POLITICS, SOCIETY & 2.
Social Divisions and conflicts help to
IDENTITY (11,13,2021)
Society
Collection of people who occupy the same
territorial area.
● Pattern of Social Interaction.
(within the society/ social exchange
between two or more individuals.)
● Social Structure- pattern of social
arrangement in the society/ pattern
of social relationship in the society.
● Social Relationship-it involves a
sense of collectivines in the form of
a mutual awareness and a measure
of operation within the society
Society are also characterized as a Social
Division
● Which groups and individuals can
occupy very different position in
the society
● Social Division causes unequal
distribution of status (wealth
,power, class age, gender, religion)
● Status - person, position within a
hierarchy orders in the society. It is
characterized by a person's role,
rights, duties and relation to the
other members in the society
Society seen to shape politics
1. The distribution of wealth and other
resources in the society conditions the
nature of state power.
bring about political change in the form of
legitimation crisis.
3. Society influences public opinion and
the political culture
4. The social structure shapes political
behaviour: that is, who votes, how they
vote, who joins paties and so on.
Industrialization to post-
industrialization
Industrialization- Most powerful factor
shaping the structure and character of
modern societies.
German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies
(1855-1936) - (gemeinschaft &
gesellschaft)
Gemeinschaft- more on community
(referring to individuals bound together
by common norms and shared beliefs.)
Gesellschaft - more on society
(association in which self interest is
primary justification for the membership.)
The advance of industrialization also
changes the structure of society with
economically societies which usually is
based on the status of ownership within
the society.
Social Class- emerged as the central
organizing principle of the society
Society is stratified into social classes on
the basis of wealth income, educational
attainment in the society.
Marxism
Most fundamental and politically the most Stratum Model of Stratification
significant social division. ● Lower Class- rely on hourly wages
The Communist Manifesto (1848- 1967) in livelihood
Capital Societies- dominated by the ruling ● Middle Class- Salary workers
class or the property owner (bourgeois) ● Upper Class- Wealthy and
Proletariat- oppressed and exploited a powerful that owns and controls
class that wages slaves. the means of deduction in the
Class Consciousness- the self society.
understanding of the members of the social
Decline of Class Politics
class characterized by the working class.
Herbert Marcuse- by the 1960’s
Decline of Class Politics lamenting the deradicalization of the urban
Max Weber- Theorized that class division proletariat, and looked instead to the
can be determined by a person's skills and revolutionary potential of students,
education rather than by their own women, ethinc minorities, and the
relation of means. developing world.
● Knowledge economy- economy in
One of the first to take stock of this shift, which knowledge is the key source
developing a Theory of Stratification that of competitiveness and
acknowledged economic or class productivity within the society.
differences . New technology and the
Theory of Stratification- Categorizes INFORMATION SOCIETY
groups of people into hierarchy on the ● First revolution involved the
basis of wealth, status and power development of the telegraph,
● Class - a person's economic telephone and radio
position based on the birth and ● Second centered on television,
individual achievements early generation computers and
● Status- the degree of honor and satellites
prestige attached to a person to the ● Third information revolution has
society. concerned the technologies of
● Power- a group or individuals connectivity
within the society that competes
Identity Politics
with each other for control over
● Orientation towards social or
resources and influences.
political theorizing rather than a
 coherent body of ideas with a
settled political character
● Groups of people with a particular
share racial, religion, ethic, social
and cultural identity seek
promote their own specific interest
or concern
Gender Politics
● First-wave feminism- the
campaign for female suffrage: the
right to vote
● Core belief was that women should
enjoy the same legal and political
rights as men.
● Second- wave of feminism-
movement took place in the 1960s
and 1970s and focused on issues of
equality and discrimination
1. Focusing on the public and
private injustices, such as
rape, reproductive rights,
domestic violenece and
workplace harrasment.
2. Exposing and overcoming
the casual, systematic racism
present in the society.
Religion and Politics
Theocracy- rule of God.
Sharl’a- the way or path
Secularism- the belief that religion should
not intrude into secular (wordly) affairs
● Malaysian Government place
Religion at the center of Political
System
● The constitution explicitly states
to that islam is the religion of the
federation
● The rulers of each states is also the
head of the religon of islam
● Best example is Ayatollah Khomeni
leading the iranian revolution that
turned the country into a
theocracy.
Cultural Diversity
● The global significance of identity
politics has been the growth of
international migration.
Multiculturalism - acknowledge the
importance of beliefs, values and the way
of life of the individuals or groups within
the society
● Descriptive- refers to cultural
diversity arising from the existence
within a society of two or more
groups whose beliefs and practices
generates a distinctive sense of
collective identity
● Normative- a positive
endorsement of communal
diversity based on either the right
to cultural groups to respect and
recognition or the alleged benefits
to the larger society of moral and
cultural diversity.
Model of Multiculturalism A device for filling an office or post
through choices made by a designated
Liberal
body of people: the electorate
● A commitment to freedom &
toleration
It is a mechanism through which the
● Ability to choose one’s own moral
holding of power is legitimized. Elections
beliefs, cultural practices & way of
are a form of representative democracy.
life (limitations)
● Unwilling to endorse practices
Is often thought of as the heart of the
such as female circumcision, forced
political process
(and posibily arranged) marriages
and female frss codes Function of Election

Pluralist Election- it is the principal means by

which the citizens of the country vote and
● Foundations for a theory of
select certain officials to represent them
cultural diversity because it is
and the administration of the government.
based on the idea of value
● Recruiting politicians- popular
pluralism (cultural diversity that
politicians/ party list
no other values should always
● Making governments-
trump in all other culture)
● Providing representation- we elect
● People are bound to disagree about
politician to represent us/ freedom
the ultimate ends of life
of speech
● Support for personal freedom,
● Building legitimacy-
democracy and secularization, have
● Educating voters- common sense/
no greater moral authority that
trial and error/ facts and evidences
rival beliefs
● Influencing policy- exercise of
Cosmopolitan
power
● Endorses cultural diversity &
● Strengthening elites- mostly
identity politics
wealthy blood/ dynasty
● Celebrates diversity on the grounds
Political Socialization
of what each culture can learn from
other cultures. Encompasses the way in which people
acquire values and opinions that shapes
ELECTION (11,13,2021) their political stance and ideology by
which people acquire political attitudes,
culture and behaviours.
A learning process by which norms and
behaviour transmitted to one generation
to another
Agents of Socialization
● Family-contribute to the children's
initial political ideological views or
political affiliations. Families have
an effect on the political knowledge
and participation of the individual
or the child.
● Media- usually a source of
political information and its
influences on political values and
beliefs of the individual.
● Political Party- man is a political
and social animal. Are the most
powerful agents among others
● Schools- teachers or professors
give you knowledge on government
perception or perspective. Taught
and reinforced you.
● Religion-religion can affect the
decision of an individual.
● State- (did not explain) ???
Theories of Voting
Party Identification Model- voters are
seen as people who identify with a party.
Voting is therefore an expression of
partisanship
Sociological Model- links voting
behaviour to a group membership. Election
voting behaviour reflects the economic and
social position of the group of which they
belong.
Rational Choice Model-Voters decide
their party references on the basis of their
personal self interest.
Dominant Ideology Model- highlights the
degree to which individuals choices are
shaped by the processed of ideological
manipulations and control
Suffrage
● The human right to vote
● Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR) (1st document)
● International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights (2nd
document)
● The Philippine Constitution (3rd
document)
This documents calls for treatings: the
universality of the right, equality and
access to all public services, and secrecy of
the votes
How do Voters Vote?
● Political Machinery-
● Public Servant Image- the
personality of the candidate. To
reach out concerts of the people
● Popularity-
● Endorsement of networks and
Organization- r
Anomalies in Elections
● Lack of manpower in the Comelec
 ● Influence of “gold, guns, and
goons”
● Flying voters
● Vote Buying
● Tampering with the election returns
Prevention of Election Frauds
● Vigilance of the Citizens
● Relevant government bodies
● Reforms such as computerization
and continues education
● Political Education
● Poll observer

DEMOCRACY: (11,14,2021)