9 SOCIAL Social Interaction - is the way The pattern of interaction is a sort of Within a society, we can observe that

INTERACTION individual or group act or interplay or two-way action between the member are in continual social
AND SOCIAL communicate with each other two or more societies relationship or interaction social
RELATIONSHIP within a social context. interaction is a basic social process an
S universal principle without no social
life is possible

Competition – is manifested
variety of situation.
in Personal competition may be seen in
classmate vying for honor, beauties
competing for the miss universe title,
people vying for political positions. This
was much in evidence during the SEA
games (SEAG), UAAP tournaments, and
PBA games.
Carner reports how three groups of
upland farmers, complete as their
resources base degenerate in the
mountainous provinces of Ilocos,
southern central Mindanao, and
eastern Mindanao

Conflict –is not always The relationship is reciprocal, personal, Instances of non-violent conflict in
characterized by physical violence. or direct and highly emotion and contemporary society are cold wars
sometimes violent. Hostility fear, hate, and psychological warfare with its
or anger accompany conflict. propaganda battles, and intergroup
relation marked by hostility and
ethnocentrism

Cooperation – is as old as this Cooperation ranges from the unity
world and is present is some existing among members of a family
degree in every group. and friends, to bond found among
national as shown in the treaties of
friendship drawn among them such as
the treaty of cooperation in scientific,
technical and cultural matters between
Resources, talent, and effort are
pooled together and number of
person, group, or societies work
together to achieve some common
goal.
Examples of formal cooperation is the
cooperative movement for carrying
 the Philippines and china, the ASEAN, out economic activities
SEATO, NATO, the European
community, and the Gulf Cooperation
council.

Amalgamation – when there is The intermarriage of a Filipino with a Despite such deterrents,
intermarriage of persons coming Chinese or with any member of the amalgamation still takes places
from different ethnic groups, other ethnic groups is amalgamation.
amalgamation results.

Differentiation - one way to reduce Two department stores offering This different of social status, life
or eliminate competition is by different goods or services or with styles, and prestige lead to the
differentiation, which is the creation different price levels will not be creation of subcultures as well as to
of interests resulting in individual competing with each other even if they the development of social
or group needing or wanting are location along the same street. stratification
different things or services rather
than the same thing.

Acculturation - when one group By laying open the beliefs, fears,

blends in and takes on the values, and customs of people, they In the contact between the Chinese
characteristics of another culture, suggest new approaches in missionary and the Filipino in the Philippines,
then we have what is called the and pastoral work. there has been the borrowing of
process of acculturation. Filipino culture pattern and values by
the Chinese

10 Collective Collective Behavior – Was once
Behavior believed to be highly emotional,
irrational, and spontaneous, but
recent researches reveal that
collective behavior is characterized
by more caution and less emotional
than was originally believed.
Collective behavior was once believed to Collective behavior is determined by
be highly emotional, irrational, and forces within the individual
spontaneous, but recent research reveal
that collective behavior is characterized
by more caution and less emotion that
was originally believed.

Crowd – is brought about by A crowds is said to be a transitory If this agreement is not reached,
collective mind was earlier held by group of person in an ambiguous and, member disperse and may come
Gustave le bon, a French to some degree, unstructured situation together again when some event
sociologist. where participants do not have a clear creates a renewed sense of urgency
and pre-exiting knowledge of how to
behave but feel that something can be
done.

Mass – the mass has no social The supposed miracle was declared a Mass behavior may be seen in
organization, no established leader, hoax by church authorities. migration, evacuation, rush to mining
no structure of statuses and roles. sites or to report places of miracles and
faith healers

Public – like the mass, the public is
a dispersed collectivity, and like the
crowd, it includes the elementary
processes of milling and rumor.
The public comes into existence as a
result of the presence of an issue, such
that on the extension or termination of
the U.S. military bases at Clark and
public or on whether to have a total ban
or a selective ban on logging.
These issues may involve economic
politic, health, education, price control,
the family, moral norm, or international
commitments

Disaster Behavior – as the name
suggest, this is the type of behavior
elicited in times of disasters such
as earthquakes, volcanic eruption
or typhoon, or hurricanes, and coup
de italics.
This kind of behavior was observed Disaster behavior combines both crowd
during 7.6 intensity earthquake in and mass behavior
Baguio, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, and
Metro Manila on July 16, 1990, the
eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991, and
the typhoon and subsequent flood
which swept Ormoc, Leyte and Negros
in November1991.

Fashion – is applied of the It reflect the prevailing interests of a The style that some women have
relatively short-lived, socially society and is centered upon the spread slavishly adopted are the flared skirt,
approved variations in clothing and of change in taste and life styles. high waisted Baby doll dresses, the
adornment, art, housing and London look, plaid pants, the YSL look,
furniture, and other areas of Christian Dior, look and tailored look,
behavior. not to say the trend toward unisex
styles
 Fad – are passing fancies or Adolescents are prone to fads which
novelties of interest related to give them an in-group feeling of Among the fads which Filipino
trivial deviations from the security and a means of protest against adolescents have followed are sporting
conventional behavior. conventional behavior. long hair and wearing low- waisted or
bell bottoms pants, corduroy pants,
Levi’s faded jeans and shirts

Crazes – are new activities which Likes fads they become part of the For examples, there is the craze for
become important in the life of the supply of ordinary goods after the some kind of get rich ideas such as the
community, exciting who becomes decline in people interest them. “tilapia craze” and investment mines.
subsequently preoccupied with
these activities.

Mass Media – can also provide
warning about some imminent
threats or lingers, like typhoons,
fall-outs, lahar threats, and military
attacks.
Media can conduct Crudes for certain An issue being constantly raised is how
norm of behavior like cleanliness, reliable the media is
environmental preservation, courtesy,
and other.

Social Movement – is an A social movement emphasizes social Communication channel, like leaflets,
interrelated and coating unity of change. It comes about as a result of newspapers, radio and television,
person with degree of conditions in one’s environment which facilitate the linking together of like-
organizational continuity aimed to cause unrest and dissatisfaction existing minded people
promote or to resist change in condition.
society of which it is a part.

11 The Family Family – the family is the basic Family is the ones gives comfort, Family is social roles of husband and
social institution and primary group shelter, it is also your shield and wife, mother and father, son, and
in society. protection. daughter, brother, and sister, and
creating and maintaining a common
culture

Marriage – is an institution Marriage is a sacrament use by most

consisting of a cluster of more and Marriage is the foundation of the family, religions. Venue of marriage depends on
folkways, of attitudes, ideas, and an inviolable social institution. the groom and bride
ideals, of social definition and legal
restriction.

Polygamy – is the marriage of a Some Mindanao Muslim groups, the

woman to two or more men at the Polygamy is the marriage of one man to husband provides separate dwelling for
same time. two or more women. his wives or gives his first wife the
superior social position
12 Sociology of Technology –bring up image of According to Alvin Toffler (Future Shock Some criteria on which to base the
the Economy smoky steel mills or noisy 1970), technology friends on itself, that extent and possibilities of technological
machines; but technology also is technology creates the need for more development are:
consist of the knowledge, skills, technology. Thus, we can say that
and attitudes, necessary to convert technology changes the human’s total
available resources into object intellectual environment, the way one
people need and want. thinks and see the world. Robert
Blauner views technology as the major
factor which influences the behavior and
attitudes of workers.
Economy – is one of the social There is then, an interrelation between
system in the totality of social people and economic activity and social
organization. behavior, each affect the other, thus to
understanding human economic life one
has to consider the society and culture
the influence it.
Division of labor – represents the Durkheim states that as a society
differentiation of functions continues to industrialize, the
institution and economic roles “mechanical solidarity” of simple
performed by the individual subsistence economies largely based
members and small groups of the upon the homogeneity of its members
society. develop into “organic solidarity” of
complex mechanized economies greatly
dependent upon more refined tools,
more complex machines and the
coordination and synchronization of
individual and group contribution into
an elaborate organizational apparatus
for collective life.
1. Accumulated body of technical
knowledge
2. Technical Skills
3. Institutional Structures and Value
Orientation
4. Population Growth
As one of the major social institution in
all societies, the economy interrelated,
connected, and over-laps with the other
social institution such as the family,
government, church, school system,
health, and welfare agencies and
recreation facilities
Some inevitable consequences of
“organic society” can be considered.
Mutual interdependence, coordination
and synchronization may extend beyond
local or national boundaries involving a
greater part of the world
 Organization of Work – industrial The study of work organization is The work of sociology in this connection
sociology constitutes a substantial concerned with the application of is useful for both labor and
area of general sociology. sociological principles to the study of management groups
economic structure, changes in these
structure and the values and ideologies
related to them.

Cabo System – operates within A stevedoring union within the Since there are always workers than
stevedoring companies which stevedoring company holds contract ship to service, the stevedore have
handle the cargo of shipping with it which provides that the union develop system called ”tumbukan”
companies. has the exclusive right to supply the “pitik” and “tulog” to increasing their
company with worker. earnings

13 Religion Religion – comes from the Latin
word religare, which means “to bind
together.” Religion is interwoven
with the social, economic, and
political life of the people.
It is properly one of the areas of Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity,
interest to a sociologist because its and Islam
influence on the individual and its
functions in society.

Ecclesia – is the dominant religion It has elaborate formal bureaucratic Catholics Church in Spain, the Anglican
of the society which becomes an structure with its hierarchy of church Church in England, and Islam in Saudi
integral part of the social order. officials and well-developed dogmas Arabia
and rituals

Denomination – as a relatively It has a tolerant attitude toward the The Philippine independent Church
stable group possessing a fairly well secular world and other religious (Aglipayan), the Iglesia ni Kristo, and
developed formal organization into groups. some Protestant groups like the
which individuals are usually born Methodist, the Lutherans, and
and become accepted by the other Presbyterians
members of the society.
 Sect – is comparatively small as it is It has little formal organization, is The Jehovah’s Witness, Seventh Day
usually a group that has broken concerned with evangelism, and Adventists, the Mormons
away from a parent church. Its emphasizes fundamentalist teachings.
membership is limited and is drawn
mostly from the lower class.

Cult – is similar to the sect but is
usually a small-size group which is
very loosely organized and
transient. Cult are usually short-
lived. Their members are often in
search of a mystical experience.
They usually seek emotional rather
than intellectual satisfaction, hence,
they do not develop an extensive and
coherent body of religious thought.
Rizalistas of Luzon, the cargo-cults in
southern Luzon and the Visayas, the
Sapilada among the Bontocs, and the
spiritualist group. Lupiang Malaya, led
by Valentin de los Santos and the Good
Wisdom for All Nations

14 Government Political Institutions – are the They consist of relatively stable cluster The complex interplay between the
and Law societal arrangements for legislating of norms, statuses, and roles which are state and society is the crux of political
and enforcing laws, and providing involved in acquisition and exercise of sociology
for social services like education, society of wide power and decision
public health and welfare, making.
distributing public funds, collecting
taxes, conducting foreign affairs,
and deciding on issues of war and
peace.
An ideology is a set of interrelated War, conquest, colonization, liberation,
Ideology – is a system of values, beliefs that provide a picture of the national consciousness, the increase in
ideas, beliefs and attitudes that a world as a whole, that furnish the size and changes of population, ethnic
society or groups within it share and believer with an image of the world diversity, regionalism, and the rise of
accept as fact; it contains a set of both as it is and as it should be. social problems requiring social action
attitudes toward the various by society
institutions and processes of
society. A salient feature of autocratic regimen Autocratic governments have taken
is that the ruler does not have to many forms throughout the ages:
Autocracy – is most directly account to anyone for his actions. primitive kingships, despotism, tyranny,
opposed to democracy. It upholds and absolute monarchies
that the government should be in
the hands of one individual who
supreme power over the people.

He believes that the most that most

Oligarchy – is a form of
government in which the power or
authority resides in few persons
who for their own interests. It is
also referred to as elitism.
significant decisions, including those They tend to act in liaison
concerning war and peace, are made by
a handful of men who represents the
corporate rich, the military upper
echelons and the political directorate.

Democracy – is a form of The principles of equal rights and It is generally referred to as “a

government where there is rule by privileges, universal suffrage, and government of the people, by the
the people, either directly or participation in the political process people, and for the people”
through representatives. which affect citizens’ lives.

Socialism – became the most It arose as an outcry against the It arose from workers’ associations,
pervasive ideology of the twentieth repressing mills of early capitalism, an libraries, garrets, bourgeois parlors, and
century. intense response against the profound occasionally, aristocratic salons. It was
changes by the industrial revolution, pursued, abused, glorified
and a reaffirmation of the utopian
dream of the heavenly kingdom on
earth.
Communism – is dogmatic in its Mongolia, North Korea, North Vietnam,
determination to abolish private This is the variant of socialism which is Laos, Cambodia, Cuba, Albania,
property and nationalize the means governing force in China. Yugoslavia, and the former Soviet Union
of production and distribution.

Social Democracy – is advocated by Salary and wages and the job

‘bourgeois revisionists’, who control They focus on mitigating the hardships promotion
the governments of Britain, West fostered by capitalist economies, such
Germany, Austria, Belgium, as under-unemployment, and taxation
Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg, inequities rather than on the revision of
Norway, The Netherlands, and the structure of societies in accordance
Portugal. to a collectivist system.

Political Power – is a basic force on

 the political process and in It is both a compensation and a The ability to sway decision-making is a
structuring society. determinant in the distribution of wealth significant gauge of power. It is
and prestige in the stratification system. manifested in small or large group

15 Education Education – is defined as a Its ultimate goal is the effective Books, newspapers, magazines, radio,
preparation for effective participation of the individual in social movie, and television are important
participation in social relations. relations. instruments through which information
Education is the consciously and attitudes are acquired or learned
controlled process whereby
changes in behavior are produced
in the person and through the
person in the group.

Non-formal Education – consists of Non-formal education is covered by the Social organization private companies,
sets of definite learning goals and traditional school system. This type of government offices, livelihood training
objectives, generally making use of education usually runs in short centers, and other institutions
a more flexible curriculum, less durations and, in many instances, seeks
right admission procedures, and only to teach the student a specific skill.
more participative teaching
methods.
The school may be run by state, by The pre-school level such as nursery
Formal Education – on the other private individuals or corporations, or and kindergarten, the elementary level,
hand, is synonymous with school. It by religious groups. the secondary level, and the tertiary or
set definite objectives and goals university level
reached through systematized,
formal instruction and methods.
 16 Rural Community – is a locality group, There is a community within a Manila, Bangkok, Tokyo, New York, and
Communities whether the term is used to community, for communities are types London
describe neighborhood, a barangay, of social groupings which are the
a town, a city, or even a nation. extensions of the grouping of families.

Peasants – are rural people who They are the source of labor and goods Peasants are not only rural cultivators
their own food for their subsistence of landlords and officials of the state. but may also be fishermen, craftsmen,
and sell their surpluses to those Peasantry is associated with and workers who share the same way of
living in the towns and cities who commercialization. life or cultural orientation as the
do not produce their own food. cultivators.

Barrio – is people by simple folks, The unifying force in the barrio is A study of barrio in Bicol by Lynch
characterized by primary group maintained by attitudes, personality (1975) showed two social classes, the
relations and Gemeinschaft traits, and habits developed within the upper and lower classes.
interactions. family.
17 The Urban Urbanization – is the process of From a demographic perspective, it Africa, Asia, Latin America, England, the
Communities concentrating people within a refers to an increase in the number and United States, the Netherlands,
relatively small geographic area. It size of centers of population in a Belgium, Switzerland, Germany and
is related to social change and society. Japan
growth.

Concentration – occurs with the

growth of towns and cities. People tend to cluster at certain areas All cities are functions of population
Concentration is the increase of to satisfy some of their needs or concentration
population in a given area which is interests or to fulfill designated social or
determined by density of economic functions.
population.

Gradient – refers to the condition

of receding degrees of dominance Usually found in the city is a high value The same way be said the central
from a selected center. residential area with a downward trend business district. Adjoining it may be a
of prices in the adjoining areas. business area where prices of land are
lower
Centralization – along lines of
transportation and communication, People performing the same function Theaters, drug stores, or stores
various institutions and reside together in a given area. specializing in certain commodities, or
establishments are drawn together. centers of entertainment, service, or
education tend to cluster along the
same street or the same area
Decentralization – the scattering of
functions from the main business As land value goes up and competition Banks, department stores, insurance
districts to the outlying districts. becomes keen in the central district, companies, schools, and movie houses
some of these business establishments transfer to the suburbs as a response to
are pushed toward the outlying areas. economic and social needs

Invasion – which occurs when new Usually, an area of higher status Some residential areas are invaded by
types of people, institutions, or residents is invaded by a group of lower business or industry, so that the
activities enter an area previously status. residents are forced to move
occupied by a different type.
 Segregation – is another process People of the same socio-economic The Muslims tend to group together
found in cities. This arise from fact levels or ethnic characteristics tend to around the mosque in a small
that people differ from one another live together. community along C. Palanca St. in
according to ethnic grouping, Quiapo
religion, social class, or occupation.

18 Population Population – is the number of The rate of population growth refers to A 2 percent rate means that in one year
and persons occupy in a certain the net annual increase of population, on the average, two persons per
Demography geographic area, drawing which is obtained by finding the thousand are added to the population
subsistence from their habitat and difference between the number of births
interactions with one another. and the number of deaths.

Fertility – refers to the actual A simple way to measure fertility is to The crude birth rate during the 1960-
number of children born to a get the crude birth rate: the number of 1970 decade was estimated to range
woman or group of women. registered births per 1,000 of the between 42-45 thousand
population in a given area at a specified
time.

Mortality – refers to the number of
deaths per 1,000 of the total mid-
year population in a particular place
at a specified time, and is
measured by crude death rate.
The mortality rate dropped because the Crude death rate in 1970 to be about
advances in science curbed the spread 11 or 12 per thousand. This decline to
of infection and epidemic through 8.2 per thousand in 1980, and the
medical discoveries, improved medical estimates for 1984 is 7.5 per thousand
services, extension of vaccination and
inoculation services, the adoption of
public health and sanitary services
better nutrition, and use of antibiotics.
 Migration – is a major symptom of A region or nation that has undergone People from places with excess
basic social change and is related vast industrial and technological population move to places with better
to ecological processes. development has likewise undergone a economic opportunities
redistribution of its population.

Age Structure – refers to the When large portion of the population is When there is a large proportion of the
proportion of people at the different below 14 years the population is young population is below five years of age,
age levels. there is a smaller proportion of adult
potential working hands

19 Social Social Stratification – is the The social stratification system consists Social stratification systems may be
Stratification hierarchical arrangement and of horizontal divisions or social strata. closed or open. When status is ascribed
establishment social categories that Each stratum, referred to as social class and “inherited inequality’ is established,
may evolve into social groups or grouping individuals with similar the social stratification system is
together with statuses on their positions, possesses similar economic, relatively closed; and if achieved and
corresponding roles. political, and cultural interests, social opportunities are equalized the
social stratification system is
comparatively open

Roles – are the expected or actual It bears with it a measure of If ascribed, the role is assumed through
behavior patterns that correspond superiority, equal standing, or heredity or qualities beyond their
with status. inferiority. It is either ascribed or control like sex, race, or class at birth;
achieved. if achieved, it is attained through merit
or effort

Caste System – is a type of social The Indian society during British

stratification that is mainly based An important characteristic of the caste
on “inherited inequality.” system is its rigid ranking. The ranking
is well-defined and clear.
Social Distance – means reserve or
restraint in the social relationships The relationship may or may not be
of members of different racial or accomplished by aversion, fear, or
ethnic groups, social classes, or hostility.it may merely involve
institutional roles. restriction of intimacy in social
interaction and interrelationship.
colonialism is the closest approximation
of the caste system.
It is evident in the relationship of
Filipinos from different regions, the
Christians and the Muslims, the landlord
and the tenant, the officer and the
soldier, the supervisor and the
supervised, and the teacher and the
 student

20 Ethnic Race – the concept of race applies
Groups to a group of people with similar
physical traits which are genetically
transmitted.
The commonness of genetic heritage Caucasoids, Mongoloids, and Negroids
may be manifested in the shape of the
head and face, the shape and the color
of the eyes, the shape of the nose, lips
and ears, the texture and color of the
hair, the skin color, height, blood type,
and other characteristics.

Ethnic Groups – represents a Members of the ethnic groups see Roman Catholics, Protestants,
number of persons who have a themselves as culturally different from Muslims, Hindus, Buddhist, and others
common cultural background as other groups in the society and are
evidence by a feeling of loyalty to a viewed by others to be so.
given geographical territory or
leader, a feeling of identification
with and unity among historical and
other group experiences, or a high
degree of similarity in social norms,
ideas, and material objects.

Minority – also differ in degree of Language, religious and other cultural No group is inherently a minority.
visibility within a society. characteristics are less easily identified Wars, conquest, colonization,
by the casual onlookers than skin or liberation, changing political
other obvious physical characteristics. boundaries, migration, and other
historical accidents cause changes in
the status of groups from subordinate
to superior, from minority to majority.

Prejudice – is manifested by one- The individual learns to distinguish his Prejudiced persons or groups are
sided arguments and judgments, a or her social identity from that of others easily emotionally charged and
ready acceptance of false ideas as he or she builds up group loyalties. reluctant to accept change
about groups, and the inflexibility
with which such judgments and
ideas are upheld.
21 Social Social Change – refers to variations
Change or modifications in the patterns of
social organization, of sub-group
within a society, or entire society
itself.
Technological Change – denotes
revisions that occur in people’s
application of their bio-physical
environment.
Culture Change – refers to all
alterations affecting new traits or
trait complexes in cultural context
and structure.
Rate – is also referred to as speed All cultures change but their rates of In the west prior to the Industrial
or pace.
This may be manifested in the rise and Crime, juvenile delinquency, mental
fall of groups, communities, or illness, suicide, alcoholism, drug
institutional structures and functions, or abuse, prostitution, family conflicts,
changes in the statuses and roles of child abuse/neglect, revolution, and
members in the family, work setting, wars
church, school, government, health and
welfare, leisure, and other sub-systems
of the social organization.
The increasing differentiation in forms The innovations in ability to utilize
of tools, instruments, and implements and exploit the natural environment
used, the constant addition to and for human needs
deletions from the range of inventions,
and the obsolescence of and
advancement in scientific knowledge.
The development of oral and written Modifications in technology, shifts in
language and other means of economic principles, transitions in
communications, the historical evolution scientific theories, variations in
of religious ritual and dogma, musical styles and other art forms,
educational philosophy, and political and alterations in the forms and rules
ideology. of social interaction
change vary. Some societies change Revolution and in many colonized
slowly while others change rapidly. countries before World War II, social
change was for the most part slow;
however, the Nuclear-Space age has
brought about a greatly accelerated
speed of change to places reached by
mass media