MIL REVIEWER information exchange goes to and from

both ends of the communication.

Communication is giving or gaining
information by speaking, reading writings or
discerning non-verbal messages such as gestures
and images.

Modes of communication:
1. Verbal - communicating by voice, by
talking.
2. Non-verbal - By movements, gestures
3. Written - in a piece of paper or material
4. Visual - using pictures or any other
things that will visually represent what a
person is communicating.

Part of communication process:

1. Source or sender - It is where the
information emanates,
2. Recipient or receiver- The person that
gets the information relayed.
3. Information- Facts provided or learned
about someone.
4. Channel- It is the passageway, the
medium of access for a thing, a
communication, or an idea.

Communication Flow

One-way
Transmitter → medium (channel, application) →
receiver.
● The information emanates from the
source and goes to the receiver. And the
information flow ends there.

Conversation
Transmitter → medium → receiver → cycle
● The information originates from the
source, goes to the receiver and the roles
of the former and the latter inverts as the
communication goes. The flow of
Media
The media makes communicating a lot easier
than before; there is an internet present today
which enables chatting with friends and families
through phone screens and personal computers.
It greatly affected the distribution of
information; it widened the range in just a short
time. There are also the TV Networks, radios,
that broadcasts or communicates with a large
number of people. Newspapers, journals,
tabloids and the likes are another form of
communication media and have their own genre
of communication.
Information
It is the supply of communication; it makes
talking and sharing opinion with others much
more meaningful, especially when answered
with sense. Information is what we talk about,
even the mere thing that you inform your parents
that you are going to come home late via phone
call or chat is giving out information.
To Avoid getting into trouble communicating
using today's technology and media, we
should consider there:
1. Intent
-Objectives of communication vary
from as simple as letting someone know
your current location to reminding your
parents for the next family vacation
plans.
2. Receiver
-The ability to get, use, understand, and
respond if need be the information sent
in least possible time is the worry here.
3. Privacy
-Sender’s and the receiver’s privacy
must not be compromised at the expense
of communication at any time.
Overlooked, will be a great mistake on
the part of the leaking party. Sending
someone’s pictures, screengrabs of
conversation, recorded audio or video
clips, and the likes always pose intrusion
to privacy concerns
4. Security
-The idea of losing material things of
value, or bodily harm that can be
inflicted to both sender and receiver are
the concern of security in a
communication.
5. Convenience
-Least effort and time to send
information to intended recipient. Or,
the adeptness in sending out the
communication is the concern of
convenience.
6. Cost
-Sending the information with the least
possible expense on the part of the
source is one good reason why that
medium is used for the communication
Republic Act 8293, section 176
states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines.
Media, Information, and Technology Literacy
The term media is a noun, which is the plural
form of medium, refers to the communication
channels through which we disseminate news,
music, movies, education, promotional messages
and other information. It includes physical and
online newspapers and magazines, television,
radio, telephone, the Internet, fax and billboards
Media Literacy, is the ability to identify these
different types of media and the messages
(information) they can handle to store, relay,
send, playback, edit, transmit, etc. • Therefore,
we as the readers, listeners, viewers or the
recipients need to treat the media objectively,
with the goal to find out or analyze what is being
presented, what is appropriate and how we can
make the most out of it
 Information Literacy
Information literacy is important for today's
learners because it promotes problem solving
approaches and thinking skills – asking
questions and seeking answers, finding
information, forming opinions, evaluating
sources and making decisions fostering
successful learners, effective contributors,
confident individuals and responsible citizens.
They need to be able to identify what is real and
relevant not just for school but for learning,
work and life
Components of Information
1. Identify
-The need to know the specifics of the
particular information needed.
2. Find
-Getting that information from various
sources
3. Evaluate
-Weigh up this acquired information
from different sources and be able to
thresh out the truth in it.
4. Apply
-Using this thresh out information in
making the decision or position to an
issue to which it was purposely sought.
acknowledge sources of information
5. Acknowledge the source of that
information
-Often, these sources give credence to
the information and give that level of
reliability to itself.
Technology Literacy
It is the ability of an individual, working
independently and with others, to responsibly,
appropriately and effectively use technology
tools to access, manage, integrate, evaluate,
create and communicate information.
Technological literacy prepares individuals to
make well-informed choices in their role as
consumers.
Qualities of a Technology Literate
1. Responsible
-They do not let technology interfere
with face-to-face social interactions or
conversations. They manage their own
habits around technology use, and turn
devices off or redirect their attention
away from the screen when appropriate
and necessary
2. Use technology appropriately
-It is a movement (and its
manifestations) encompassing
technological choice and application
considering that is small-scale,
affordable, less laborintensive,
energy-efficient, environmentally sound,
locally autonomous, and easy to use.
3. Effective
-Uses right technology. Apply
automation tools when available.
Increase work efficiency with the
technology tools. And, the person uses
technology at the right time.
USE OF MEDIA AND
INFORMATION
Media: are the communication outlets or
tools used to store and deliver
information or data. The term refers to
means the mass media communications
industry, such as print media,
publishing, the news media,
photography, cinema, broadcasting
(radio and television), and advertising is
using
Traditional media require adherence to
ethics and professionalism. Thus, the
Journalism ethics and standards are a
must for its practitioners
 Journalistic ethics and standards
This comprise principles of ethics and good
practice applicable to journalists. This subset of
media ethics is known as journalism's
professional "code of ethics" and the " canons of
journalism" . The basic codes and canons
commonly appear in statements by professional
journalism associations and individual print,
broadcast, and online news organizations.
Various codes may have some differences
Most share common elements including the
principles of truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity,
impartiality, fairness, and public accountability,
as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy
information and its subsequent dissemination to
the public.
Broader ethical systems
The ethics of journalism include the principle of
"limitation of harm." This may involve the
withholding of certain details from reports, such
as the names of minor children, crime victims'
names, or information not materially related to
the news report where the release of such
information might, for example, harm someone's
reputation.
European Journalistic codes of ethics
A concern with discriminatory references in
news based:
● Race
● Religion
● Sexual Orientation
● Physical and Mental disabilities
Current media state
Anyone who has the right gadget, the capability
to produce audio video clips, still image, and
able to upload it to any social media online can
be considered a media user. • Person that is able
to manipulate, enjoy and satisfy self from the
likes of it belongs to this categorization. •
Teenagers are among the multitude of social
media users. • Some of them opt to do blogging
and vlogging due to ease putting oneself into it.
Characteristics of Responsible Media Use
1. Must be curious
-Those who release information into the
public from any platform should have a
natural curiosity. Being a curious
creator, be a truth seeker. Ask tough and
important questions. Gather more
information. Be detail oriented.
2. General knowledge
3. The ability to write
Professionalism and should have ethics
Professionalism covers many grounds, it
includes objectivity and ethics. Being a
professional means you are doing what is
expected of you, in this case as a provider of
correct information. This can only be achieved
by maintaining objectivity which is easier said
than done since we are all prone to taking a side.
Objective
Information today comes from everywhere; it is
driven by advertising which could blur the truth
in many cases. It is up to the users or receivers
of information to arm themselves with the
knowledge to verify what is out there .
 UCSP REVIEWER (just L2)
Culture - man’s relationship to the environment.
-According to Tylor (1871), culture is “that
complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of society.”
Includes;
Language, Symbols. Religion, Food, Folk Art,
Celebration, Traditions, Manners, Clothes and
Dressing, Working Schedules
Society- refers to a group of people sharing a
common culture within a defined territorial
boundaries.
-Ginsberg defined society as a collection of
individuals united by certain relations or modes
of behavior which mark them off from others,
who do not enter into those relations or who
differ from them in behavior.
Social Norms categories:
Folkways - The patterns of repetitive behavior
which becomes habitual and conventional part
of living.
Mores - The set of ethical standards and moral
obligations as dictates of reason that
distinguishes human acts as right or wrong, or
good or bad.
Values - Anything held to be relatively worthy,
important, desirable, or valuable.
Technology - The practical application of
knowledge in converting raw materials into
finished products.
ASPECT OF CULTURE

2 types of culture
Material Culture - Technological Tools, Food,
Cultural Variation
Architectural structures. Fashion and
-Refers to the differences in social behaviors that
Accessories.
different cultures exhibit around the worlds.
Non-Material Culture - Ideas, Behavior,
What may be considered good etiquette in one
gestures and habits. Language & symbols,
culture may be considered bad etiquette in
Religion
another.

Ethnocentrism
Elements of Culture
It is a perception that arises from the fact that
Knowledge-refers to any information received
cultures differ and each culture defines reality
and perceived to be true.
differently. Judging another culture solely by the
Beliefs -The perception of accepted reality
values and standards of one's own culture.
* Reality refers to the existence of
things whether material or nonmaterial
Social norms -are established expectations of
Cultural Relativism
society as to how a person is supposed to act
The attempt to judge behavior according to its
depending on the requirements of time, place, or
cultural context. The principle that an
situation.
individual's beliefs and activities should be
understood by others in terms of that individual's
own culture.