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REVISION CONTROL

Internal Review

Issued for Client Review

Issued for Construction

REVISION HISTORY

Revision Pages Revised Remarks

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................... 4

2.0 STANDARDS AND CODES ......................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Government Acts, By-Laws and Regulations ................................................................................ 4
2.2 Australian Standards ..................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 International Standards ................................................................................................................. 4
2.4 Regulations and Statutory Authorities ........................................................................................... 5
2.5 Project Relevant Document ........................................................................................................... 5
2.6 Precedence ................................................................................................................................... 5
2.7 Units .............................................................................................................................................. 6
2.8 Language ....................................................................................................................................... 6
3.0 GENERAL PIPING DESIGN REQUIREMENTS........................................................................... 6
3.1 Site Conditions .............................................................................................................................. 6
3.2 Fluid Properties ............................................................................................................................. 7
3.3 Life of Plant .................................................................................................................................... 7
3.4 Design Loads................................................................................................................................. 7
3.4.1 General ..................................................................................................................................... 7
3.4.2 Pressure Vessel Design Loads ................................................................................................ 7
3.5 Hazard Reduction .......................................................................................................................... 8
3.5.1 Noise Levels ............................................................................................................................. 8
3.5.2 Vibration Control....................................................................................................................... 8
3.5.3 Surface Temperature ............................................................................................................... 8
3.5.4 Interlocks .................................................................................................................................. 8
3.5.5 Guards ...................................................................................................................................... 8
3.5.6 Lifting, Accessibility and Maintenance ..................................................................................... 8
3.6 Packaged Plant ............................................................................................................................. 8
3.7 Welding .......................................................................................................................................... 9
3.8 Bolts, Studs, Nuts and Washers .................................................................................................... 9
3.9 Surface Protection ......................................................................................................................... 9
3.10 Preparation for Shipment .............................................................................................................. 9
4.0 PIPING ........................................................................................................................................ 10
4.1 Piping Materials ........................................................................................................................... 10
4.2 Design Requirement .................................................................................................................... 10
4.2.1 Piping Design Definitions ....................................................................................................... 10
4.2.2 Wall Thickness ....................................................................................................................... 10
4.2.3 Line Sizing .............................................................................................................................. 10
4.2.4 Piping Layout .......................................................................................................................... 12
4.2.5 Flanged Connections ............................................................................................................. 12
4.2.6 Insulation ................................................................................................................................ 12
4.2.7 Valve Access .......................................................................................................................... 13
4.2.8 Services and Utilities .............................................................................................................. 13
4.2.9 Pipe Support ........................................................................................................................... 13
4.2.10 Pipe Racks ............................................................................................................................. 14
4.2.11 Buried Piping .......................................................................................................................... 14
4.2.12 Clearances ............................................................................................................................. 15
4.3 Installation and Maintenance Considerations ............................................................................. 15
4.3.1 Connection at Equipment ....................................................................................................... 15
4.3.2 Field Welds............................................................................................................................. 16
4.3.3 ID and Tagging ....................................................................................................................... 16
4.3.4 Access, Maintenance and Safety ........................................................................................... 16

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1.0 SCOPE
These criteria govern the development of the piping systems design for the requirement, installation and
maintenance associated with the Seruyung Gold Project for J. Resources, located in East Kalimantan,
Indonesia. It is intended to establish a common basis for piping systems design and to set a minimum
engineering standard for piping systems to be used for the project.

2.0 STANDARDS AND CODES

2.1 Government Acts, By-Laws and Regulations
The equipment and materials supplied under this Specification shall comply in design, construction and
performance with the latest revision of all relevant Australian Standards and SAA Codes or in their
absence with relevant ISO, US or British Standards together with the requirements of Statutory
Authorities having jurisdiction over all or part of their manufacture, installation and operation.
In the event of differences between codes and/or standards, the most stringent code or standard shall
apply. Whenever reference is made to a specific code or standard, it shall be understood that the latest
edition of such reference, as of the date of contract award, shall apply.

2.2 Australian Standards

The design of piping shall be based on the applicable parts of the latest revision of the following codes,
specifications, standards, regulations unless written approval is obtained to substitute alternate
documents.
CODE DESCRIPTION
AS 1000 The international system of units (SI) and its application
AS 1065 Non-destructive Testing - Ultrasonic Testing of Carbon and Low Alloy Steel
Forgings.
AS 1210 Pressure Vessels
AS 1318 SAA Industrial Safety Colour Code.
AS 1319 Safety Signs for the Occupational Environment.
AS 1366 Rigid Cellular Plastic Sheets for Thermal Insulation
AS 1657 Fixed Platforms, Walkways, Stairways and Ladders - Design, Construction and
Installation.
AS 2177 Non-destructive Testing - Radiography of Welded Butt Joints in Metal.
AS 2207 Non-destructive Testing - Ultrasonic Testing of Fusion Welded Joints in Carbon
and Low Alloy Steel.
AS 2419 Fire Hydrant installation
AS 2430 Classification of Hazardous Areas.
AS 2462 Cellulosic Fibre Thermal Insulation
AS2528 Bolts, Stud bolts & Nuts for Flanges and Other High and Low Temperature
Applications
AS 2700 Colour Standards for General Purposes.
AS 2788 Pneumatic Fluid Power – General Requirements for Systems.
AS 4426 Thermal Insulation of Pipework, Ductwork and Equipment – Selection,
Installation and Finish

2.3 International Standards

CODE DESCRIPTION
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

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ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

ASME B16.20 Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
ASME B16.25 Buttwelding End
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
ASME Sect II Part C Specification for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals
ASME Sect V Nondestructive Examination
ASME Sect IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications
AS 4130 Polyethylene (PE) Pipes for Pressure Applications.
AS 4131 Polyethylene (PE) Compounds for Pressure Pipes and Fittings.
ISO 4427 Plastics piping systems — Polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings for water supply
ASME VIII, Div 1 Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM Standard Specifications PE (Polyethylene) Piping System
AWS American Welding Society
ISA International Society of Automation
NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

2.4 Regulations and Statutory Authorities

All equipment must comply with the requirements of the Regulatory Authorities of the States/Provinces
of the Country in which the equipment is to be installed and operated.

2.5 Project Relevant Document

DOCUMENT NUMBER
101032-0000-45EC-0001
101032-0000-45EG-0001
101032-0000-47EC-0001
101032-0000-48EC-0001
101032-0000-42EC-0001
MSP-ST-18
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
Design Criteria for Mechanical
Standard Specification - Equipment Numbering
Technical Specification Design Criteria - Electrical
Design Criteria For Instrumentation
Technical Specification for Design Criteria Structural
Local Document – Technical Specification for Guard

2.6 Precedence
The following precedence shall be applied with regards Technical Standards:
• Government Acts, Codes and Regulations of the statutory authorities having jurisdiction over this
facility
• Material Equipment Specifications
• This Specification
• Standard Specifications
• Australian Standards
• International Standards
In the event of conflict between or with parts of the documents referred to above, the most stringent
standards shall take precedence.
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Regulations, codes, or standards may be subject to revision, amendment or substitution during the
course of the project. If this occurs, the Vendor shall take appropriate action to ensure compliance with
the latest revisions, if deemed necessary. Approval shall be obtained in writing from the Manager for all
actions taken.
The Vendor shall advise of any non-conformance to the codes and standards listed, and shall give the
Manager written notification specifying the reason for the non-conformance and requesting
direction/approval prior to any work commencing.

2.7 Units
All calculations in the design briefs are in the SI (metric) system, in accordance with IEE/ASTM SI 10,
Standard Practice for Use of the International System of SI units. A period, not a comma, is used as the
decimal marker. A comma (with no small space) is used to separate groups of three integers.
All drawings, calculations, maintenance and operating manuals, gauges, and labels shall use SI units.
Where existing drawings are to be updated, the units used on the original drawing will be adopted.

2.8 Language
All Project deliverables and data shall be produced and supplied in the ENGLISH language.
Any deliverables or data which is supplied to the Purchaser in any language other than the ENGLISH
language will be returned for rectification and resubmission.

3.0 GENERAL PIPING DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

The piping systems shall be designed to the duty, service and operating conditions set out in the
Technical Specification(s) and Equipment Datasheet(s), with special emphasis on safety, efficiency,
reliability, operability and maintainability.
The piping systems shall be designed with due regard to manufacture, erection, inspection, testing,
cleaning, maintenance, repair and satisfactory operation under such variations to the working conditions
as are likely to be encountered.
Equipment shall be designed for unprotected outdoor operation under all weather conditions, unless
specified otherwise.
Provision shall be made for collection of process contaminants and dangerous fluids in drip trays for
subsequent removal through drain points.
All piping material will be design based on the maximum loading conditions taking into account the
appropriate service factor.
Quality, reliability, maintenance requirements, spare parts, availability, and cost of the piping will be the
main consideration in piping design and selection.

3.1 Site Conditions

Location : Seruyung, East Kalimantan
Altitute : 500 m MSL
Ambient Pressure : 96.6 kPa absolute
Ambient temperature – daily max. : 36°C
Ambient temperature – daily min. : 22.5°C
Relative humidity : 85%
Rainfall : 3400 mm / year
Evaporation rate : 680 mm / year
Seismic Activity classification : Zone 2

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3.2 Fluid Properties

In accordance with Mass Balance Stream Tables, 101032-0000-49D1-0001 – 101032-0000-49D1-0009.

3.3 Life of Plant

Piping systems shall be design for a minimum plant life of 10 years.

3.4 Design Loads

3.4.1 General
Design loads for piping systems shall be the most adverse combination of loading and shall include, but
may not necessarily be limited to the following:
• Dead, live, wind and earthquake loads in accordance with 101032-0000-42EC-0001 Design
Criteria Structural.
• Pressure induced loads
• Loads applied by machine action (e.g., vibration, torque, thrust)
• Loading produced by expansion or contraction of materials of construction

3.4.2 Pressure Vessel Design Loads

Design loads for horizontal and vertical pressure vessels (including elution column, heat exchangers
and filters) shall be the most adverse combination of loading under the following four load cases:
3.4.2.1. Normal Operation Case
Combined load under the condition of common action of the following loads:
• Inner or outer pressure at design temperature;
• Operating weight;
• Thermal force, if any;
• Wind load and seismic load (if code requires);
• Additional load (piping etc.)
3.4.2.2. Erection Case
Combined load under the condition that the following loads act simultaneously:
• Erection load
• Wind load or seismic load
3.4.2.3. Shut-down Case
Combined load under the condition that the following loads act simultaneously:
• Operating weight
• Wind load or earth-quake load
3.4.2.4. Test Case
Combined load under the condition that the following loads act simultaneously:
• Operating weight with water inventory
• Wind load
• Pressure test

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3.5 Hazard Reduction

3.5.1 Noise Levels

Noise level shall refer to 101032-0000-45EC-0001 Design Criteria – Mechanical.

3.5.2 Vibration Control

In cases where rotating or vibrating machinery must be located on structural steel supports, take care to
isolate equipment vibrations from piping, ducting, or other resonating material. Use isolation mounts
and/or flexible joints.

3.5.3 Surface Temperature

Pipework/insulation surface temperature shall be limited to 60°C nominal in operator areas.

3.5.4 Interlocks
Personnel and equipment safety interlocks and safety lockouts shall ensure that maintenance can be
accomplished without danger to personnel or equipment.
Personnel and equipment interlocks shall be hard wired.

3.5.5 Guards
All potentially dangerous items of equipment shall be guarded.
All exposed moving parts of machinery including all couplings and drives shall be guarded. Where
practical, inspection openings shall be provided.
General guarding shall be designed in accordance with AS4024 – Safeguarding of Machinery. Mesh-
guards for conveyors shall be constructed in accordance with AS 1755.
Guards shall be designed to facilitate manual installation and removal and shall be hinged where
practical. Where practical, guards shall be fixed in position using wedges. Wedges shall be secured
with loose chains welded to the guard or equipment. Any single guard panel (dimension or mass) shall
not exceed either 2.0 m or 25 kg, whichever is the greater. Provision shall be made for at least one bolt
per guard panel to deter unauthorised removal of guards.
All guards shall comply with the relevant statutory requirements.

3.5.6 Lifting, Accessibility and Maintenance

Individual components likely to be removed during maintenance shall be provided with readily
accessible lifting lugs, eyes, sling points or skids as appropriate.
Design of all equipment shall give maximum accessibility to moving, wearing and corroding parts for
inspection and maintenance or replacement.
Any special devices and special lifting tackle necessary for the maintenance of the plant shall be
supplied.

3.6 Packaged Plant

The complete package shall preferably be designed to be included on a single skid subject to
transportation limitations.
Where the dimensions of the package preclude assembly onto a single skid, the base shall be split at
suitable locations and the sections bolted and dowelled together. Piping connecting equipment on
either side of the split line shall be made removable to minimise the provision of extra flanges at the split
line.
Piping connections shall terminate with a flange inside the skid boundary. Drains, vents, utilities and
other multiple connections shall be manifold to a single connection per service at the skid boundary.
All piping terminations shall be located on one side of the skid. The elevation of the nozzles, unless
impractical, shall be no less than 1200 mm from the underside of the skid base.
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Skid boundary terminations shall be grouped to facilitate connection to external pipe racks, cable trays
and trenches.
Equipment, piping, cables and instrumentation shall be laid out to allow adequate access for operations
and maintenance and shall take into account space required for lifting the skid as complete unit or for
removal of individual equipment to minimise unnecessary disassembly.
Walkways, ladders and elevated platforms complete with cages and handrails shall be provided for
equipment which is not accessible for operation or maintenance from grade at the skid boundary.
The skid base shall be designed to accommodate static, transient and dynamic loads occurring during
fabrication, shipping, installation, operation and maintenance. The skid base shall be flat, suitable for
mounting on a concrete foundation.
The layout and design of packaged plant shall consider safety, the environment, ease of operation,
housekeeping, sampling, maintenance and process requirements. Adequate space and access shall be
provided for these purposes whilst maintaining a compact foot print.

3.7 Welding
All welding test required on piping, special equipment or pressure vessels shall include the
corresponding certification for non-destructive tests and assays performed on such equipment.

3.8 Bolts, Studs, Nuts and Washers

Bolts, studs, nuts and washers shall comply with ASTM Standards.
Material bolts, studs, nuts and washers refer to Piping Material Class, 101032-0000-46EG-0001.
Bolt holes shall be drilled or punched not flame cut.
Bolting tightening as per manufacturer standard.

3.9 Surface Protection

Unless specified otherwise:
• Other corrosion prone surfaces of the equipment and materials, including submerged surfaces,
shall be shop finished with approved permanent surface protection systems to suit the specified
operating conditions.

3.10 Preparation for Shipment

All equipment shall be suitably protected to prevent damage during transport, storage, loading and
unloading.
Equipment subject to damage due to vibration such as protective relays, plug-in relays, instrumentation
and the like shall be removed and separately packed in clearly marked packages.
All components shall be suitably marked to facilitate assembly. When similar but not identical
components are used they shall also be suitably marked to obviate incorrect assembly.

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4.0 PIPING
When establishing maximum and minimum values for design temperatures and pressures, abnormal
conditions such as fluid density fluctuation, steam-out, auto refrigeration, start-up and shut-down shall
be taken into consideration.
Where a line of higher pressure/ temperature rating connects to a line of lower rating, the higher rating
will prevail up to, and including, the first isolation valve.
Piping systems, that are valved at their extremities and incorporate a source of pressure, shall be
designed throughout for the maximum pressure involved or be protected by a suitable relief valve.
Provide pressure relief valves, where required.

4.1 Piping Materials

All piping material shall refer to Piping Material Class, 101032-0000-46EG-0001.
Aluminium pipe or tube shall not be considered in piping design. The Polyethylene Pipe (PE) and fitting
shall be in accordance with the applicable part of ISO 4427.

4.2 Design Requirement

4.2.1 Piping Design Definitions

Design Pressure (DP) - DP for pipe shall be the highest pressure according to the following:
The maximum continuous operating pressure as defined by process requirements (not less than a DP
minimum of 100 kPa).
Vapour pressure of the commodity in the pipe at maximum design temperature (unless protected by a
pressure-relieving device)
The set pressure of a pressure-relieving device located on the pipeline for the specific purpose of
protecting that pipeline shown on P&ID.
The maximum pump shutoff or blocked-in discharge pressure, based on maximum fluid density
Design Temperature (DT) - The design temperature will be the maximum continuous operating
temperature as defined by process requirements. Piping design temperatures will be consistent system
wide.

4.2.2 Wall Thickness

Carbon steel piping shall refer to ASME B.31.1 Pressure Piping. Polyethylene piping shall refer to ISO
4427-2 Plastics Piping Systems – Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for Water Supply.

4.2.3 Line Sizing

In general, line sizing will be based on the following:
• Available pressure drop and power considerations
• Velocity limitations to minimize erosion/noise
• Economics
• Historic data for similar projects
• Maximum safe velocity (i.e. oxygen in carbon steel).
The Owner and Vendor will agree on acceptable velocity ranges for piping, for each fluid.
The Vendor will work in close Vendor with the Owner’s process engineer and prospective pump
suppliers to optimise piping design.
Points to consider in selecting pipe line size include:
• Pumping power
• Abrasive wear rate
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• Frothing factors
• Settling/sanding potential and particle size distribution
• Pressure heads (cyclones, autoclaves, etc.)
• Piping material characteristics
• Fluid characteristics of water
• Most appropriate pipe friction loss formula.
In the absence of suitable test work values, the following velocity ranges shall apply for preliminary
design calculations. The Vendor shall confirm the actual values to be used in final calculations.
The minimum size of process piping shall be DN 25. For lined, the minimum size shall be DN 50.
Vent, drain and lube oil piping may be a minimum of DN 15.
Pipes and fittings in size DN 32, DN 90, DN 125 and DN 175 shall be avoided.
For piping in scaling services an allowance for scale build-up will be used in Vendor with owner’s
process engineer.
Line-sizing calculations for gases and vapours will be based upon normal operating flow quantities.
Special attention will be paid to gas/vapour header size selection, to ensure that reasonable average
flow rates are developed from a branch by branch analysis of loads (flow, duration, pressures, etc.)
Pump suction line will be at least one size larger than pump suction flange size.

FLOW VELOCITY GUIDE m/s

FLUID TYPE DN50 to DN100 DN150 to DN250 DN300 to DN400 DN450 to DN750
min max min max min max min max
LIQUIDS
Pump Suction 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.7 1.8 2.3
Pump Discharge 1.2 2 2.1 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 4.6
Pump Discharge
1.2 1.5 1.8 2
Flocculant
Pump Discharge
Organic
Pump Discharge
0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0
Fuel/Lube Oil
Gravity 1.2 1.5 1.8 2
SLURRIES
Pump Suction 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.8 2.3
Pump Discharge 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.4 2.3 3 2.6 3.8
Gravity - Non Settling
1.2 1.5 1.8 2
Slurry
Gravity - Settling Slurry Settling Velocity + 15% minimum
AIR and GAS
Unfiltered 8 20 8 25 8 30 8 35
Filtered to 3 µm 20 45 40 55
VACUUM 22 27 30 33

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4.2.4 Piping Layout

Pockets will be avoided in all lines where possible, particularly those containing corrosive chemicals,
slimes and materials which congeal or solidify at ambient temperatures.
Piping will be run in an orderly manner and pipes will be grouped wherever possible. The arrangement
will be economically sound, safe, and allow operations and maintenance to be carried out with a
minimum of effort. The design will provide for economy in the location of pipe supports, with the larger
pipes routed for flexibility and streamline flow and the smaller piping following the routing of the larger
lines.
Layout will be rectilinear except where gravity flows (or other critical flows) and low differential pressures
demand the shortest possible direct runs.
All process lines within buildings or structures will be designed and installed with a continuous slope that
will allow drainage to a designated vessel or sewer.
Piping will not be routed through electrical switchgear rooms. Screwed fittings, mechanical joints,
flanges and valves will not be located above electrical equipment.
Pipes that penetrate the walls of buildings or elevated floors and platforms will be run through sleeves.
Sleeves located in platforms or floors will project at least 100 mm above the finished floor.
Pipes that penetrate exterior walls will be provided with weather-tight flashing. Provide fire stops as
required, on all interior wall penetrations.
Piping systems will be designed to allow for expansion and contraction, and ease of supporting.
Expansion effects due to exposure to direct sunlight must be considered on large outside lines.
Inherent flexibility in the piping arrangement will be preferred to any type of expansion joint. Expansion
joints will not be used unless absolutely necessary and only after review and approval by Owner.
A detailed review will be carried out during the piping layout/arrangement stage to define requirements
for vents and drains.
In general, vents will be provided at high points and drains at low points.
All live steam and heated water branch lines will be valved at the main supply header and another block
valve will be located at the equipment.
All take-offs from horizontal steam lines will be from the top of the line.

4.2.5 Flanged Connections

Flanged connections shall be minimised but shall be provided for following applications:
• Scaling services where frequent dismantling for cleaning is required;
• Removable spools required for isolation and maintenance of equipment;
• For joining of dissimilar pipe materials;
• Take-off points from main utility headers;
• Battery limits for the scope of supply for equipment and packaged items and future tie-in
connections;
• Piping systems with flanged spools, bends and fittings shall, where practical, have standardised
dimensional details to enable interchange and common sparing.
• All flanges detail specification shall refer to ASME B16.5

4.2.6 Insulation
Lines which require insulation and cladding for heat conservation, solar protection and personnel
protection are nominated on the piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). Insulation thickness and
cladding details shall conform to the manufacturer’s standards.
o
Potable water lines shall be insulated where necessary to ensure water temperature is less than 35 C.
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Insulation on nominated critical lines shall be provided with removable plugs to enable pipe wall
thickness testing to be completed. Locations shall be specified on detail drawings.

4.2.7 Valve Access

Valves, either operating or non-operating, shall be installed, as far as practicable, in an accessible
location such as ground, fixed platform and fixed ladder. Installation of valves at location such as
mobile platform or mobile ladder is not recommended.
For sample collection valves, the length of the sample collection piping shall be minimized.
Valves on the pipe rack are not recommended and shall be avoided. In situations where this is
unavoidable, fixed platforms and ladders shall be provided for access, depending on location and the
operational requirements.

4.2.8 Services and Utilities

Water supply lines to fire hoses will be “looped” so that each hose is fed from two directions.
Service hose stations will supply plant air and water. They shall be provided at all working levels so that
each area can be reached with a max 15 m length of hose.
Utility lines for hose stations shall be DN 25 minimum and furnished with valves.
For cooling water system in areas subject to freezing, provisions must be made for circulating (ring
main) any lines that cannot be blocked off and drained.
Drains are not to be provided on the dead end portion of lines. Equipment such as coolers etc. must be
erected in such a manner that the tubes can be drained clear by gravity, or provision made so that they
can be blown clear of water.
The service air systems shall be sized to provide capacity for air-operated tools, cleaning, etc.
All air lines shall be installed overhead and will be designed to avoid oil and condensate pockets.
Air piping systems are to be designed for good drainage. Provide drain valves, condensate removal
and drip legs at the low points of systems: Branch connection to take-off from the top of the header.

4.2.9 Pipe Support

On projects where piping systems convey ambient temperature fluids, selection and installation of pipe
supports will normally be the responsibility of the Vendor.
In such cases, the Vendor will provide:
• Pipe support standards (based on catalogue components)
• Piping arrangements that permit supports to be installed from building steel, or
• Auxiliary pipe support structure (racks, miscellaneous steel, etc.) design to accommodate standard
supports.
For all other (non-ambient) piping systems, the Vendor will be responsible for flexibility analysis and
pipe support design/specification.
In such cases, the following will apply:
4.2.9.1. Supports will be provided for all piping. They will carry the weight of the piping system
while allowing freedom for thermal expansion.
4.2.9.2. Supports will be arranged and designed to prevent excessive stresses and deflections in
the piping and to relieve equipment of undesirable forces and moments.
4.2.9.3. Lines up to DN 50 diameter in a bank of larger lines may be supported from them so that
the support spacing is not governed by the maximum allowable span of the smaller pipes.
4.2.9.4. Supports shall be designed for full loading from hydrostatic testing.
4.2.9.5. The deflection of a pipe spanning two supports will not be such that fluid could collect at
the lowest point of the span.

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4.2.9.6. Anchors and guides will be provided and located to control the magnitude of forces and
moments on branches and equipment.
4.2.9.7. Anchors and guides will be provided and located in pipe runs incorporating expansion
loops or joints as required to control flexure and pressure effects.
4.2.9.8. Lines at tall vertical vessels will be run so as to be guided and supported from the steel
structure around the vessel.
4.2.9.9. Piping to horizontal vessels and heat exchangers shall be supported from the steel
structure around the vessel.
4.2.9.10. Pipes subject to vibration (e.g., compressor and reciprocating pump piping, mixed phase
line, where slugging can occur, etc.) will be supported independently.
4.2.9.11. The welding of shoes or other attachments shall not be permitted on any type of lined pipe
after the lining has been installed.
4.2.9.12. Compressor headers will be anchored and guided to eliminate excessive vibrations in
piping or building structures, allowing for thermal expansion.
4.2.9.13. Piping at tanks will be supported with adequate flexibility to compensate for expansion,
radial movement and settlement of tanks.

4.2.10 Pipe Racks

Pipe rack layout shall provided for a nominal 15% excess space on each level for design contingency.
Sufficient space shall be provided on the pipe rack for running cable trays. Additional space for future
expansion shall only be considered if required.
Pipes shall be distributed evenly on multilevel pipe racks to avoid congestion in one level and excess
space on another. The width of a multilevel pipe rack shall be based on the widest level rack required.
In a multilevel pipe rack, process lines shall be located on the lower levels and utility and services lines
shall be placed on the upper levels to minimize the wind load. Process lines with entry or exit to
equipment that is above the upper level can be placed on the upper level.
To facilitate the crossover of lines in pipe racks running north / south with lines in pipe racks running
east / west, the elevations of the north / south and west / east pipe racks shall intersect midway
between deck levels. Pipe levels shall be raised or lowered at the change in direction.
Large diameter or heavy lines shall be located adjacent to pipe rack columns.
Lines entering or leaving the rack shall allow for installation of other lines. Horizontal turns or branch
connections out of a pipe rack shall be avoided.
Lines running in pipe racks shall not be sloped from drainage unless specifically requested. Process
lines, which require continuous slope, shall be located adjacent to pipe rack support columns and can
be supported on variable height shoes. Gravity flow lines requiring significant slope shall be run just
outside the pipe rack. The slope of these lines shall be as indicated on the P&IDs.
Pipe rack structures shall have longitudinal beams between rack portals at elevations mid way between
portal cross beams (rack levels) to provide clearance and support for piping exiting or entering the rack.
Instrument / Electrical cables ladders shall be located at a separate level above all piping or can be
located at the top most level adjacent to utility piping. Where cable ladders are not sufficient enough to
have a separate level, the cable ladders can be supported at the outside of pipe rack support columns.

4.2.11 Buried Piping

The minimum size of buried pipe will be DN 40.
Valves located below or in trenches will have their hand-wheels above grade–using extension spindles
where necessary and will be furnished with approved valve boxes and appropriate drains to prevent
freezing. Buried pipes subject to freezing will be installed using a shallow bury and heat traced. Buried
pipes will not be closer than 1 m to any major foundation. Minimum clearance between adjacent buried
piping will be 100 mm.

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Process piping will not be buried unless specifically approved by Owner. When required by the gas
code, buried gas piping will be provided with cathodic protection or owner approved equivalent. Any
buried gas piping that passes under roadways will be sleeved and vented. Bolted connections should be
avoided where possible for buried services. A protective jacket shall be provided for buried Carbon
Steel pipe to prevent galvanic corrosion.

4.2.12 Clearances
The following minimum overhead clearances shall be adhered to:
LOCATION CLEARANCE
General Clearance 3.0 m
Over Roadways 6.1 m
Within Buildings or Confined Areas 2.1 m
Beneath Main Pipe Ways (inside modules) 2.7 m
Beneath Main Pipe Ways (outside modules) 3.7 m
Over Working Areas and Walkways 2.2 m

Clearance above and adjacent to railway lines or spurs will be subject to approval by the railway
authority.
The bottom of an operating valve handwheel will be no more than 2 m above operating floor level.
When the spindle is vertical and the top of the handwheel is higher than 1.5 m, the valve will be rotated
on the bolt holes.

4.3 Installation and Maintenance Considerations

4.3.1 Connection at Equipment

Sensitive equipment (pumps, vessels, compressors, turbines, etc.) will be protected from excessive
forces and moments from connected piping.
Adequate clearance will be provided for removal of pumps and/or drivers without disturbing the piping.
The use of hydraulic couplings for ease of assembly/disassembly is preferred.
Compressor piping shall permit maintenance and dismantling of the machine with minimum interference
from piping and will allow the compressor to be isolated from the main discharge via an isolation valve.
Piping for reciprocating compressors will be designed and arranged to avoid pulsation and vibration
difficulties. Large reciprocating and centrifugal compressor piping systems will have a vibration analysis
made as part of the design of the system. Hold downs will be used on the pipes to avoid vibration
problems. Compressors shall have isolation valves to ensure that maintenance can be performed
without shutting down the air system.
Exchangers and associated piping will provide for mechanical servicing and the removal of component
parts.
Where removable tube bundles/heat exchangers are used, the channel end will be accessible for
removal. This ensures minimum disturbance of piping.
Piping around fixed tube sheet exchangers will be designed so that either the complete unit can be
removed or the tube rodding can be carried out leaving the exchanger in position. This ensures
minimum disturbance to piping.
Exchanger piping will be arranged and removable spools provided where necessary so that blind
flanges or slip blinds can be installed to isolate the exchanger bank and permit removal of the tube
bundles.
Size, rating, and facing of all flanged connections on pumps, turbines, vessels, etc., will be indicated on
the isometrics if they are special and vary from line specification.
Pressure transmitter “nipples” shall be installed on the thickener units for bed mass information.

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4.3.2 Field Welds

Any limitation in site welding and burning will be taken into account at the design stage. All field welds
shall be shown on the isometrics.

4.3.3 ID and Tagging

In general, the Owner will define the method, color coding and ID for all permanent piping installations in
accordance with relevant codes and current plant practice. All fire suppression piping and hazardous
fluid systems piping will be painted in their entirety.

4.3.4 Access, Maintenance and Safety

Piping will be arranged and supported to allow easy dismantling for maintenance purposes.
Pipelines in scaling services will be installed in standard lengths with provisions for easy removal (no
obstructions). Occasional short test-spool lengths with quick-disconnects will be provided for inspection
purposes.
The layout and design of piping will consider equipment maintenance requirements during facilities
operation. Particular attention will be given to providing tie-in points for future expansion.
Areas designated for tube pulling, operations, access, maintenance or future requirements will be kept
clear of all piping.
Piping carrying hazardous materials will be designed for safe and easy maintenance.
Where practical, supports will be provided to reduce the necessity for temporary supports, including:
Where pipes must be dismantled for cleaning or replacement (wear).
Where regular maintenance require the removal of equipment such as control valves, relief valves and
in-line instruments.
Valve vents and drains from systems designated as “hazardous service” will be piped to a safe location.
Pressure vessel piping will be designed to be disconnected (if needed) at the vessel nozzles to allow
cleaning or inspection.
Pipes carrying hazardous chemicals will be located with special consideration to avoid the risk of
contact between leaking fluid and personnel. All flanged and mechanical joint type connections will be
provided with plastic safety shields to protect personnel.
Bellows type expansion joints in process lines containing hazardous materials will be installed in the
vertical position to avoid hazards from fluids remaining in the convolutions.

DOCUMENT END

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