Chapter 4: How Individuals Learn Culture
and Become Competent Members of
Society
Enculturation - This social process is
defined as how a person learns or adopts
the culture followed by his/her co-members
in a society.
Acculturation - Occurs most vividly when
two society groups/individuals are
interacting directly.
● In assimilation, an individual learns
a new culture tending to lose entirely
his/her previously held cultural
identity. (like ex. Nag move ka sa
Canada tas na adopt mo yung
culture nila, tas holidays na nila
cinecelebrate mo kaya, youll
gradually lose yung other culture or
tradition mo)
Deculturation - (has like abandonment,
forbidden, forced sha maalis ganon)
Cooperation “Bayanihan” - form of social
interaction wherein two or more persons
work together for a common end or
purpose. (really important sa community)
Amalgamation - happens when two
families or groups become one through a
formal union, such as marriage. (part ng
culture ng babae na matututunan ng lalake)
Stratification - comes from the Latin word
“strata” which means level
- Systems of individuals statuses
within a group, community or
organization
Social Stratification - The hierarchical
arrangement and establishment
of social categories that may evolve into
social groups.
Social classes in the Philippines during
the Pre-Hispanic Period
➔ Maginoo/Dayang - noble class,
royal blooded such as the Datu, who
is the leader of the barangay.
➔ Timawa - made up of the
commoners of a community. (they
are freemen, between maginoo and
alipin sila)
➔ Maharlika - are well-respected
warriors of the barangay.
➔ Alipin - Aliping Namamahay
- Aliping Saguiguilid (servants)
Conflict and Competition
● Sociologist Lewis Coser (1956)
defined conflict as "a struggle over
values and claims to scarce status,
power, and resource."
● It suggests the struggle between two
or more persons or groups that can
be translated into innovation in the
long run.
Sociological Theory of Deviance
● Strain Theory - A proposal that
pressure from social factors, such as
lack of income or lack of quality
education, drives individuals to
commit crimes. Well-known
explanation about deviant behavior.
○ Robert Merton - Operation
of society encourages crime
and other types of deviance.
 🆕new means
Forms of Deviance Rebellion

🆕new goal
✅
Conformity - (standard)

✅
accepted goal 1. Pamamalakad ng gobyerno
accepted way 2. They could redefine the goals and means
of college—that it’s about making a social
1. Working hard to get promotion change rather than learning, and so they
2. When students do just this, when they might get into the protest scene.
study hard, get good grades, and graduate.

✅
Innovation

❌
accepted goal
rejected way

1. Gusto yumaman, pero nag nakaw.

2. Finally, they could hold onto visions of
academic success but to achieve it they will
be cheating at tests or plagiarize some
paper works.

❌rejected goal
Ritualism

✅accepted way
1. Nag simba ka, pero di nasa puso yung
pagdadasal mo.

2. What happens, though, when students

aren’t able to accomplish the goals set out
for them? Well, they could just keep on
going to class and studying, even though
they do badly and have little hope of being
an academic success.

❌rejected goal
Retritism

❌rejected way
1. Nag drop ka sa school and becoming a
drug addict
2. They could also just give up on
everything and stay in their dorm rooms
playing video games and partying.