by AR

Note: Hello! It’s me again, back with another reviewer. I hope that this reviewer will help you sa exams
this week :] Remember to #OustDu30, and if you can, register for a voters id! Also, if you’re someone
who has a fascination in documentaries, action movies or simply someone who’s cute & not a
dds/enabler ng gobyerno, hit me up :> Good luck!!! I hope that you ace this prelim.

Growing Up & Navigating Media & The Internet

Communication – process of sharing ideas and opinions about issues, people, events, and places
between or among persons through various channels with the intent to gain common understanding
- one of those everyday activities that is intertwined with all of human life so completely that we
sometimes overlook its pervasiveness, importance, and complexity.
Elements of Communication
Sender – the source of the information or message
Message – information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions
Encoding – process of converting the message into words or actions, or other forms that the speaker
understands
Channel – medium of the means in which the decoded message is conveyed
Decoding – process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver
Receiver – recipient of the message or someone who decodes the message
Feedback – reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver
Context – environment where the communication takes place
Barrier – factors that affect the flow of communication
Media
Traditional Media – mass media (print and broadcast)
New Media – computers, mobile phones, other digital devices
Information – not always textual; can be in the form of video, sound, image, graphics, animation, and
other nonverbal forms
Everyone can be considered as consumers & producers of information
Major Functions of Communication & Media
- To inform
- To educate
- To entertain
Roles of Communication & Media in the Society
Political – the media disseminate information to make people aware on the latest happenings in the
country;
- help in creating public opinion in which they mayo mobilize support or against a public cause; and
- serve as the “watchdogs” of the government.
Economic – the media promote “consumerism” or entice buyers to purchase products and/or avail
themselves of services that meet their needs & desires
Sociocultural – the media promote popular culture through customs, norms, beliefs, values,
superstitions, technologies, fashions, songs, dances, food, & lingo, among others; and
- set the trends and fads, shapes attitudes, models behaviors, and influence worldviews.
Characteristics of media and information literate individuals
- Efficient information managers
- Wise consumers
- Responsible producers
- Active participants

Discovering Media & Information Literacy

Media & Information Literacy used to be two separate concepts wherein
Media Literacy – primarily the concern of media practitioners, communication educators, and
students
Information Literacy – originally the expertise of librarians, archivists, and curators
But with the coming together of information across different forms of media, the two concepts has
to be fused.
Media & Information Literacy – set of competencies that empowers citizens to access, retrieve,
understand, evaluate and use, create as well as share information and media content in all formats,
using various tools, in a critical, ethical, and effective way, in order to participate and engage in
personal, professional, and societal activities
- encapsulates the other related literacies in the digital age
Explore, Engage, Empower Model – provides a general process framework of understanding and
practicing media and information literacy;
- applicable to all types of media and information content, be it for traditional or new media
Explore – includes searching or finding ways to locate, access and retrieve information and media
content using different tools and techniques
Engage – critically analyzes and evaluates media and information content in terms of language
through codes and conventions, and representations of gender, ethnicity, race, sexuality, or religion
Empower – creates, shares, and uses information and media content wisely, ethically, safely, and
responsibly to improve your personal, professional, and social life

Embracing & Converging the Old and New Media

Evolution in Human Communication:
Writing – the main method of communication for several years, began as early as 4,000 BC in Sumeria,
and books were copied by those individuals who had a particularly neat handwriting
Printing – began in China when paper was also invented from textiles around 1,000 AD and books
can then be reproduced on a faster pace and distributed widely that served as the key factor for the
rebirth of the Western civilization
Telecommunications – enabled communication over distances, telegraph and phones were
invented, paved the way for the invention of movies, radio, and television, and dispensed the need for
literacy and people have since turned to mass communication for information and entertainment
Interactive Communication – became more promising with the invention of other computer parts,
tools, and gadgets including the microprocessor, central processing unit, and semiconductor chip; and
people are capable of giving and receiving feedback instantly, especially with the marriage between the
computer and telecommunications
Highlights of Philippine Mass Media
Doctrina Cristiana – first book published (1593)
Successos Felices – first newsletter published (1637)
Del Superior Govierno – first regularly issues publication (August 8, 1811)
Registro Mercantil De Manila – first journal (magazine) published (January 20, 1824)
Ang Dalagang Bukid – first Filipino feature film (1919)
Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company – first telephone services franchise granted
(November 28, 1928)
Alto Broadcasting System – first actual television broadcast (1953)
Business World (Internet Edition) – first online newspaper (October 1995)
Theoretical Approaches on Studying New Media
Mediamorphosis – describes the process of media evolution as well as how new technologies diffuse
or spread throughout society;
- a unified way of thinking about the technological evolution of communication media;
- and old and new media must be examined as members of an interdependent system.
Remediation – the repurposing or refashioning of old media with new;
- repurposing earlier media into digital forms; and
- continuous influence of old and new media over each other
Media Convergence & Different Media Types
Media Convergence – may refer to the process of combining print, audio, and video into digital
form to operate in synergy
- coming together of computing, telecommunications, and media in a digital environment
- may also refer to the merger or partnership of two media organizations, such as a broadcast
network and a telecommunications company
Print Media – include newspapers, books, magazines, posters, flyers, and brochures
Electronic Media – maybe be broadcast or non-broadcast form of media

 Broadcast Media – include radio, television, online audio & video streaming platforms that
broadcast news
 Non-broadcast Media – include films and other videos
Digital Media – include the Internet, multimedia content or applications, online advertisements,
digital music or video files, and podcasts
Trimedia – used to refer to print, radio and television during the 1970’s
Multi-Media – contemporary term for the use of various media forms or platforms in one setting

Five Laws of MIL

Law One – Information, communication, libraries, media, technology, the Internet as well as other
forms of information providers are for use in critical civic engagement and sustainable development.
They are equal in stature and none is more relevant than the other or should be ever treated as such.
Law Two – Every citizen is a creator of information/knowledge and has a message. They must be
empowered to access new information/knowledge and to express themselves. MIL is for all – women
and men equally – and a nexus of human rights.
Law Three – Information, knowledge, and messages are not always value neutral, or always
independent of biases. Any conceptualization, use and application of MIL should make this truth
transparent and understandable to all citizens.
Law Four – Every citizen wants to know and understand new information, knowledge and messages
as well as to communicate, even if she/he is not aware, admits or expresses that he/she does. Her/his
rights must however never be compromised.
Law Five – Media and information literacy is not acquired at once. It is a lived and dynamic experience
and process. It is complete when it includes knowledge, skills and attitudes, when it covers access,
evaluation/assessment, use, production and communication of information, media and technology
content.

Defining & Articulating Information Needs

Information Needs – refer to what an individual recognizes as needs regarding information that will
serve as basis for decision-making in order to survive
Criteria in Checking the Sources of Information
Authenticity – refers to the information’s originality or legitimacy
Validity – may include accuracy and precision of information presented such that it is more factual,
less biased, and error-free
Reliability – may pertain to relevance of information, whether it is up-to-date and credible
Things to Ponder:

 Media and information are critical to our participation in democratic processes

 Our society is dependent on media and information in order to grow and develop
 Information is power

Locating & Accessing Media & Information Content & Sources

Digital Divide – situation in which disparity in access to information exists between information-
rich and information-poor societies
Comparison of Sources of Information
Primary Source – the original source which includes new ideas, new findings, or first-hand accounts
and presented in its original form such as a work of literature or art, an account of an event, an
experience, or original documents
When to use: if we need original research or statistics or first-hand accounts of experiences or events
Secondary Source – builds on what the primary source has started such as when the original
information is cited in reviews, or discussed in magazines and includes materials that have been
reported, analyzed, or interpreted by people who do not have first-hand knowledge of an event
When to use: if we need a second-hand account of experiences or events
Tertiary Source – summarizes or distills primary and secondary sources especially when written as
part of reference materials, encyclopedias, or textbooks
Plagiarism – the act of copying copyrighted information or creative work off the Web, or from other
information sources, without properly acknowledging the author
Copyright – a set of rights granted to the author or creator of a work to restrict others’ ability to copy,
redistribute, and reshape the content
Fair-Use Guidelines – says that we can only copy certain parts of a work that may be used for
educational purposes, but there is a need to acknowledge the source