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Canadian Light Source Electrical Design Criteria - Aulakh - 8.1.16.1rev 0 PDF
Canadian Light Source Electrical Design Criteria - Aulakh - 8.1.16.1rev 0 PDF
Date: 2001-02-05
Copyright 2001, Canadian Light Source Inc. This document is the property of
Canadian Light Source Inc. (CLS). No exploitation or transfer of any information
contained herein is permitted in the absence of an agreement with CLS, and
neither the document nor any such information may be released without the
written consent of CLS.
Signature Date
Author
Harbans Aulakh
Reviewer #1
Edwin Klassen
Reviewer #2
Neil Johnson
Approver
Mark de Jong
Page
1.0 PURPOSE.........................................................................................................1
2.0 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1
10.0 APPENDICES
Appendix A – Abbreviations
Appendix B – Glossary
Appendix C – Units Of Measure
File: 0047-074-04/Design Criteria-Nov00.doc (rrf)
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1.0 PURPOSE
1.1 The purpose of this design criteria is to provide the basis for developing
the detail design of the electrical services and associated systems for the
Canadian Light Source project by establishing general considerations,
recommended practices and specific precautions based on referenced
standards and industry practices.
1.2 The design criteria document will be used as a continuing document and
will be kept current throughout the life of the project.
1.3 The design criteria will contain the salient design goals for accomplishing
complete system design. As system descriptions are developed
producing greater detail for the system, the applicable portion will be
referenced by the design criteria to avoid duplication.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
2.2 The design criteria will attempt to recommend the lowest cost sizing
without lowering reliability, future expansion or safety to limit the installed
cost and minimize future spare costs.
2.3 The electrical system will be economically designed for continuous and
reliable service, safety to personnel and equipment, ease of maintenance
and operation, minimum power losses, mechanical protection of
equipment, interchange ability of equipment, and addition of future loads.
2.5 System protective devices (relays, fuses, breaker trip units, etc.,) will be
selected and co-coordinated to ensure that the interrupter nearest the
point of short circuit (or high overload) will open first and minimize
disturbances on the rest of the system.
2.6 Flexibility of the system, investment and operational costs together with
load concentration will also be considered in the electrical design.
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2.7 The electrical distribution system will be designed and installed to meet
the power and grounding requirements of the electronic load equipment.
2.8 The electrical distribution system will also be arranged to minimize service
interruptions, provide flexibility for growth and maintenance, and provide
continuous and reliable power under all desired conditions.
3.1 The latest editions of the applicable codes and standards of the following
organizations will be used as guidelines in the design of electrical systems
and equipment; and where required by law, such systems and equipment
will conform to applicable standards.
The electrical design will include but not be limited to the following
documents:
4.1 Drawings
4.1.1 All drawings will be sent to Technical Safety Services Branch of the
Department of Industry and Labour, Province of Saskatchewan, for review
during the design stage.
4.1.2 Drawings will be reviewed by a Professional Engineer with input from the
Client. The actual procedure will be developed and agreed to by the Client,
and included in the Project Implementation Manual.
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4.1.3 Drawings requiring the Client’s approval will be defined in the Project
Implementation Manual.
4.1.4.2 System single line diagrams will include all applicable major
electrical equipment, meters and their switches, protective
relays with associated instrument transformers, motor
protectors, electrical transducers, resistance temperature
detectors, and interlock devices.
4.2 Schedules
5.1 Project specific ambient conditions will be followed in the design and
selection of equipment and materials.
5.2 The equipment and materials will be designed to operate under the
following conditions:
6.1.3 Maximum and minimum short circuit contribution from utility source will be
provided by the U of S Facilities Management.
6.2.1 Power supply to the CLS facilities will be provided by two independent
sources (different incoming distribution lines). The minimum capacity of
each supply feeder will be sufficient to supply 120% of the maximum
operating load for non-transformer loads plus 100% of the sum of the full-
load maximum site ratings of the connected transformers.
6.2.2 Power supply interface with the CLS facilities will be at the 25 kV bus of
the main switchgear (primary selective). The 25 kV bus will be double
ended, connected via a normally open tie-breaker that may be manually
closed upon loss of one feeder. All feeders from main switchgear to the
CLS facilities will be radial.
6.2.3 The power supply to the facilities will be metered using Demand-Energy
type metering.
6.2.4 Where possible, power to the electronic load equipment will be provided
at higher voltage (600Y/347V) instead at the actual equipment utilization
voltage (208 Y/120V) to achieve the following benefits.
6.2.6 Electronic load equipment will be powered through dedicated feeder cable
circuits consisting of phase conductors, neutral conductor (where
applicable) and insulated equipment grounding conductor(s) in effectively
grounded and bonded metallic conduit, raceway or cable assemblies.
6.2.7 Where shared feeder cable circuits or busway (with taps) are used to
serve electronic load equipment, a separately derived source (such as an
isolation transformer or other power conditioner) will be specified for each
tap serving electronic load equipment.
6.2.9 For any voltage drop exceeding 25% for ½ second, the facilities will
require a new start up. An automatic re-acceleration of motors or a restart
of equipment will not be provided.
6.3.1 The alternating current frequency for power system will be 60 Hertz.
Nominal system voltage and the respective grounding will be as per the
following table.
6.3.3 Existing ungrounded systems and existing systems with different voltage
levels are not required to be changed retroactively.
HV Switchgear 25 kV
Single-phase motors
120 115
Three-phase motors
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208 200
480 460
600 575
6.9 Reliability
6.9.1 The design of the power system will be based on the need to provide a
stable source of electrical power and to minimize any down time
associated with the system as a whole or the individual components
thereof.
6.10.1 Sufficient power capacity will be installed to service the expected peak
loads for the ensuing five years. As the forecast for future energy
increases, additional equipment may be required to install.
6.10.3 All switchgear (low, medium and high voltage) and operator control panels
will be manufactured and installed to permit future additional cubicles to be
easily added to the lineup.
6.11.1 For transformers, the initial (actual calculated) running load will not exceed
80 percent of the self cooled (OA) rating with the maximum rating used for
sizing the cabling or bus duct.
6.11.2 Main breakers and busses will be sized to allow use of the transformer’s
maximum capacity for transformers 1000 kVA and larger.
6.11.4 Future space for breakers and MCCs will be specified as a percentage of
the installed equipment or a number of certain sizes. Since fully equipped
spares are expensive, spaces equipped with necessary hardware are
more economical to provide. A minimum of one spare space will be
provided in switchgear, two spare spaces in medium voltage MCCs and
20% spare spaces in low voltage MCCs.
6.11.5 The bus will be sized to allow for 20% more loads. Also MCCs will be
purchased and arranged so that additional sections can be added to both
ends.
6.11.6 Lighting panels feeding office areas will not be filled more than 70% and
laboratory areas will not be filled more than 60%.
6.11.7 Larger spare capacity factors may be necessary in the beginning stages
of the project when the loads are uncertain. For calculating loads to allow
for undetermined loads that usually show up later in the project, 1
horsepower = 1 kVA will be used for all motors.
6.12.1 All packaged equipment will have provision to disconnect from its power
supply locally.
6.12.2 All motors will have provision to be disconnected from its power supply
either locally or at the MCC.
6.12.3 All power feeders will be isolated through the use of breakers and/or
switches in the switchgear/MCC/switchboard.
6.12.4 All lighting panels will have a breaker to disconnect it from its power
supply.
6.12.5 All control panels will have a switch to disconnect it from its power supply.
6.12.6 Motor stop circuit will be hard-wired from MCC via interposing relays to the
facilities safeguarding (emergency shutdown) system.
6.13.1 Electric motor drives will receive start and stop commands in the field,
local to the motor drive.
6.13.2 Operational start and stop commands will be provided via DCS/PLC.
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6.13.3 Emergency stop commands will be provided via the facilities safeguarding
(emergency shutdown) system.
6.14.2 Demand factors will be applied to motors that are known to operate at less
than full load or when the load is cyclical or intermittent. Applying demand
factors will provide the most economical system.
6.14.3 Calculated running loads will be obtained from the pump calculation
sheets. Spare pumps will be added to the load list as a zero load (0.5 for
each paired pump). Cyclical loads such as sump pumps will be applied a
reduced demand factor (0.3-0.7). Intermittent loads such as cranes will
have a demand factor based on the percent of the time they are used (0.
1-0.25).
6.16.2 The network will be designed such that any piece of electrical equipment
can safely be taken out of service for maintenance purposes.
6.16.3 Available fault levels within the electrical system will be sufficient to start
and operate any electrical load without disrupting operation of other
equipment.
6.16.5 Voltage drops at normal operating conditions are not to exceed 3%.
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6.16.6 Voltage drop at motor terminals during starting is not to exceed 20%.
6.16.7 Voltage drop on a feeder bus during starting is not to exceed 5% (10% for
large motors with infrequent starts). Appropriate measures like capacitor
assisted starting, reduced voltage starting, soft start and transformer on-
load tap changers will be selected so as not to exceed voltage drops
6.16.8 Motors greater than 20 kW will be provided with reduced voltage closed
transition, autotransformer starters, or load controlled solid-state soft-start
starters.
6.16.10 Where motor anti-condensation heaters are utilized, the control circuit will
be designed for automatic operation of heaters whenever the motor is off
and, in the case of medium voltage motors, when the switchgear is in the
racked-out position.
6.16.12 The power circuit breakers will be manually operated for non-motor loads.
Static trip devices will be furnished on all load center power circuit
breakers.
6.17.1 Protective devices will be provided for the electrical system to permit
isolation of faulted or overloaded equipment and cables as quickly as
possible to minimize equipment damage and limit the extent of system
outages. Major components such as the HV switchgear and large
transformers will be provided with back-up protection. Current and
potential transformers will be connected to provide overlapping zones of
protection.
6.17.2 Protective and isolation devices for HV switchgear will be operated from
independent circuits of the 125 V dc system.
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6.17.3 Faults that have a high probability of not self-clearing will trip and lock out
appropriate breakers and devices. Manual system restoration will be
permitted for faults of a temporary nature.
6.17.5 Current sensing relays will be of the drawout case type to permit testing
and calibration without disruption of the current transformer secondary
circuit.
6.17.6 The overcurrent protective devices for electronic load equipment located in
switchboards and panelboards will be true RMS type.
6.17.8 Feeders to radial substations with transformer fault pressure relaying (63)
or neutral backup relaying (51 G), or both, will be transfer tripped through
lockout relays (86T) at the substation. The lockout relays will be provided
with mechanical or electrical means for manual initiation. If there is no
control power battery at the radial substation, shunt type lockout relays may
require local capacitors to assist in tripping.
6.17.9 Time and instantaneous phase over-current tripping will be provided for
feeder breakers requiring relaying except that instantaneous tripping will
be omitted if relaying exists downstream without significant intervening
impedance. If the only downstream protection with which the feeder
relaying must co-ordinate is fuses, instantaneous phase over-current
tripping will be furnished if selectivity can be achieved. This requires that
the instantaneous trip setting be 70% of the peak let-through current of the
largest anticipated fuse, and that fuse be current limiting at the fault level of
the system where it is located.
6.18.1 Voltage drop on cables will be considered with respect to the allowable
limits for equipment and motors. Cable size may be increased to reduce
voltage drop.
• Voltage dips at utilization devices other than motors will not exceed
15% of nominal system voltage.
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• Maximum total voltage drop for main, feeder, and branch circuits
will not exceed 5%.
• The maximum voltage drop in branch circuits will not exceed 2%.
6.21.1 Unless greater clearances are specified by CEC, the following minimum
clearances will be maintained:
6.22.1 Raceway layout and cable installation will be based on the CEC and
DCS/PLC equipment manufacturer’s requirements.
6.22.2 Medium voltage power cables (above 600 V) will be installed in raceways
separate from low voltage power and control cables and low-level signal
cables. In vertically stacked trays, the highest voltage cables will be in the
highest position in the stack.
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6.22.3 Low voltage power cables (600 V and below) in vertically stacked trays will
be located below the medium voltage power cables.
6.22.4 Control cables in vertically stacked trays will be located below the power
cable trays. Control cables may be mixed with low voltage power cables if
their respective conductor sizes do not differ greatly. When this is done in
trays, the power cable will be derated as if all cables in the tray were
power cables, because position and grouping are not controlled.
Complete separation of control cable from power cable is the preferred
practice.
6.22.5 Low-level analog signal cables in vertically stacked trays will be located
below the control trays.
6.22.6 Low level analog signal cables will be run in instrument raceways separate
from all power and control cables and unshielded cables carrying digital or
pulse type signals. Unshielded digital or pulse type signals will be routed in
control trays
6.22.7 Thermocouple cable rated at 300 V will be routed in the same raceway
and share the same enclosures (boxes) as 600 V cable, provided the
maximum applied voltage of the 600 V cable does not exceed 300 V.
6.22.8 Maintained spacing is the preferred method for installing medium voltage
cables and large 600 V and 480 V load center cables in tray.
6.22.9 Trays carrying large cables will be sized for a maintained spacing of one
diameter of the largest adjacent cable. There will be no other cable types
routed in these trays.
6.22.10 The advantage of maintaining one diameter space between cables is that
the cable ampacity for free air may be used. For large cables sized on the
basis of short circuit current, voltage drop or derated because they pass
through conduits and/or duck banks, reduced diameter spacing may be
allowed providing a calculation is performed.
6.22.11 To ensure that the field installation does in fact allow the generated heat to
be dissipated, cable spacers or cable ties will be utilized in order to
maintain the required spacing and a note will be placed on the cable
schedule stating that this cable is to be installed maintain spacing.
6.23.1 An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) will be provided for critical loads
such as critical field instrumentation necessary for monitoring and safe
shutdown of operations.
6.23.2 UPS will include an inverter, static transfer switch, and manual bypass
switch. A failure or fault within the inverter will result in an automatic
transfer of the UPS loads to a nonregulated back-up power supply.
6.23.3 The manual bypass switch will be used to transfer the UPS load to the
back-up source for maintenance on the inverter.
6.24.1.2 A common control power source may be used only for two or
more switchgear assemblies located inside the same
substation building, or for two or more adjacent outdoor
switchgear equipment.
6.24.1.12 Ground detector will have a pilot light or meter indication for
ground faults in the control power systems.
6.24.2.6 Selector switch will have the provisions for padlocking in the
OFF position.
6.24.2.16 All remote control circuitry will use momentary contacts only.
6.25 Metering
• Harmonic Analysis
• Transient Capture
• Waveform Recording
• Voltage Sag and Swell
6.25.3 All units will be networked via Ethernet TCP/IP communication with
embedded Modbus protocol to CLS’s EPICS monitoring and control
system.
6.25.4 Any required interface between revenue meters and the Facilities
Management’s central control facility will be configured and provided by
Facilities Management.
6.25.7 Remote devices will not be directly supplied from current transformers that
are connected to protective relaying. Any one of the following may supply
them.
6.26 Alarms
6.26.1 An annunciator or individual alarm units will be located in the CLS control
room to supervise each of the alarm conditions.
6.26.2 Transformers rated 500 kVA and larger will be provided with an alarm as
follows:
6.26.5 Motor alarms will be provided as per project requirements. Alarms will be
located in the CLS control room unless specified otherwise.
6.26.6 Motor winding high temperature alarms when required will be set to
operate when the normal or anticipated motor load is exceeded and
before the overload relay setting is reached.
6.26.8 A positive pressure ventilation alarm will be provided for each pressure-
ventilated building or room as follows:
a. The alarm will be actuated by a switch sensitive to air flow and will
give abnormal indication whenever there is no airflow from the
inside to the outside of the building or room.
b. The airflow switch will be a Dwyer Photohelic differential pressure
switch (range 0 to 6 mm H2O).
c. The switch will be mounted indoors on an outside wall
approximately 2 m above floor level. The opening to the outside will
be protected to minimize the effect of wind and prevent entrance of
water.
d. The alarm will have sufficient time delay to avoid indication during
momentary losses of air flow such as occur when the building door
is opened for entrance or exit of personnel.
6.26.9 A single alarm will be located in the CLS control room to supervise
substation alarm conditions.
6.27.2 Substation grounding will be based on IEEE Std 80, Guide for Safety in
Substation Grounding so that maximum tolerable step and touch potentials
are not exceeded.
6.27.3 The grounding system will be designed such that it adequately provides
protection against potential hazards associated with rise in voltage and
sparks caused by electrical faults, lightning discharges and accumulation
of static charges.
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6.27.4 The grounding system will ensure safety to personnel in relation to touch
and step voltages and protect equipment against damage associated with
rise of potential.
6.27.7 The system will be designed to limit the overall resistance to earth to two
(2) OHMS or less, measured during the dry season.
6.27.8 All major electrical equipment rated 600 volts and above, such as
transformers, switchgear, large motors, motor controllers, etc., will be
connected to the ground with a minimum of two separate grounding
connections.
6.27.9 A main ground grid consisting of bare stranded copper cable and
compression connections will be provided below grade throughout the
facilities area. Cable risers will be brought above grade from the grid at
two or more locations near each site structure. These grounding systems
will consist of the conductive metal of approved raceway systems, such as
conduit and cable tray, and different sizes of bare stranded copper cable.
6.27.11 Columns and beams not directly connected to the grounding system will be
considered to be effectively grounded if they can be traced to a grounded
column through a series of metal-to-metal connections. Conductive
coatings at the connections will be considered as an adequate and
effective ground path.
6.28 Lighting
6.28.1 General
6.28.1.5 The main control room should have a luminous ceiling that
will have provision for dimming by dimmer control.
6.28.3.14 Branch circuits supplying outlets for general use will have an
ampacity not less than the ampere rating of the largest
receptacle supplied by the circuit. One circuit will supply not
more than six outlets.
6.29.2 Welding outlets will be 3 phase, 600 V combination circuit breaker and
receptacle type suitable for the serviced area.
6.29.3 Location of welding outlets within unit areas will be as per project
requirements. A minimum of two (2) grade mounted welding outlets will be
provided for each process unit. The Owner will approve the final number
and location of outlets.
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6.29.4 Location of outlets will provide adequate coverage throughout the unit area
for portable welding machines. Anticipated runs of DC welding cables
with the use of welding outlets will not exceed 30 m.
6.29.5 When outlets are provided, welding terminal boxes will not be furnished
unless specified.
6.29.6 Feeders supplying welding outlets will be sized based on a 0.4 demand
factor.
6.30.1.5 If covers are used, the weight of the cover will be taken into
account and added to cable tray loading. For outdoor
applications, wind and snow loading will be added to the
weight of the cables, thereby reducing cable tray load
capacities.
TABLE 1
Type of Installation Maximum Percent Fill
Cable Tray (trough or ladder type)
Power cables only (3-inch deep tray) 40
Power cables only (4-inch deep tray) 30
Power and control cables combined 40
Control and electronics cables only 50
Cable Tray (solid bottom)
Power and control cables combined
(3-inch deep tray) 30
Control and electronics cable only
(6-inch deep tray) 40
Wireway 20
Conduits and Ducts
One cable 53
Two cables 31
Three or more cables 40
6.30.1.12 Trays will be located so that the lowest part of the cable tray
support assembly is at least 2.1 metres above floors to
maintain minimum headroom requirements. Trays in cable
spreading rooms may need to be less than 2 metres due to
the high concentration of cables in the area.
6.30.1.13 Cable trays will not be routed through areas where there is
potential for accumulation of oil or other combustible
materials on the cables. If cable trays must be routed
through these areas, the cable trays must be provided with
tray covers designed to minimize the amount of such
material reaching the cables.
6.30.1.14 Trays will not be located near heat sources (burner fronts,
steam piping, heat exchangers, etc.) unless cables are
adequately derated and suitable for the higher ambient
temperatures. If this is not practical or possible, a protective
heat barrier will be installed.
6.30.1.19 Where cable trays are located over any electrical equipment,
the minimum vertical separation of approximately 0.90 m
from the top of the equipment to the bottom of the tray will be
maintained.
6.30.1.29 Effective fire stops will be provided for cable entries into
equipment. All penetrations through walls for cable trays
especially into cable spreading rooms and all vertical
penetrations through floors will also be provided with fire
stops.
6.30.1.31 Cable tray fills will be limited to no more than 40% of the
cross-sectional loading area of the tray except that trays
containing power cables rated 2,000 volts and higher will be
limited to 30% fill. The 30% fill limitation may be exceeded if
a single layer of power cables is installed which does not
exceed 40% fill.
6.30.1.34 Cable trays will not be loaded initially to greater than 80% of
their load capacity. Snow and ice build-up will be taken into
consideration for outdoor areas. Deflections will not exceed
EEMAC standards.
6.30.1.37 Power cables rated over 600 volts will not occupy the same
tray with conductors or systems of 600 volts or less, unless
the cables rated over 600 volts are kept physically
separated from those rated 600 volts or less by a solid,
noncombustible, fixed barrier installed in the tray.
6.30.1.38 The 600 volt insulated conductors used for control, relay, and
metering circuits may occupy the same tray as 600 volt
insulated power circuit conductors. When this is done, the
ampacity of the power cables will be reviewed carefully
since position and grouping of the power cables in the tray is
not controlled.
6.30.1.42 Large cables that are installed in a single layer (not stacked)
may extend above the siderail of the tray and may take more
than 30 percent of the available tray space. Specific
justification is required for these cases to obtain Owners
approval.
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6.30.1.45 In high radiation areas and where power cable carry high
frequency current (such as cables connecting fast rise time
PWM inverter drives to AC motors) solid-bottom tray with
solid covers will be specified to provide additional shielding,
if required.
6.30.1.46 Certain cables, such as fiber optic and coaxial cables, which
are more delicate than normal multiconductor control cables,
may require special handling.
6.30.1.49 Wiring for personal safety system will be separate from all
other wiring and enclosed in conduits clearly identified.
6.30.2 Wireway
6.30.3 Conduits
6.30.3.4 A run of conduit will not contain more than the equivalent of
four 90° bends between pull boxes, including those
immediately at outlets or fittings.
6.30.3.8 If the conduit size is not known at the time, a sleeve size will
be specified, the designer will size the sleeve for the largest
conduit size that may be required.
6.30.3.9 The inside radius of conduit bends will not be less than six
times the inside diameter of the conduit nor that determined
by dividing the cable pulling tension out of the bend by the
maximum allowable sidewall pressure for the cables (200 is
recommended and 300 is the maximum sidewall pressure).
6.30.3.10 Conduit lengths between pull boxes will not exceed the
maximum allowable for cable pulling tension.
6.31.1 Improvements in power factor may be desired for financial reasons (to
lower utility costs associated with power factor penalties) or operational
reasons (to lower system losses, increase system reserve capacity, or
improve voltage conditions).
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6.31.3 Extreme caution will be used when applying capacitors to ensure that they
do not cause resonance conditions that can magnify harmonic levels and
cause excessive voltage distortion.
6.34.1 Electrical heat tracing (freeze protection) will be provided for water-filled
piping and instrument sensing lines routed outdoors that are subject to
freezing. Water lines will be designed to maintain flow, where practical.
Lines not normally self-draining or drained during normal shutdown will be
freeze-protected. Self-draining lines include such services as drains and
discharges to sumps and sump pump discharges to grade. Electrical heat
tracing will be the self-regulating type, wherever possible, and will be
provided with necessary power distribution equipment.
6.35.3 Each equipment enclosure will be suitable for the respective area
classification in which it is installed.
6.36.3 The lightning protection system will include the following components:
• An enhanced active air terminal of the type designed to minimize
corona emissions and optimise streamer inception at a
predetermined time.
• An insulated low impedance down-conductor to conduct the energy
to ground safely and effectively.
• A 6 metre copper-clad steel ground rod c/w access ground well and
chemical electrodes filled with conductive electrolytes to provide
better grounding conductivity (if required to reduce grounding
resistance to acceptable level).
• A lightning event counter.
6.36.4 The air terminal will be insulated from the protected structure under all
conditions. The mast will be adequately rated for wind shear loading and
guy wires will be provided as appropriate to local environmental
conditions.
6.36.5 The down-conductor will consist a plastic filler (to increase effective
diameter of core conductor), main copper conductor, semiconducting
stress control layer, polyethylene high voltage insulation, semiconducting
stress control layer, copper tape screen and electrically conductive plastic
sheath. Insulation breakdown ratings between main conductor and copper
tape will be no less than 200 kV based on 1/50 µs wave shape as defined
in ANSI C62.41.
6.36.6 The lightning event counter will have an electronic register that activates
one count for every discharge where the peak current exceeds 1500 A.
The test wave shape will be the 8/20 µs standard as defined by ANSI
C62.41. The lightning event counter will be suitable for outdoor installation
in –40°C to + 40°C temperature and installed in EEMAC 4 enclosure.
- 48 -
All equipment supplied will bear the approval label of the Canadian
Standards Association (CSA). Where CSA approval is not available, the
Vendor will secure approval of the Technical Safety Services Branch of the
Department of Industry and Labour, Province of Saskatchewan prior to
shipment of equipment to site. Evidence of such approval will be
presented to the Owner, prior to shipment of the equipment from the
factory.
7.1 Equipment and materials selected for the CLS project will reflect the
expected life span of 25 years and operating and environmental conditions
to be experienced.
7.2 Least capital cost will be the main governing criterion for selection of major
equipment such as transformers, switchgears, MCCs, motors and any
other electrical equipment.
7.3 In certain unique situations, such as in cases where the owner may have
required (and/or paid for) existing equipment, low loss transformers or high
efficiency motors, the economic criterion needs to expand beyond least
capital cost. In such cases, bidders will be evaluated on losses as follows:
[no load + load losses] * [$XXXXIkW] + capital cost.]
7.5 Switchgear, MCCs, switchboards, and control equipment will be fully rated
for short circuit duty. Series-rated, series-connected, or cascade-rated
equipment will not be used. Use of low voltage current limiting fuses to limit
short circuit duty and use of an approved combination motor controller that
is rated as an assembly will be permitted.
7.6 Maximum operating loads will be used in calculations for sizing electrical
power supply, distribution equipment and power cables. Maximum
operating load is the maximum demand including known future demand. In
new installations a minimum of 10% will be included for future demand.
Demand is the electrical load averaged over a one-hour period.
7.7 If actual load data is available, the maximum operating load used for
calculations involving portions of existing facilities will not exceed the
maximum 15 minute or 30 minute demand measured over a minimum of a
one-year period. Depending on the nature of the loads, the maximum
operating load may be substantially less than the total connected load.
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8.1 HV Switchgear
8.1.1 Existing HV switchgear from Preston substation will be used for CLS
facilities.
8.1.3 Spare circuit breaker and/or interrupter switch cubicles will be fully
equipped for future addition of circuit breakers and/or interrupter switches
without further modification to the assembly.
8.2.1 The main transformers will be outdoor, oil-immersed type, 3-phase delta
connected primary and wye connected solidly grounded secondary with
externally operated no-load full capacity tap changers on the high voltage
winding and metal oxide lightning arresters on the low voltage side.
8.2.4 The short circuit capacities of power systems can be controlled, within
limits, by the proper selection of transformer impedance. For example the
standard impedance for a 1000 kva, 25 kV/600 Volt transformer is 5.75%
- 50 -
8.2.6 The transformers will have output and impedance ratings and identical
vector groups suitable for operation in parallel.
8.2.7 Power transformers for outdoor locations will be oil immersed sealed tank
construction.
8.2.8 Transformers for indoor locations, supplying general service type loads
such as shops or office buildings, will be as follows:
8.2.9 Dry type transformers will be equipped with over-voltage protection when
connected to systems above 600 Volts.
8.2.10 For liquid filled transformers; the type of liquid preservation system will be
specified.
8.2.11 Enclosed terminals and connections are required for all power
transformers except as follows:
8.2.12 The use of transformers with open terminals and connections requires the
approval of Owner.
8.2.13 Power transformers without on-load tap changing will have four 2.5% full
capacity taps for de-energized operation. Taps will be arranged to have
an adjustment both up and down so that rated voltage may be obtained at
the secondary terminals when normal primary voltage is applied. For
average conditions, an arrangement of two taps above and two taps below
rated primary voltage is suitable. If the rated secondary voltage is the
same as the utilization device rated voltage, then all taps will be below
rated primary voltage. Tap changer will be externally operable from grade
level.
- 51 -
8.2.14 In radial distribution, primary-fused transformers 500 kVA and larger will
be protected against single-phasing by one of the following:
8.2.15 Fault pressure relaying (63) will be furnished on transformers larger than
1500 kVA where it is possible to trip primary breaker or controller.
8.2.16 Deletion of ground fault relaying on transformers smaller than 500 kVA
requires the approval of Owner.
8.2.20 The transformer neutral bus will be rated at 200% of the secondary full load
ampere rating to accommodate the large neutral currents resulting from
triplen harmonics and phase imbalance.
K-factor of 20 will be specified. In any case, the K-factor will not be less
than 13.
8.3.2 On new installations the short circuit capacity of the breakers and bus will
take into consideration future system growth. System studies will be
conducted to show future system growth capabilities.
8.3.3 Medium voltage circuit breakers have "nominal" MVA ratings for
identification. The actual MVA at operating voltage is always less than the
nominal rating. Published interrupting current only will be used.
8.3.4 600 Volts power circuit breakers are rated at 100% of their long time
rating. It is recommended that when sizing a new breaker’s feeder it be
sized for 100% of the breaker setting and the initial load be limited to 80%.
8.3.5 Main incoming breakers for radial substations fed directly at bus voltage
may be omitted under any of the following conditions:
8.3.6 Phase overcurrent relays or direct acting trip devices are required for all
substation main secondary and incoming breakers to provide main bus
fault protection. Ground fault overcurrent protection is also required for
breakers of substations with low resistance or solidly grounded neutrals.
8.3.7 Circuit breakers, switches and contactors whose load side terminals can
be energized when in the position from a source outside their own
switchgear or control center assembly will be identified by a legible
nameplate mounted on the front of their compartment.
8.3.8 Molded-case breakers used for branch circuit protection must have an
interrupting rating of at least 90% of the theoretically available symmetrical
fault current from all sources. The low-voltage motor contribution is
calculated as:
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8.3.9 Circuit breakers feeding electronic load equipment will be either thermal-
magnetic trip unit type or electronic trip unit type with true-RMS and peak
sensing.
8.4 Buses
8.4.1 Standard bus bracing has increased over the years especially at the 480
volt level. For example 65,000 amp bracing is the norm now in MCCs
while 22,000 amps was standard in years past. Bus bracing can be a
safety issue so it is important to have some extra margin.
8.4.2 When adding load to existing busses both the added current and any
increase in the short circuit level will be considered.
8.4.3 For buses between equipment of less than 1200 amps the cost of using
cable or cable bus will be compared.
8.5 Cables
8.5.1 Feeders to busses and power transformers above 600 volts will be sized
to withstand short circuit thermal stress without damage to the feeders.
The maximum short circuit level of the supply and clearing time of the
feeder protective device will be used to determine this condition. Cable at
600 V and below, and feeders to motors above 600 V, will not be
increased in size because of short circuit duty.
8.5.2 Motor feeders will have an ampacity not less than 1.25 times the motor full
load current and the minimum size will be 4 mm2 (No. 12 AWG).
8.5.3 Lighting feeders feeding lighting panels will have an ampacity not less than
the adjusted maximum demand of the load. The minimum size of branch
feeder will be 4 mm2 (No. 12 AWG).
8.5.5 Power cables will be rated for 90°C continuous conductor temperature,
130°C emergency overload temperature, and 250°C short-circuit
temperature. A cable rated at these conditions can withstand 90°C
continuously as well as emergency overload of 130°C for 100 hours in any
- 54 -
given 12 months and not more than 500 hours for the entire life of the
cable. The 250°C short-circuit rating is the temperature of the conductor
during a one second ground fault.
8.5.6 Cable ampacities will be based on the rated conductor temperature using
the applicable tables and derating factors from the CEC. Where the CEC
does not cover a specific application, such as with certain duct bank
configurations, the IEEE/ICEA tables and associated methods of derating
cables will be used. Required ampacities will be based on the following
loading criteria:
• Insulation – XLPE or PVC for 0 to 1,000 volts and EPR or XLPE for
1,000 volts to 35,000 volts
• Sheath-Steel Armour (aluminum armour is not acceptable)
• Shielding – Overall shield for 25 kV power cables.
– Individual pairs and overall shield for instrumentation
cables.
- 55 -
8.5.11 All cables utilizing #1 AWG and smaller conductors will be multi-conductor-
jacketed cables. Cables #1/0 AWG through #4/0 AWG will be multi-
conductor-jacketed cables. For conductors larger than #4/0 AWG, either
three parallel conductors or triplex cable will be specified.
8.5.13 All cables #1/0 AWG and larger will be specified with uncoated conductors
to take advantage of cost savings, lower conductor resistance and lower
cable weight.
8.5.14 Uncoated conductors whose ends (at the termination points) are exposed
to the atmosphere will form copper-oxides that can be identified by their
characteristic green coloration due to hydrogen sulphides and dull brown
appearance. Since for small size wires (#16 AWG and smaller) this
corrosion may be detrimental, these sizes will be specified as coated
conductors. It should be noted that this is the normal cable manufacturer
practice.
8.5.15 Cable bending radii will not be less than that recommended by the
manufacturer.
8.5.16 The number of conductors to be provided in each control cable will be such
that at least one spare conductor will be available for three conductors in
use and two spare conductors will be available for four or more conductors
in use. Motor control cables are an exception. Combination cables for
motor power and control are acceptable.
8.6.1 Motor control centers (MCC) are available with horizontal busses rated
from 600 to 2500 amps and vertical busses from 300 to 1200 amps. 800
amp horizontal bus and 300 amp vertical bus are commonly specified so
- 56 -
as not to concentrate too many motors on one bus. Front mounted only
MCCs come with 300 amp vertical bus standard while back-to-back
MCCs are normally supplied with 600 amp bus as standard. Most
manufactures supply 65,000 amp minimum bus bracing as standard.
8.6.3 Manually operated air-break starters locally mounted near motors and
supplied from separate circuit breakers are acceptable only for fractional
horsepower, single-phase motors in service where tripping on under-
voltage is not desired. Manual starters will be located in sight of and near
the motor in a position providing safe and convenient operation.
8.6.4 Motor starter circuit breakers will be rated to interrupt or safely close on the
system fault current.
8.6.5 Motor starter will be capable of interrupting motor locked rotor current.
8.6.6 An individual circuit breaker will be provided for each motor controlled by a
starter. An exception is that a common circuit breaker may be used to
supply starters for two or more motors under the following conditions,
provided that use of the common circuit breaker does not reduce the
flexibility of maintenance or operation:
8.6.7 All motor control centers will be specified as class 1 type B with type
enclosures.
- 57 -
8.7.2.2 The minimum selected size will be size one. Size one
starters are generally the smallest size starters used in
process plants and industrial environment. The difference in
cost between size 1 and 0 is too small to justify use of size 0.
8.8 Motors
8.8.1 Motors are sized by the driven equipment suppliers, but the motor
specification will address how fully loaded a motor may run.
8.8.2 A motor’s power factor and efficiency are highest at three-quarters to full
load. A motor’s life is greatly reduced by overloading. Motors generally
are sized to run at 85% to 100% of full load with the service factor not
used. It is common for the motors to be capable of running a pump with the
next larger size impeller and at the furthest point on the curve. This can
cause a pump motor to run lightly loaded. Load factors of 0.6 to 0.8 are
common under these circumstances. The sizing criteria will be
coordinated with Mechanical.
8.8.3 Motors used with solid-state drives need to be carefully coordinated with
the drive supplier. They will be supplied together. This is because of the
added heating caused by the harmonics of the drive system and loss of
cooling due to reduced fan speed. This is a particular concern where
motors are installed in hazardous areas.
8.8.4 Induction motors will be suitable for full voltage on line starting. Motors
larger than 188 kW will have provision for differential protection relay
(current transformer mounted within the terminal box).
8.8.5 Motors will generally be the squirrel-cage-induction type that are designed
for full voltage starting, except where the specific application dictates
otherwise. Generally, 600 V motors will be totally enclosed fan-cooled.
Weather-protected NEMA Type II enclosures will be provided for all
outdoor medium voltage motors.
8.8.6 Motors will be rated for continuous operation at full load, 1.0 service factor,
and at least a Class F insulation with a Class B temperature rise. Motors
may be stamped as 1.15 service factor as long as (maximum) brake
horsepower requirements do not exceed the 1.0 service factor rating.
8.8.7 Motors will produce starting torque to accelerate the connected machine to
rated speed at 90% of motor nameplate voltage rating without any thermal
or other damages.
8.8.9 Full voltage starting will be used for all motors providing the following
conditions are met:
8.10.1 UPS like all solid state devices have limited short circuit and overload
capabilities. In most UPS systems however this is not a problem since
- 60 -
they usually supply instrument loads. UPS will be sized initially for loading
at no more than 80% of capacity (125% of normal present plus future
planned loads) since they support important security, reliability and safety
of loads. Short time peak loads will be limited to 90% of system capacity.
8.10.2 The neutrals will be oversized to handle loads where harmonics are
present.
8.10.3 Transient voltage depressions to 80% of rated supply voltage will not affect
the performance of the equipment.
8.10.4 The rectifier will be a static power converter, constant voltage, and current
limiting full wave thyristor controlled converter.
8.10.5 Cooling will be by natural circulation. The converter will be equipped with
output filters allowing for load to be supplied without exceeding limits for
ripple when the batteries are disconnected.
8.10.6 Rectifier control circuits will monitor the output voltage and maintain a
constant preset voltage output under float or boost conditions. Control will
also prevent against overloading.
8.10.7 The rated output current of the rectifier will equal the inverter load plus the
battery charger current allowing for 80% capacity in 8 hours from a
discharged condition.
8.10.10 The inverter will not exceed a frequency deviation of ± 0.5 Hz with a source
limit of ± 1.0 Hz. With stabilized input, source inverter output will not
exceed 0.5 Hz per second rate of change.
8.11.1 Existing batteries from Preston Substation will be used for the control of 25
kV switchgear.
8.11.3 Batteries will not be subjected to ambient temperature greater than 45°C
or less than the freezing point of the electrolyte or 10°C whichever is less.
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8.11.5 A typical figure for natural room ventilation will be assumed as 2.5 air
changes per hour.
8.11.6 In the absence of Vendor data for gas generation rate of battery and float
current in amperes, it will be assumed that:
• One (1) ampere-hour of overcharge breaks down 0.366 cm3 of water.
• One (1) cm3 of water produces 1.865 liters of gas in the proportion of
two-third (2/3) hydrogen and one-third (1/3) oxygen.
• Thus one (1) ampere-hour of overcharge produces 0.45 liters of
hydrogen.
• Therefore, the volume of hydrogen evolved from a battery per hour
equals number of cells multiplied by charge current multiplied by 0.45
liters or number of cells multiplied by charge current multiplied by
0.00045 m3.
8.12.1 Standby generator intended for use with electronic load equipment will be
specified to meet IEEE Standard 446 requirements.
8.12.2 Standby generator systems generally have much higher impedance than
the utility system and therefore, voltage waveform distortion typically
increases when loads are fed by the standby generator power. Standby
generator when supplying non-linear loads, will be specified to have the
following characteristics to minimize adverse interactions:
• Isochronous electronic governor to regulate frequency. These
governors typically maintain frequency regulation within 0.25% of the
setting as opposed to approximately 3% for mechanical governors.
• Permanent magnet excitation system or filtering means to isolate
the voltage regulator power circuit from the distorted waveform.
• Generator with ? pitch stator winding design to minimize third
harmonic waveform distortion.
• Low subtransient reactance to minimize voltage waveform
distortion.
- 62 -
9.1 General
9.1.2 Short circuit calculations will indicate that all distribution equipment is
suitable for continuous operation at full load and will be capable of
withstanding thermal and electromagnetic forces due to short circuit and
fault conditions.
9.2.1 A Short Circuit Study will be performed to cover three phase, single line to
ground, line to line, and line to line to ground faults in time frames of first
cycle, one to four cycles and 30 cycles. The Short Circuit Study will focus
on:
9.2.2 Short circuit studies will be performed assuming the maximum ultimate
transient fault-current availability or minimum ultimate source impedance.
9.2.3 The maximum short-circuit current will be limited to a value no greater than
95 percent (90 percent during preliminary design) of the fault current rating
at the point of common coupling assuming the following conditions:
9.2.4 Values obtained from worst-case analysis will be used to size and
purchase electrical equipment.
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9.2.5 Unless load flow analysis or actual system operating practices dictates
differently, all transformer tap settings will be assumed to be at the mid-
point.
9.4.1 Motor Starting Study will be completed using both static and dynamic
motor starting models to cover:
9.6.3 Relay and fuse co-ordination studies will be performed to include all
protection time/current characteristic devices from the largest single
protective device connected to the low voltage main distribution bus (600
V), up to and including the incoming power supply protective devices (25
kV).
9.6.4 Existing protective device settings for 480 V main feeders will be reviewed
and verified for correctness of settings and to identify possible mis-
coordinations and areas where coordination can be improved.
Appendix A Abbreviations
Appendix B Glossary
Appendix A – Abbreviations
1.0 The following abbreviations referenced throughout this design criteria will
be used for documents, equipment and devices:
AC Alternating Current
AI Analog Input
ALM Alarm
Amp Ampere
AO Analog Output
DC Direct Current
DCS Distributed Control System
DI Digital Input
DO Digital Output
ESD Emergency Shut-Down
FD Fire Detection
HOA Hand-Off-Auto
HP Horse Power
HVAC Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning
Hz Hertz
I/O Input and Output
ICS Integrated Control System
IND Indicator (meter, display)
KW Kilowatt
KWH Kilowatt-Hour
LAN Local Area Network
mA Milli-Ampere
MW Megawatt
PF Power Factor
PSD Process Shut-Down
PTT Push to Test
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SI International System of Units
SIS Safety Interlock System
SUB Substation
V Volts
VHF Very High Frequency
-2-
BL Beamline
ES End Station
M Mirror
MNC Monochromator
A Ammeter
ALM Alarm
ASW Ammeter Switch
BAT Battery
BRK Breaker
C Cable (has special numbering)
CRA Crate (CAMAC, NIM, VME, VXI, etc.)
CT Current Transformer
CTY Cable Tray
DCN Disconnect
DPNL Distribution Panel
EG Emergency Generator
ESP Electrical Submersible Pump
ENC Enclosure (contactor, fuse,starter, switch)
FDI Ionization Smoke Detector Head
-3-
AC Air Conditioner
AHU Air Handling Unit
-4-
CH Chiller
CMP Air Compressor
CV Control Valve
DR Air Dryer
DX Direct Expansion Chiller Unit
EXT Expansion Tank
F Fan
FC Fan Coil
FCV Flow Control Valve
FLM Flow Meter
FLT Flow Transducer
HE Heat Exchanger
MV Manual Valve
PCV Pressure Control Valve
PM Pressure Meter
PT Pressure Transducer
STR Strainer
VNT Vent
WP Water Pump
ABS Absorber
AS Accelerator Section
B Bending Magnet (dipole or septum)
BMP Bump Magnet
BST Beam Stop (electron or photon)
CHP Chopper
CL Collimator
CLH Collimator (horizontal)
CLV Collimator (vertical)
GUN Gun
ID Insertion Device
K Kicker Magnet
OC Orbit Corrector (horizontal & vertical)
OCH Orbit Corrector (horizontal)
OCV Orbit Corrector (vertical)
-5-
QD Quadruple Defocusing
QF Quadruple Focusing
QFA Quadruple Focusing (family A)
QFB Quadruple Focusing (family B)
QFC Quadruple Focusing (family C)
SAO Sextupole With Orbit Corrector (family A)
SBO Sextupole With Orbit Corrector (family B)
SD Sextuple Defocusing
SF Sextuple Focusing
SOL Solenoid Magnet
ST Steering Magnet (horizontal & vertical)
STH Steering Magnet (horizontal)
STV Steering Magnet (vertical)
VD Video Deflector
1.2.7 Radio Frequency Equipment
ATN Attenuator
BNH Buncher
CAV RF Cavity
CIR Circulator
DCR Directional Coupler
ENV RF Envelope Detector
KLY Klystron
MOD Modulator
PHD RF Phase Detector
PHS Phase Shifter
RFL RF Load
SHB Subharmonic Buncher
SWR RF Switch
WG WaveGuide
WGH WaveGuide Hybrid (Magic T, etc.)
BLW Bellows
CCG Cold Cathode Gauge
CRV Cryogenic Valve
CVG Convection Gauge
CYP Cryogenic Pump
FV Fast Valve
FVS Fast Valve Sensor
HCG Hot Cathode Gauge
IOG Ion gauge
IOP Ion Pump
RGA Residual Gas Analyzer
RP Roughing Port
-6-
Appendix B – Glossary
1.1 Clean Power – power source which serves electronic load equipment,
where the current flow over the grounding system (multiple ground points)
is controlled to eliminate potential difference between grounding points.
1.3 Demand Factor – the ratio of the maximum demand of a system or part
of a system, to the total connected load of the system or part of the system,
under consideration.
1.4 Dirty Power - power source that serves general loads such as lighting,
heating, ventilation, air conditioning and process cooling equipment. The
current flow over the grounding system is uncontrolled due to multiple
ground paths.
1.5 Diversity Factor – the ratio of the maximum demand of the load as a
whole, measured at its supply point, to the sum of the maximum demands
of the component parts of the load.
1.6 Firm Load Data – the load data derived from actual equipment
performance characteristics and duty cycles.
1.8 Load Factor – the ratio of the average load over a designated period of
time to the peak load occurring in that period.
1.9 Power Tray – any tray that contains a circuit that will be energized for
continuous operation (it is not intermittent like a motor operated valve) and
has either a current of 10 A or more or a voltage of 150 V or more AC or
DC.
2.2 Usable Tray Depth – the inside dimension of the tray from the top of the
rung (cable bearing surface) to the top of the tray siderail.
2.3 Dedicated Circuit – a circuit that has a separate neutral conductor for the
circuit, has one or more devices connected to it, and has an equipment-
grounding conductor that may or may not be common to other circuits.
2.4 Shared Circuit – a circuit that shares phase and/or neutral conductors.
All quantities will be reported using International System of Units (SI) in accordance
with Canadian Metric Practice “CAN3-Z234.1”. For key items, numbers will be
presented first in SI units followed by their equivalent values in English units shown
in parenthesis. The SI units for most commonly used quantities are given below,
along with the conversions to English units where applicable.
UNITS OF MEASURE
Multiply by to obtain
Quantity SI Units English Units
Frequency Hz --------- Hz
Electric Current A --------- A
Electric Charge C --------- C
Electric Potential V --------- V
Electric Capacitance F --------- F
Electric Resistance Ω --------- Ω
Electric Conductance S --------- S
Magnetic Flux Wb --------- Wb
Magnetic Flux Density T --------- T
Inductance H --------- H
Luminous Flux lm --------- lm
Illuminance lx 0.0929 ft-candle
Noise dB --------- dB
Rotational Speed rpm --------- rpm
Soil Resistivity ohm -cm 0.3937 ohm -in
Area ha 2.4711 acres
Dimensions M2 10.7639 ft2
m 3.2808 ft
mm 0.0394 in