MIL REVIEWER

LESSON 1
Communication - refers to the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or
behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts,
feelings, etc., to someone else/ or the act of transferring information from one place,
person, or group to another.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
• Communicator/ Sender – a person who is able to convey or exchange
information, news, or ideas, especially one who is eloquent or skilled.
• Message – A verbal, written, or recorded communication sent to or left for a
recipient who cannot be contacted directly.
• Medium/Channel - a system of communication—means by which information (the
message) is transmitted between a speaker or writer (the sender) and an
audience (the receiver).

FOUR MEDIUMS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Verbal
2. Non-verbal
3. Written
4. Visual
• Receiver - the "receiver" is the listener, reader, or observer—that is, the
individual (or the group of individuals) to whom a message is directed. The
receiver is also called the "audience" or decoder.
• Effect - A change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.

SUMMARIZATION OF THE ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
Aristotle’s Model of Communication

- The speaker is the most important element, making this model a speaker-
oriented model. It is the speaker’s task to give a speech to the public. The role of the
audience is passive. This makes the Aristotle Model of Communication a one-way
model, from speaker to receiver.

Berlo’s Model of Communication

- focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before the sender sends the
message and before the receiver receives the message respectively.
- Berlo’s Model has mainly, four components to describe the communication process.
They are the sender, message, channel, and receiver. Each component is affected by
many factors.
Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

- the mathematical theory of communication follows the concept of communication in a

linear fashion from the sender.

Schramm’s Model of Communication

- most commonly taught and widely used theory of communication.

- model by adding the field of experience, defined as “life experiences, attitudes, values,
and beliefs that each communicator brings to an interaction and that shape how
messages are sent and received.”
Helical Model of Communication

- In 1967, Frank Dance proposed the communication model called Dance’s Helix Model
for a better communication process. The name helical comes from “Helix” which means
an object having a three-dimensional shape like that of a wire wound uniformly around a
cylinder or cone. He shows communication as a dynamic and non-linear process.
COMMUNICATIONS ARE INFLUENCED THROUGH:
1. Media - The means of communication that reach large numbers
of people, such as television, newspapers, and radio.”
2. Information - Knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact
or circumstance.

- Based on the image, communication becomes more productive and interactive

due to media and information. The message was shared through a variety of
social media accounts and is shared by a number of people proving how
influential media is in the communication process.

MULTIPLE ROLES IN THE SOCIETY

1. act as channels of information and knowledge through which citizens communicate with
each other and make informed decisions,
2. facilitate informed debates between diverse social actors,
3. provide us with much of what we learn about the world beyond our immediate
experience,
4. are means by which society learns about itself and builds a sense of community,
5. function as a watchdog of government in all its forms, promoting transparency in public
life and public scrutiny of those with power through exposing corruption,
maladministration, and corporate wrong-doing,
 6. are essential facilitators of democratic processes and one of the guarantors of free and
fair elections,
7. are a vehicle for cultural expression and cultural cohesion within and between nations,
8. function as an advocate and social actor in its own right while respecting pluralistic
values.
How is communication affected by media and information?

INFORMATION
▪ data,
knowledge
derived from
study,
experience,
or
instruction,
signals or
symbols
▪ knowledge
of specific
events or
situations
LESSON 2

What is Media and Information Literacy?

- Media and Information Literacy (MIL) is a “combination of knowledge, attitudes,
skills, and practices required to access, analyze, evaluate, use, produce, and
communicate information and knowledge in creative, legal and ethical ways that
respect human rights.
- UNESCO defines it as the "set of competencies to search, critically evaluate, use
and contribute information and media content wisely; knowledge of one’s rights
online; understanding how to combat online hate speech and cyberbullying;
understanding of the ethical issues surrounding the access and use of
information; and engage with media and ICTs to promote equality, free
expression, intercultural/interreligious dialogue, peace, etc."
What is Media Literacy?
- Media literacy is the ability to identify different types of media and understand the
messages they're sending.
- Kids take in a huge amount of information from a wide array of sources, far
beyond the traditional media (TV, radio, newspapers, and magazines) of most
parents' youth.
- There are text messages, memes, viral videos, social media, video games,
advertising, and more.
- But all media shares one thing: Someone created it. And it was created for a
reason. Understanding that reason is the basis of media literacy.
- It provides a framework to access, analyze, evaluate and create messages in a
variety of forms - from print to video to the Internet.
- Furthermore, it builds an understanding of the role of media in society as well as
essential skills of inquiry and self-expression necessary for citizens of a
democracy.
What is Information Literacy?
- Today’s digital landscape offers young people unprecedented access to tools and
resources for learning. The information that we encounter, however, is not always
accurate or high-quality.
- Foundational information and digital literacy skills, such as conducting strategic
online searches, judging the legitimacy of online sources, sifting out
misinformation, and recognizing advertising, can help set users up for success as
lifelong learners.
- For example, users can learn to search effectively and efficiently with the right
kinds of keywords. They also can learn that sponsored links (which commonly
appear at the top of the search result list) are forms of ads and therefore not
always the best resources.
- When young people also get in the habit of checking out an author’s credibility or
bias, questioning whether a photo has been digitally altered, or cross-referencing
sources, they can avoid being misinformed or duped.

What is Technology (Digital) Literacy?

- Technology literacy refers to a familiarity with digital information and devices,
increasingly essential in a modern learning environment.
- Technology literacy is similar to digital literacy, in that an individual who is
technologically or digitally literate is well-versed in thinking critically and
communicating by utilizing technology.
Responsible Use of Media and Information
- Digital Access The ability to fully participate in the digital society.
- Digital Literacy The ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to
locate, evaluate, use and create information.
- Etiquette Properties of conduct as established in any class or community or for any
occasion.
- Flame War Series of angry, critical, or disparaging comments by two or more people in
an ongoing online argument.
- Netiquette Set of rules for behaving properly online
Media and Information literacy recognize the primary role of information and media in our
everyday lives.
- Empowerment of people through Media and Information Literacy (MIL) is an important
prerequisite for fostering equitable access to information and knowledge and promoting
free, independent, and pluralistic media and information systems.
Media and Information Literacy is composed of three main concepts:
1. Media Literacy,
2. Information Literacy and
3. Technology/Digital Literacy.
- Developing necessary skills and competencies in regard to these concepts is an effective way
to use and produce information from the traditional and new media.
- We defined Digital Literacy/Technology Literacy as the ability of an individual, either working
independently or with others, to responsibly, appropriately, and effectively use technological
tools
- This concept has something to do with issues arising in the digital world today. With the
growing trend in the use of technology, cases of unethical use are also surging up.
- With this concern, ethical use of media and information should be given great emphasis
through inculcating Digital citizenship starting with Digital access.
- Digital access refers to the ability to fully participate in digital society.
This includes access to tools and technologies, such as the internet and computers, that allow
for full participation.
Having full access to technology requires continuously developing norms of appropriate,
responsible, and empowered technology use which refers to Digital Citizenship. Let’s
take a look at the Nine elements of Digital Citizenship to understand its content.
The elements (9 elements of digital citizenship) have also been organized under the
principles of respect, educate and protect. To fully grasp it, take a look on the image
below.

Responsible Use of Media and Information:

- Digital citizenship also includes Digital Etiquette which pertains to electronic standards of
conduct or procedures and has to do with the process of thinking about others when
using digital devices. Recognizing Online Proper conduct is a must and it has something
to do with “Netiquette”.
- Merriam - Webster dictionary defined Netiquette as set of rules about the proper and
polite way to communicate with other people when using the internet.
- Common issues in the digital world such as bashing and online bullying occur due to
improper conduct online.
As a responsible online user, the following core rules should be taken into consideration;
RULE
1. Remember the Human
2. Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life
3. Know where you are in cyberspace
4. Respect other people's time and bandwidth
5. Make yourself look good online
6. Share expert knowledge
7. Help keep flame wars under control
8. Respect other people's privacy
9. Don't abuse your power
 10. Be forgiving of other people's mistakes
- Learning is never ending, the more information we have, the more we seek for more.
- With the birth of technology, access to information comes at the tip of our fingers.
- However, despite the leisure technology offers, people tend to abuse it resulting to
human conflict.
- Proper online conduct is a must every time in contact with the digital world to avoid
unpleasant situations.

LESSON 4

The Evolution of media from traditional to new media

- New Media has revolutionized the nature and pace of human interaction across the world,
which is increasingly assuring the contours of a “Global Village”.
- The new media such as the Internet, computers, Cell Phones, Social networking, Skype, Blogs,
and Video Conferencing are bringing noticeable changes in our society.

WHAT IS TRADITIONAL MEDIA?

- Any form of mass communication available before the advent of digital media. This includes
television, radio, newspapers, books, and magazines.

WHAT IS NEW MEDIA?

- This content can be viewed on any device and provides a way for people to interact with the
content in real-time with the inclusion of user comments and making it easy for people to share
the content online and on social with friends and other people.
- the technology or resources available during the prehistoric age. In this age, People learned or
discovered fire developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze,
copper, and iron.
 - the technology or resources available during the prehistoric age
- the technology or resources available during the industrial age (1700s-1930s)
- This is where people discovered the used of power steam, developed machine tools, established
iron production, and the manufacturing of various products (including books through the
printing press).

The technology or resources available during the Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)

In this age, People invented the transistor and ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the
power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this
age, long distance communication became more efficient.
- the technology or resources available during the Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)
- the technology or resources available during the Information Age (1900s-2000s)
- This is where the Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social
network. the technology or resources available during the Information Age (1900s-2000s)
- People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile
devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound, and data are digitalized. We
are now living in the information age. the technology or resources available during the
Information Age (1900s-2000s)