Homework #4 Solutions

Feel free to use http://www.continuummechanics.org/interactivecalcs.html when applicable.

1. Show that

∫ n ⋅ ∇(x ⋅ x)dS = 6V
S

where V is a volume bounded by the surface, S , and n is the outward unit normal vector.

Transform the term to a volume integral using the divergence theorem.

 2
∫ n ⋅ ∇(x ⋅ x)dS = ∫ ∇ (x ⋅ x)dV
S V

= ∫ (xi xi ),jj dV
V

= ∫ (xi xi ),jj dV
V

= ∫ (xi,j xi + xi xi,j ),j dV

V

= ∫ (δij xi + xi δij ),j dV

V

= ∫ (2xj ),j dV
V

= ∫ 2xj,j dV
V

= ∫ 2δjj dV
V

= ∫ 6 dV
V

= 6V

2. Use Hooke's Law to calculate strain tensors given the following stress tensor. Use E = 50 MPa and
calculate two separate strain tensors: (i) one for ν = 0.33 (metals), and (ii) the second for ν = 0.50
(incompressibles).

Thoughts on sensitivity of stress/strain tensors to Poisson's Ratio?

 20 15 5
⎡ ⎤
σ = ⎢ 15 30 0 ⎥ MPa
⎣ ⎦
5 0 10

Use the relationship

1
ϵij = [(1 + ν)σij − δij ν σkk ]
E

(i) ν = 0.33

ϵ11 ϵ12 ϵ13 ⎧ 20 15 5 60 0 0

⎡ ⎤ ⎪ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎫
⎪
1
⎢ ϵ21 ϵ22 ϵ23 ⎥ = ⎨(1 + 0.33) ⎢ 15 30 0 ⎥ − 0.33 ⎢ 0 60 0 ⎥⎬
50 MPa ⎩
⎪ ⎭
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎪
ϵ31 ϵ32 ϵ33 5 0 10 0 0 60

6.67 20 6.67
⎡ ⎤
1
= ⎢ 20 20 0 ⎥
50 MPa
⎣ ⎦
6.67 0 −6.67

0.133 0.40 0.133

⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 0.400 0.40 0.000 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
0.133 0.00 −0.133

(ii) ν = 0.50
 ϵ11 ϵ12 ϵ13 ⎧ 20 15 5 60 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎪ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎫
⎪
1
⎢ ϵ21 ϵ22 ϵ23 ⎥ = ⎨(1 + 0.5) ⎢ 15 30 0 ⎥ − 0.5 ⎢ 0 60 0 ⎥⎬
⎣ ⎦ 50 MPa ⎩
⎪ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎭
⎪
ϵ31 ϵ32 ϵ33 5 0 10 0 0 60

0 22.5 7.5
⎡ ⎤
1
= ⎢ 22.5 15 0 ⎥
50 MPa ⎣ ⎦
7.5 0 −15

0.00 0.45 0.15

⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ 0.45 0.30 0.00 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
0.15 0.00 −0.30

The normal strains (on the diagonal) are more sensitive to ν than the shear terms.

3. First, demonstrate that the following coordinate transformation matrix satisfies Q ⋅ Q = I. Yet, even T

though it does satisfy Q ⋅ Q = I, there is something fundamentally wrong with Q. Can you identify
T

what it is?

0 0 1
⎡ ⎤
Q = ⎢1 0 0⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 −1 0

0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
T
Q ⋅ Q = ⎢1 0 0⎥⎢0 0 −1 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 −1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

Nevertheless, the problem with Q is that it represents a left-handed coordinate system!

4. If r = θ ^r and θ = ω t, then determine equations for velocity, v, and acceleration, a.

r = ωt^
r

v = ω^
2 ^
r + ω tθ

a = 2ω
2 ^ − ω3 t r
θ ^