13| =1 OR
√
S13 = ....... Equation7
|S11| =|S22|
S11=S22....... Equation8
From the Equation 6,

S13(S11∗ +S12∗ )=0
Since, S13≠0, S11∗ +S12∗ =0 OR S11∗ =−S12∗
OR
S11=−S12orS12=−S11 ....... Equation9
Using these in equation 3,
Since, S13≠0, S11∗ +S12∗ =0 OR S11∗ =−S12∗
|S11| +|S11| + =1 2 |S11| = 1 S11 = ......... Equation 10

From equation 8 and 9,
S12=− ......... Equation 11
S22= ......... Equation 12
Substituting for S13, S11, S12 and S22 from equation 7 and 10, 11 and 12 in equation 2,
We get,
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; − >
√
: =
[S]=:− √ =
: =
9 √ 0<
√
We know that [b] = [s][a]
−
b1 ; √ > a1
: =
3b24=:− √ =
3a24......... Equation 13
b3 : = a3
9 √ 0<
√
This is the scattering matrix for H-Plane Tee, which explains its scattering properties.

b1 = a1 − a2 − √ a3......... Equation 14
b2 =− a1 + a2 + a3......... Equation 15
√
b3 = √ a1 + √ a2......... Equation 16
CASE 1) a3 ≠ 0, a1=a2=0
A A
CD EB = CD ED = F
√B √B
b1= −
Let, P3=P1+P2=2P1=2P2
The amount of power coming out of port1 or port2 due to input at port3 is given by
I I
P=10 log P=10 log
I I
;
P = -3dB
This shows that, H-Plane tee acts as a 3dB power splitter. Power fed at port 3 is equally
divided in port 1 and port 2.
CASE 2) a3 = 0, a1=a2=a
Input at port3 is zero with some input at port1 and port2.
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Putting these values in equation.
A A
CA + CB
√ B √B
b1=F, b2=F , b3 =
The output at port3 is addition of two input of port1 and port2.
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Lecture no:-37 (E Plane Tee)
E plane Tee
An E-Plane Tee junction is formed by attaching a simple waveguide to the broader dimension
of a rectangular waveguide, which already has two ports. The arms of rectangular waveguides make
two ports called collinear portsi.e., Port1 and Port2, while the new one, Port3 is called as Side arm
or E-arm. This E-plane Tee is also called as Series Tee.
As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the electric field, this junction is called E-Plane Tee
junction. This is also called as Voltage or Series junction. The ports 1 and 2 are 180° out of phase with
each other. The cross-sectional details of E-plane tee can be understood by the following figure.
The following figure shows the connection made by the sidearm to the bi-directional waveguide to
form the parallel port.
Properties of E-Plane Tee

The properties of E-Plane Tee can be defined by its [S]3x3 matrix.
It is a 3×3 matrix as there are 3 possible inputs and 3 possible outputs.
11 12 13
[ ] = 3 21 22 234........ Equation 1
31 32 33
Scattering coefficients S13 and S23 are out of phase by 180° with an input at port 3.
S23=−S13
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From the symmetric property,

Sij=Sji
S12=S21S23=S32=S13 S13=S31
The port is perfectly matched
S33=0
Now, the [S] matrix can be written as,

11 12 13
[ ] = 3 12 22 − 134........ Equation 2
13 − 13 0
We can say that we have four unknowns, considering the symmetry property.
From the Unitary property
[ ][ ]∗ =[I]
11 12 13 11∗ 12∗ 13∗ 1 0 0
[ ] = 3 12 22 − 134 3 12∗ 22∗ − 13 ∗4 = 3
0 1 04
13 − 13 0 13∗ − 13∗ 0 0 0 1
Multiplying we get,
R1C1:| 11|| 11|∗ +| 12|| 12|∗+| 13|| 13|∗ =1
| 11| + | 12| +| 13| =1........ ..........Equation3
R2C2:| 12| + | 22| +| 13| =1........ Equation4
R3C3:| 13| +| 13| =1....................... Equation5
R3C1:| 13|| 11|∗ − | 13|| 12|∗ =0...Equation6
2| 13| =1 OR S13 =√ ....... ......Equation7
| 11| =| 22|
S11=S22....... Equation8
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From the Equation 6,

S13( 11∗ - 12∗ )=0
Since,
S13≠0 11∗ - 12∗ =0 OR 11∗ = 12∗
OR
S11=S12=S22....... Equation9
Using these in equation 3 and equation 9,

| 11| +| 11| + =1
2 | 11| = 1 11 = ......... Equation 10
From equation 8 and 9,
S12= ......... Equation 11
S22= ......... Equation 12
Substituting for S13, S11, S12 and S22 from equation 7 and 10, 11 and 12 in equation 2,
We get,
; √ >
: =
[S]=: −√ =
: =
9√ −√ 0 <
We know that [b] = [S][a]
1 ; √ > 1
: =
3 24=: − = 3 24......... Equation 13
√
3 : = 3
9√ −√ 0 <
This is the scattering matrix for H-Plane Tee, which explains its scattering properties.

b1 = 1+ 2+√ 3......... Equation 14
b2 = 1+ 2−√ 3......... Equation 15
b3 = √ 1−√ 2 ............... Equation 16
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CASE 1)
a3 ≠ 0, a1=a2=0
Input at port3 is nonzero with other inputs are zero.
3 2 = 3 3 = 0
√ √
b1=
Let, P3=P1+P2=2P1=2P2
The amount of power coming out of port1 or port2 due to input at port3 is given by
J
P=10 log
J
J
P=10 log
J
P= -3db
CASE 2)
a3=0 & a1=a2=a
i.e. input at port 3 is zero with same input at port1 &port2
Put in equation 14, 15, 16 we get,
b1=a b2=a & b3=0
Equal input at port1 and port2 results no output at port3.
CASE 3)
a1≠ 0a2=a3=0
Input at port1 is nonzero with other inputs are zero.
Putting these values in equation.
1 b2= 1 b3 = 1
√
b1=
Similarly it can be taken for all possible combinations of input and output.
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Lecture No. 38
E-H Plane (Hybrid or Magic) Tee Junction
E_H plane Tee is formed by cutting width and breadth of rectangular waveguide & attaching
another waveguides.
Four port hybrid junction gives power dividing property of both E and H plane tee.
To determine S-parameters Sij, i = 1,2,3,4 & j = 1,2,3,4 by applying properties of [S] matrix.
S11 S12 S13 S14 

S S22 S23 S24 
[S] =  21 − − − (1)
S31 S32 S33 S34 
 
S41 S42 S43 S44 
1. Because of H-plane tee junction
S23 = S13 Because of plane of symmetry ---(2)
2. Because of E-plane tee junction

S24 = -S14
Outputs at ports 1 & 2 are phase shifted by 1800 with respect to port 4 ---(3)
3. Because of geometry of junctions an i/p at port 3 can not came out of port 4 ,since they are isolated
and vice versa.
S34 = S43 = 0 ---(4)
4. From symmetric property Sij = Sji, we have
S12 = S21; S13 = S31 ; S23 = S32 = S13
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S34 = S43; S24 = S42 = - S14 ; S41 = S14 ----(5)

5. If ports 3 and 4 are perfectly matched then we have
S33 = S44 = 0 ----(6)
Putting above values of S parameters in matrix (1), we get,
S11 S12 S13 S14 

S S22 S13 − S14 
[S ] =  12
− − − (7)
S13 S13 0 0 
 
S14 − S14 0 0 
From unitary property [S][S]*=[I]
 S11 S12 S13 S14   S11∗ S12∗ S13∗ S14∗  1 0 0 0

S   
 12 S 22 S13 − S14   S12∗ ∗
S 22 S13∗ − S14∗  0 1 0 0
=
 S13 S13 0 0   S13∗ S13∗ 0 0  0 0 1 0
    
 S14 − S14 0 0   S14∗ − S14∗ 0 0  0 0 0 1
Multiplying we get,
2 2 2 2
R 1 C 1 : S 11 + S 12 + S 13 + S 14 = 1 − − − (8 )
2 2 2 2
R 2 C 2 : S 12 + S 22 + S 13 + S 14 = 1 − − − (9 )
2 2
R 3 C 3 : S 13 + S 13 = 1 − − − (10 )
2 2
R 4 C 4 : S 14 + S 14 = 1 − − − (11 )
From eq’n (10) and (11), we get
2 2
S 13 + S 13 = 1 − − − (10 )
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2
⇒ 2 S 13 = 1
1
⇒ S13 = − − − (12)
2
2 2 2
S14 + S14 = 1 − − − (11) ⇒ 2 S 14 =1
1
⇒ S14 = − − − (13)
2
Comparing eq’n (8) and (9), we get,
S11 = S22---(14)
Using eq’n (12) and (13) in eq’n (8), we get
2 2 2 2
S 11 + S 12 + S 13 + S 14 = 1 − − − (8 )
2 2 1 1
⇒ S 11 + S 12 + + =1
2 2
2 2
⇒ S 11 + S 12 = 0
S 11 = S 12 = 0 − − − (15 )
Also, eq' n
(9) ⇒ S 22 = 0 − − − (16 )
Note:-Eq’n (15) and (16) gives that ports 1 and 2 are perfectly matched hence 3 and
will also match, then such tee is called magic tee.
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Putting all the values of scattering parameters, we get
 1 1 
 0 0 
2 2
 1 1 
 0 0 − 
[ S ] =  2 2  − − − (17 )

1 1
 0 0 
 2 2 
 1 1 
− 0 0
 2 2 
We have [b]=[S][a]
 1 1 
 0 0
2 2 
 b1   1 1   a1 
b   0 0 −  
⇒  2  =  2 2   a 2  − − − (18 )
 b3  1 1  
   0 0   a3 
 b4   2 2  a4 
 1 1
− 0 0 
 2 2 
1
b1 = (a 3 + a 4 ) & b3 = 1 (a1 + a 2 )
2 2 --- (19)
1
b2 = (a 3 − a 4 ) & b4 = 1 (a1 − a 2 )
2 2
Case 1. a3≠0 & a1=a2=a4= 0; Putting these values in eq’n (19), we get,
1 a
b1 = (a 3 + a 4 ) ⇒ b1 = 3
2 2
1
b2 = (a 3 − a 4 ) ⇒ b2 = a 3
2 2
1
b3 = (a 1 + a 2 ) ⇒ b = 0
2 3
1
b4 = (a 1 − a 2 ) ⇒ b =0
2 4
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Case 2. a4 ≠0 & a1=a2=a3= 0
Putting these values in eq’n (19), we get
a4 a
b1 = ; b 2 = − 4 ; b3 = b 4 = 0
2 2
This gives property of E plane tee.
Case 3.a1 ≠0 & a2=a3=a4= 0; Putting these values in eq’n(19), we get
a1 a
b1 = 0 ; b 2 = 0 ; b 3 = ; b4 = 1
2 2
i. When power is fed into port 1, nothing comes out of port 2 even though theyare
collinear ports.
ii. Hence port 1 and 2 are called isolated ports.
iii. No output at collinear ports hence magic.
Case 4. a3=a4& a1= a2 = 0
Putting these values in eq’n (19), we get
1
b1 = ( 2 a 3 ); b 2 = 0 ; b 3 = b 4 = 0
2
a) Gives additive property.

b) Equal inputs at port 3 and 4 gives output at port 1 in phase and in equal
magnitude.
Case 5. a1=a2 a3=a4= 0; Putting these values in eq’n (19), we get
1
b1 = 0 = b 2 = b 4 ; b 3 = ( 2 a1 )
2
That is equal input at ports 1 and 2 results in an output at port 3 and no
output at ports 1, 2 and 4.
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Page 18
Lecture no:-39 (Impendence measurement using Magic Tee)

APPLICATIONS OF MAGIC TEE
A magic tee has several applications. A few of them have been discussed here.
1. Impedance Measurement
• It is used in the form of bridge for measuring impedance.
• Microwave source is connected in arm (3), and null detector in arm (4). The unknown
impedance is connected in arm (1), and a standard variable known impedance in arm (1).
• Power from microwave source (a3) gets equally divided into ports 1 & 2.
• Impedance at port 1 & 2 are not equal to characteristics Impedance Zo hence there will
be reflections from arm(1) and (2).
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• If ρ1& ρ2 are reflection coefficients from port 1 & 2, then they will enter in null detector
port (4) given by:
1  1  1  1 
=  a3 ρ1  −  a3 ρ 2 
2 2  2 2 
1
= a3 (ρ1 − ρ 2 ) − − − (1)
2
• For perfect balancing eqn (1) is equated to 0.
1
a 3 (ρ 1 − ρ 2 ) = 0
2
ρ1 − ρ 2 = 0 or ρ1 = ρ 2
Z1 − Z z Z 2 − Z z
or =
Z1 + Z z Z 2 + Z z
i.e. R 1 + jX 1 = R 2 + jX 2
R1 = R 2 & X 1 = X 2
• Thus unknown impedance is measured by adjusting std. variable impedance till bridge
is balanced & both impedances become equal.
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2. Magic T as a Duplexer:
• The transmitter and receiver are connected at port (2) and (1). Antenna is connected at
arm (4) and matched load at port (3).
• During transmission half power reaches to antenna & other half to matched load where
it is absorbed without reflection
reflections.
• During reception half power goes to receiver & other half to transmitter, which are
isolated during reception & transmission.
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3. Magic T as a Mixer :
• It can also be received in microwave receivers as a mixer where signal and Local
oscillator are fed into E & H arms.
• Half of the Local oscillator power & half of received power from antenna goes to
mixer where they are mixed to generate IF frequency.
• (IF = fin – fo).
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Lecture no:-40 (Directional Coupler and ferrite devices)
Directional coupler:
A Directional coupler is a device that samples a small amount of Microwave power for
measurement purposes. The power measurements include incident power, reflected
power, VSWR values, etc.Directional Coupler is a 4-port waveguide junction consisting
of a primary main waveguide and a secondary auxiliary waveguide. The following figure
shows the image of a directional coupler.
Properties of Directional Couplers:
The properties of an ideal directional coupler are as follows.
• All the terminations are matched to the ports.

• When the power travels from Port 1 to Port 2, some portion of it gets coupled to Port 4
but not to Port 3.
• As it is also a bi-directional coupler, when the power travels from Port 2 to Port 1, some
portion of it gets coupled to Port 3 but not to Port 4.
• If the power is incident through Port 3, a portion of it is coupled to Port 2, but not to Port
1.
• If the power is incident through Port 4, a portion of it is coupled to Port 1, but not to Port
2.
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• Port 1 and 3 are decoupled as are Port 2 and Port 4.
Parameters of Directional Coupler:
Ideally, the output of Port 3 should be zero. However, practically, a small amount of power
called back power is observed at Port 3. The following figure indicates the power flow in a
directional coupler.
Where,
Pi = Incident power at Port 1
Pr = Received power at Port 2
Pf = Forward coupled power at Port 4
Pb = Back power at Port 3
Following are the parameters used to define the performance of a directional coupler:
Coupling Factor (C):
The Coupling factor of a directional coupler is the ratio of incident power to the forward power,
measured in dB
C = 10 log10 (Pi/ Pf )
Directivity (D):
The Directivity of a directional coupler is the ratio of forward power to the back power,
measured in dB.
D = 10 log10(Pf/Pb)
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Isolation:
It defines the directive properties of a directional coupler. It is the ratio of incident power to the
back power, measured in dB.
I=10 log10(Pi/Pb)
Scattering Matrix of directional coupler:
Properties of directional coupler will be used to derive its scattering matrix.
It is four port network, hence its [S] matrix is
S11 S12 S13 S14 

S S22 S23 S24 
[S] =  21 − − − (1)
S31 S32 S33 S34 
 
S41 S42 S43 S44 
All four ports are perfectly matched hence we will have
S11 = S22 = S33 = S44 = ----(2)
From symmetric property Sij = Sji, we have
S12 = S21 S23 = S32 S3=S43 S24 = S42 S41 = S14 S1= S31 -----(3)
Ideally we have back power Pb = 0; hence there will be no coupling in between port 1 and port 3,
hence we have
S13 = S31 =0 --------(4)
Also there is no coupling between port 2 and port 4, hence we have
S24 = S42 =0 --------(5)
Putting values of S parameters in eqn (1), we get
0 S12 0 S14 
S 0 S 23 0 
[ S ] =  12
0 S 23 0 S 34 
 
 S14 0 S 34 0
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From unitary matrix property [S][S]* = [I]
 0 S12 0 S 14   0 S12∗ 0 S14∗   1 0 0 0

S   
 12 0 S 23 0   S 12∗ 0 ∗
S 23 0  0 1 0 0 
=
 0 S 23 0 S 34   0 ∗
S 23 0 S 34∗   0 0 1 0
    
 S14 0 S 34 0   S 14∗ 0 S 34∗ 0   0 0 0 1
Multiplying, we get,
2 2
R 1 C 1 : S 12 + S 14 = 1 − − − (6)
2 2
R2 C 2 : S12 + S 23 = 1 − − − (7)
2 2
R 3 C 3 : S 23 + S 34 = 1 − − − (8 )
∗ ∗
R1C 3 : S 12 .S 23 + S 14 .S 34 = 0 − − − (9 )
Comparing eqn (6) & (7), we get , S14 = S23 -----(10)
Comparing eqn (7) & (8), we get , S12 = S34 -----(11)
Assuming S12 = Real and positive, hence we have,
S12 = S34 = P = S*34 -------(12)
From eqn (9) and (12), we get,
∗ ∗
S12.S23 + S14.S34 =0
⇒ P . S 23
∗
+ S 23 . P = 0
⇒ P ( S 23
∗
+ S 23 ) = 0
∗
∵ P ≠ 0 & S 23 + S 23 = 0
∗
∴ S 23 = jy & S 23 = − jy
S23 must be imaginary
Let S23 = jq = S14------(13)
Hence we have S12 = S34 = P (Transmission parameter)
S23 = S14 = jq also we have p2+q2=1
Putting these values [S] matrix we get
Page 26
 0 P 0 jq 
 P 0 jq 0 
[S ] = 
 0 jq 0 P
 
 jq 0 P 0 
Types of directional coupler:
1.Two-hole directional coupler:
This is a directional coupler with same main and auxiliary waveguides, but with two small holes
that are common between them.These holes are λg/4 distance apart where λg is the guide
wavelength.
A two-hole directional coupler is designed to meet the ideal requirement of directional coupler,
which is to avoid back power.Some of the power while travelling between Port 1 and Port 2,
escapes through the holes 1 and 2.The magnitude of the power depends upon the dimensions of
the holes.This leakage power at both the holes are in phase at hole 2, adding up the power
contributing to the forward power Pf.However, it is out of phase at hole 1, cancelling each other
and preventing the back power to occur.Hence, the directivity of a directional coupler improves.
2. Bethe or single hole coupler:
It consists of only one hole. Power entering in port1 is coupled to co-axial probe. Output entering
in port2 is absorbed by matched load.The auxiliary guide is placed at such angle that the
magnitude of magnetically excited wave is made equal to that of electrically excited wave. This
improves directivity. The wave in auxiliary wave guide is generated through single hole with
both electric and magnetic field Because of phase relationship, single generated by two types of
coupling cancel in forward direction and reinforce in reverse direction
Page 27
3.Multi-hole directional coupler
In waveguide two hole coupler, two waveguide share a board wall the holes are 1/4 apart in the
forward case the coupled signals add, in the reverse they subtract (180 apart) and disappear
coupling factor is controlled by hole size the holes are often X-shaped or prophase other
proprietary shapes . It is possible to provide vary flat coupling over an enter waveguide band
Ferrite Devices
Ferrites are non-metallic materials with resistivity’s nearly 10^14 times greater than metals and
with dielectric constant around 10-15 and relative permeability’s of the order of 1000They have
magnetic properties similar to those of ferrous metals. They are oxide based compounds having
general composition of the form MeO.Fe2O3.
Ferrites have atoms with large number of spinning electrons resulting in strong magnetic
properties. These magnetic properties are due to the magnetic dipole moment associated with
electron spin. Because of this properties ,ferrites find application in number of microwave
devices to reduce reflected power ,for modulation and in switching circuits .
Faraday rotation in Ferrites
Consider an infinite lossless medium. A static field B0 is applied along z-direction .A plane TEM
wave that is linearly polarised along the x-axis at t=0 is made to propagate through the ferrite in
the z- direction. The plane of polarisation of this wave will rotate with distance , a phenomenon
known as Faraday Rotation .
Page 28
Any linearly polarised wave can be regarded as the vector sum of two counter rotating circularly
polarised waves (E0/2 vectors ). The ferrite material offers different characteristics to these
waves ,with the result that the phase change for one wave is larger than the other wave resulting
in rotation theta of linearly polarised wave at z=l.
It is observed that a rotation of 1000 or more per cm of ferrite length is typical for ferrite at a
frequency of 10GHz . If the direction of propagation is reversed , the plane of polarisation
continues to rotate in same direction .i.e. from z=l TO Z=0, the wave will arrive back at z=0
polarised at an angle 2 theta relative to x-axis .
Angle of rotation =l/2*(B+~B-)
Where, l= length of ferrite rod
B+=Phase shift for right circularly polarised wave w.r.to some reference
B-=Phase shift for left circularly polarised wave w.r.to some reference
Fig. Faraday rotation
A two port ferrite device is shown in fig .when a wave is transmitted from port 1 to port 2,it
undergoes rotation in the anticlockwise direction as shown. Even if the same wave is allowed to
propagate from port 2 to port 1 ,it will undergo rotation in the same direction (anticlockwise).
Hence the direction of rotation of linearly polarised wave is independent of direction of
propagation of the wave .
Page 29
Microwave Devices which make use of faraday rotation
a)Gyrator :
It is two port device that has a relative phase difference of 1800 for transmission from port 1 to
port 2 and no phase shift for transmission from port 2 to port 1.
A thin circular ferrite rod tapered at both ends is located inside the circular waveguide supported
by polyfoam and the waveguide is surrounded by a permanent magnet which generates dc
magnetic field for proper operation of ferrite. To input end a 900 twisted rectangular waveguide
is connected . The ferrite rod is tapered at both ends to reduce the attenuation and also for
smooth rotation of the polarized wave.
Operation:
When a wave enters port 1 its plane of polarisation rotates by 900 because of twist in the
waveguide . It again undergoes Faraday rotation through 900 because of ferrite rod and the wave
which comes out of port 2 will have a phase shift of 1800 compared to wave entering port 1.
But when same wave enters port 2 ,it undergoes faraday rotation through 900 in the anticlockwise
direction. Because of the twist ,this wave gets rotated back by 900 comes out of port 1 with 00
phase shift .Hence a wave fed from port 2 does not change its phase in a gyrator.
Page 30
b)Isolator:
An isolator is a 2 port device which provides very small amount of attenuation for transmission
from port 1 to port 2 but provides maximum attenuation for transmission from port 2 to port 1.
This requirement is very much desirable when we want to match a source with a variable load.
In most microwave generators the output amplitude and frequency tends to fluctuate very
significantly with changes in load impedance, this is due to mismatch of generator output to load
resulting in reflected wave from load. But these reflected waves should not be allowed to reach
the microwave generator, which will cause amplitude and frequency instability of the microwave
generator.
When isolator is Inserted between generator and load, the generator is coupled to the load with
zero attenuation and reflections if any from the load side are completely absorbed by the isolator
without affecting the generator output. Hence the generator appears to be matched for all loads in
the presence of isolator so that there is no change in frequency and output power due to variation
in load.
Construction:
The construction of isolator is similar to gyrator except that an isolator makes use of 450 twisted
rectangular waveguide and 450 faraday rotation ferrite rod . A resistive card is placed along the
larger dimension of the rectangular waveguide, so as to absorb any wave whose plane of
polarisation is similar to the plane of resistive card . the resistive card does not absorb any wave
whose plane of polarization is perpendicular to its own plane.
Page 31
Fig. Constructional details of isolator
Operation :
A TE10 wave passing from port 0through the resistive card and is not attenuated. after coming
out the card, the wave get shifted by 450 because of twist in anticlockwise direction and then by
another 450 in clockwise direction because of ferrite rod and hence come out of port 0 with same
polarizations as at port 0 without any attenuation.
But a TE10 wave fed from port 0 get a pass from the resistive card placed near port 0 since the
plane of polarizations of wave is perpendicular to plane of resistive card. then the wave gets
rotated by 450 due to Faraday rotation in clockwise direction and further get rotated by 450 in
clockwise direction due to twist in the waveguide. Now the plane of polarization of wave will be
parallel wih that of resistive card and hence the wave will be completely absorbed by the
resistive card and output at port 0 will be zero. This power is dissipated in the card as heat In
practice 20 to 30 dB isolation is obtained for transmission from port 0 to port 0.
C) Circulator:
Circulator is four port microwave device which has peculiar property that each terminal is
connected to next clockwise terminal. Circulator is as shown in figure They are useful in
parametric amplifier, tunnel diode, amplifiers and duplexer in radar.
Page 32
Construction :
A four port Faraday rotation circulator is shown in figure the power entering port 0 is TE10
mode and is connected to TE11 mode because of gradual rectangular to circular transition. This
power passes port 0 unaffected since the electric field is not significantly cut and rotated
through 45 due to the ferrite , passes port 0 and finally emerges out of port 0. Power from port 0
will have plane of polarisation already tilted by 45 with respect to port 0. This passes port 0
unaffected because again the electric field is not significantly cut. This get rotated by another 45
due to ferrite rod in clockwise direction . This power whose plane of polarisation is tilted through
90 find port 0 suitably aligned and emerge out of it . similarly port 0 in coupled only to port 0
and port 0 to port 0.
Fig. Four port circulator
Page 33
Applications of Circulator:
1. A circulator can be used as duplexer for radar antenna system as shown in figure
Transmitter feeds the antenna while the received energy id directed to receiver . The
powerful radar transmitter is isolated from the sensitive receiver and also the same
antenna can be used for both transmission and reception. This is the duplexer action
being performed by circulator.
2. We can have three port circulator, strip line circulator that can have several application.
Two three port circulator can be used in tunnel diode or parametric amplifier as shown .
3. Circulator can be used as low power device as they can handle low power only.
Page 34
Lecture no:-41 (Numericals)

Q.1 In a wave guide having VSWR of 1.1 if use to dissipate 100w of power. Find reflected
power.
Ans:- Given, Pi = 100W ,VSWR = 1.1
Pr = ?
We know reflection coefficient is given by-
S − 1 1.1 − 1
|τ | = = = 0.047
S + 1 1.1 + 1
Also
Vref Pr ef
|τ | = =
Vinc Pinc
Pr ef
| τ |2 =
Pinc
Pref = | τ |2 Pinc
Pref = 0.00220×100W
Pref = 0.2268W
Q.2 In a loss less H plane tee the micro wave signal of 100mW is fed into one of the
collinear arm say 1. Find the power delivered to other ports 2 and 3. When these are
terminated in match load.
Ans:- Given, Power fed at port 1=100mW
1
Pf1 = | a1 |2 = 100mW
2
Power reflected from port 1
1
Pr1 = | b1 |2
2
Page 35
Power delivered at port 1 = Power fed at port 1 – Power reflected at port 1
1 1
= | a1 |2 - | b1 |2
2 2
1  | b1 |2 
= | a1 |2 1 − 2 
2  | a1 | 
1
= | a1 |2 (1 − S112 )
2
We know that scattering matrix of H plane tee
 1 1 1 
 2 −

2 2 
 1 1 
[S ] =  − 0

2 2 
 1 1 
 2 0 
2 
1
Power delivered at port 1 = | a1 |2 (1 − S112 )
2
 1
= 100mW  1 − 
 4
Power delivered at port 1 = 75mW
1
Power transmitted to port 3 = | a1 |2 . | S31 |2
2
1
= 100×
2
Power transmitted to port 3 = 50mW
Page 36
1
Power transmitted to port 2 = | a1 |2 . | S 21 |2
2
1
= 100×
4
Power transmitted to port 2 = 25mW
Q.3 40mW microwave signal is fed to arm 3 of E plane tee by a match terminator. Arms 1
and 2 are terminated respectively in 40Ω and 60Ω loads and the wave impedence of the
guide is 50Ω. Find the power delivered to the loads.
Ans:- Given, since port 3 is match the scattering matrix is
 1 1 1 
 2 2 2 

 1 1 −1 
[S ] = 

2 2 2 
 1 −1 
 0 
2 2 
As seen power fed in port 3 is divided equally in ports 1 and 2. So power travelling
towards loads in each of the ports 1 and 2 is 20mW. This can be written as
1 1
| b1 |2 = | b2 |2 = 20mW
2 2
Reflection coefficient-
Z L − Z0
| τ |=
Z L + Z0
Reflection coefficient at port 1
40 − 50
| τ 1 |= ……. ( Z 0 =50Ω and Z L =40Ω)
40 + 50
| τ 1 | = 0.11
60 − 50
| τ 2 |= ………( Z 0 =50Ω and Z L =60Ω)
60 + 50
Page 37
| τ 2 | = 0.09
1 1
= | b1 |2 − | τ 1b1 |2
2 2
1
= | b1 |2 (1− | τ 1 |2 )
2
(
= 20 1 − ( 0.112 ) )
Power delivered at port 1 = 19.75mW
1 1
= | b2 |2 − | τ 2b2 |2
2 2
1
= | b2 |2 (1− | τ 2 |2 )
2
(
= 20 1 − ( 0.092 ) )
Q.4 In a H plane tee junction 20mW power is applied to port 3 that is perfectly match to
the junction. Calculate the power delivered to the load 60Ω and 75Ω connected to port 1
and 2.
Ans:- Given, [S] matrix of H plane tee is
 1 1 1 
 2 −

2 2 
 1 1 1 
[S ] =  −

2 2 2 
 1 1 
 2 0 
2 
20mW power applied to port 3. The power is equally divided in port 1 and 3.
Hence,
Page 38
1 1
| b1 |2 = | b2 |2 =10mW
2 2
We know that Reflection coefficient is given by
Z L − Z0
| τ |=
Z L + Z0
60 − 50
| τ 1 |= ………. ( Z 0 =50Ω and Z L =60Ω)
60 + 50
| τ 1 | = 0.09
75 − 50
| τ 2 |= ………. ( Z 0 =50Ω and Z L =75Ω)
75 + 50
| τ 2 |= 0.2
1 1
= | b1 |2 − | τ 1b1 |2
2 2
1
= | b1 |2 (1− | τ 1 |2 )
2
(
= 10 1 − ( 0.092 ) )
1 1
= | b2 |2 − | τ 2b2 |2
2 2
1
= | b2 |2 (1− | τ 2 |2 )
2
(
= 10 1 − ( 0.22 ) )
Page 39
Q.5 Write scattering matrix of ideal isolator. In an isolator the isolation is 30dB and
insertion loss is 0.4dB. Find its scattering parameter.
Ans:- Given, The [S] matrix of isolator is given by
S S12 
[ S ] =  S11 S22 
 21
For ideal isolator both port 1 and 2 are perfectly match. And in ideal isolator signal will
not flow from port 2 to 1. Hence
S11 = S 22 = S12 = 0
Hence,
Ideal [S] matrix for isolator is
0 0
[ S ] = S 0
 21
Insertion loss = −20 log10 | S 21 |
0.4 = −20 log10 | S 21 |
S 21 = 0.955
Isolation (dB) = −20 log10 | S12 |
| S12 |= 0.0316
 0 0.0316 
∴[S ] = 
0.95 0 
Q.6 Write the scattering matrix for ideal three port circulator. A three port circulator has
insertion loss of 2dB, Isolation 30dB and VSWR is 1.3. Find its scattering matrix. Assume
the phases of all coefficient are zero.
Ans:- The [S] matrix for circulator is given by
Page 40
 S11 S12 S13 

[ S ] =  S 21 S22 S23 
 S31 S32 S33 
In an ideal circulator if the power is fed to one of the port the power will come out from its
adjacent port in clockwise or anticlockwise direction depending on type of circulator. Therefore
S12 = S 23 = S31 = 0 .
Hence ideal [S] matrix for circulator is
0 0 1 
[ S ] = 1 0 0 
 
0 1 0 
Given,
Insertion loss = 2dB
Isolation = 30dB
VSWR = 1.3
We know that,
Insertion losss = −20 log10 | S 21 |
2 = −20 log10 | S 21 |
S 21 = 0.794
S 21 = S32 = S13 = 0.794
Isolation (dB) = −20 log10 | S12 |
30 = −20 log10 | S12 |
S31 = 0.032
S31 = S12 = S 23 = 0.032
We know that,
Page 41
S −1
τ = S11 = S 22 = S33 =
S +1
1.3 − 1
=
1.3 + 1
= 0.13
Hence, scattering matrix of circulator becomes
 0.13 0.032 0.794 

[ S ] = 0.794 0.13 0.032
0.032 0.794 0.13 
Q.7 A 90W power source is connected to the input of directional coupler with C= 20dB, D=
35dB and insertion loss of 0.5dB. Find the output powers at the through, coupled and
isolated ports. Assume all ports to be matched.
Ans:- Given C = 20dB D = 35dB
Pi
C= 20 = 10log
Pf
Pi
= 10 2 = 100
Pf
Pi
Pf =
100
But,
Pi = 90W
Hence,
Pf = 0.9W
We know that
Pf
D = 350 = 10log
Pb
Page 42
Pf
= 103.5
Pb
Pf
Pb = = 284.6uW
103.5
∴ Received power ( Pr ) = Pi − Pf − Pb (Insertion loss - excluded)
Pr = 90 – 0.9 - 284.6× 10−6
Pr = 89.09W
−1
Pi  89.09 
Pr (in dB) = 10log = 10log  
Pr  90 
Pr (in dB) = 0.044dB
Hence,
Effective received power
Pr ' = Pr - Insertion loss
Pr ' = 0.044 – 0.5
Pr ' = -0.455dB
Q.8 The collinear ports 1 and 2 of a magic tee are terminated by impedances of reflection
coefficients ρ1 = 0.5 and ρ 2 = 0.6. The difference port 4 is terminated bya impedance with
reflection coefficient of 0.8. If 1W power is fed at some port 3. Calculate the power
reflected at port 3 and the power divisions at the other ports.
Ans:-The input output relations for a magic tee is given by
Page 43
 1 1 
 0 0
2 2
 
 b1   1 −1   a1 
b   0 0  
 2 =  2 2   a2 

 b3   1 a 
0   3 
1
   0
b4   2 2 a
 4
 −1 1
0 0 
 2 2 
Here a1 = ρ1 b1 , a2 = ρ 2 b2 , | a3 |2 = 1Wand a4 = ρ 4b4
∴ a1 = 0.5 b1 , a2 = 0.6 b2 , | a3 |2 =0.1W or a3 = 1, a4 = 0.4 b4
 1 1 
 0 0
2 2
 
 b1   1 −1   0.5b1 
b   0 0  
 2  2 2  0.6b2 
∴ b  = 1

  1b 
0   3 
3 1
   0
b4   2 2

0.8b4 
 −1 1
0 0 
 2 2 
Similarly for b1 , b2 , b3 and b4 , we get
b1 = 0.6566 b2 = 0.7576 b3 = 0.6536 b4 = 0.0893
∴ P1 =| b1 |2 = 0.4309W
P2 =| b2 |2 = 0.5738W
P3 =| b3 |2 = 0.3065W
P4 =| b4 |2 = 0.00797W
Page 44
Q: Prove that it is impossible to construct the perfectly matched, lossless,

reciprocal three port junction.
Ans: Since the junction is perfectly matched
S11 = S22 = S3 = 0
The junction is reciprocal hence

S12 = S21 , S13 = S31 , S23 = S32
Scattering Matrix
S11 S12 S13 0 S12 S13
3S21 S22 S23 4 = 3S12 0 S234
S31 S32 S33 S13 S23 0
For a lossless junction, S matrix is unitary
0 S12 S13 0 S12 ∗ S13 ∗ 1 0 0
3S12 0 S234 3S12 ∗ 0 S23 4 = 30
∗
1 04
S13 S23 0 S13 S23 ∗
∗
0 0 0 1
R1C1 = S12 ∗ S12 + S13 S13 ∗ = 1
R1C1 = |S12 2 | + |S132 | = 1 (1)
R2C2 = S12 S12 ∗+ S23 S23 ∗ = 1
R1C1 = |S12 2 | + |S232 | = 1 (2)
R3C3 = S13 S13 ∗ + S23 S23 ∗ = 1
R3C3 = |S13 2 | + |S232 | = 1 (3)
R1C2 = S13 S23 ∗ =0 (4)
S13 S23 ∗ = 0 implies that either S13 = 0 or S23 = 0
Page 45
But from (1) and (2)

S12 = 1 - S13 = 1 – S23
Hence S13 = S23 = 0

But this is contradiction to equation (3)
Similarly
R1C3 = S12 S23 ∗ = 0
i.e either S12 = 0 or S23 = 0

but from (1) and (3)
S13 = 1 - S12 = 1 – S23
This implies S12 = S23 = 0

But this is contradiction to equation to (2)
Hence it is not possible to design a perfectly matched, lossless, reciprocal
three port junction.
Page 46

Microwave Components Scattering Parameters

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Microwave Components Scattering Parameters

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UNIT V.

Lecture no:-35 (Introduction and scattering parameters)

Fig 5.1: Microwave Waveguide junction

Scattering or (S) Parameters:

Fig 5.2 Structure of two port network.

1= reflection from 1st line and

i=source connected at ith line.

• Let a1& a2 = Incident waves at port 1 & port 2

∴ [b] = [s] [a]

When a junction of n number of waveguide is considered,

a’s represent inputs to particular port.

b’s represent outputs of various ports.

Fig : two port network.

Scattering (S) Parameter:

Properties of (S) Matrix:

1. [S] is always a square matrix of order (n x n).

2. [S] is symmetric matrix i.e. Sij = Sji.

Where [S]* = complex conjugate of [S] matrix.

[I] = Unit or Identity matrix of same order as that of [S]

Lecture no: -36 (H Plane Tee)

Fig. H-Plane Tee

Properties of H-Plane Tee

The port is perfectly matched

Now, the [S] matrix can be written as,

S11 S12 S13

|S11| + |S12| +|S13| =1........ Equation3

R2C2:|S12| + |S22| +|S13| =1........ Equation4

R3C3:|S13| +|S13| =1........ Equation5

R3C1:|S13||S11|∗ − |S13||S12|∗ =0....... Equation6

From the Equation 6,

Since, S13≠0, S11∗ +S12∗ =0 OR S11∗ =−S12∗

Since, S13≠0, S11∗ +S12∗ =0 OR S11∗ =−S12∗

|S11| +|S11| + =1 2 |S11| = 1 S11 = ......... Equation 10

We know that [b] = [s][a]

divided in port 1 and port 2.

Input at port3 is zero with some input at port1 and port2.

Putting these values in equation.

Lecture no:-37 (E Plane Tee)

Properties of E-Plane Tee

From the symmetric property,

The port is perfectly matched

Now, the [S] matrix can be written as,

From the Unitary property

| 11| + | 12| +| 13| =1........ ..........Equation3

R2C2:| 12| + | 22| +| 13| =1........ Equation4

R3C3:| 13| +| 13| =1....................... Equation5

R3C1:| 13|| 11|∗ − | 13|| 12|∗ =0...Equation6

2| 13| =1 OR S13 =√ ....... ......Equation7

From the Equation 6,

S13≠0 11∗ - 12∗ =0 OR 11∗ = 12∗

Using these in equation 3 and equation 9,

We know that [b] = [S][a]

b2 = 1+ 2−√ 3......... Equation 15

b3 = √ 1−√ 2 ............... Equation 16

E-H Plane (Hybrid or Magic) Tee Junction

S11 S12 S13 S14 

1. Because of H-plane tee junction

S23 = S13 Because of plane of symmetry ---(2)

2. Because of E-plane tee junction

S34 = S43; S24 = S42 = - S14 ; S41 = S14 ----(5)

Putting above values of S parameters in matrix (1), we get,

S11 S12 S13 S14 

From unitary property [S][S]*=[I]