TIME RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SECOND ORDER

SYSTEM
Aim:
To observe the time response of a closed loop second order system and
determination of characteristics.
APPARATUS:-
1. Second order system study unit
2. CRO

Circuit diagram:
Procedure: -

1)Switch ON the mains supply to the unit, observe the signal source output by selecting
square wave or step input and by varying amplitude potentiometer.

2) Make sure signal source is correct before connecting the input of the second order system.

3) Now select square wave signal. Draw the input square wave signal.

4) Connect the output of square wave signal source to second order system using RLC.

5) Take the output across the capacitor and observe the waveform on CRO.

6) Find tr,tp, Mp & ts practically from the waveforms for the under damped (δ=0.3)
Conditions by setting R value from Potentiometer R provided.

7) Compare this with the theoretical wave forms.

8) Find tr practically from the waveforms for the critically damped (δ=1)
Conditions by setting R value from Potentiometer R provided.

9) Find tr practically from the waveforms for the over damped (δ=2)
Conditions by setting R value from Potentiometer R provided.

10) Measure the R values using Digital DC voltmeter or multi meter between the I/P
terminals with main switch in OFF position.
Theoritical Calculations:

R-10K L- 2H

Square wave C-0.32 µF

signal

L = 2H C = 0.32 µF

R = 2δ L/C
For δ = 0.3 R = 2δ L/C

= 2X0.3 6
2 /0.32X10ֿ
2X0.3X2.5X10³

0.3 = 1500 ohms (Under damped case 0< δ < 1)

δ = 0.7 = 3500 ohms (Under damped case 0< δ < 1)
δ= 1 = 5000 ohms (Critically damped case δ=1)
δ= 2 = 10000 ohms (Over damped case δ>1

For Under damped case

1 1
n = = 6
= 1250 rad/sec
√LC 2 X 0.32 x 10¯

1250
f = = 200Hz.
2Π

d = n√(1- δ²) =1250√(1-0.3²)

= 1138rad/sec
 1) Delay Time (td) : td= 1+0.7 δ /n sec

2) Rise time (tr) = -d

 = tan ¯¹(1- δ²)

 δ
3) Peak time(tp) : tp = /d
δ √1-δ²
4) Peak overshoot (Mp) : % peak overshoot Mp= e¯  × 100.

5) Settling time(ts) : ts = 4/ δn for ± 2%

tolerance. ts = 3/ δn for ±
5% tolerance.

Tabular Column

Sl No R in L in C in Micro δ td tr Mp tp ts ess
Ohm Henry Farad (Damping
Factor)

MODEL GRAPHS:

Square wave Input Damping factor-0.3

Square wave Input Damping factor-0.7

Square wave Input Damping factor-1.0

 td = delay time
tr = Rise time
Mp = Max. Overshoot
tp = peak time
ts = Setting time
ess = Steady state error.
RESULT:- Time response of second order system using Op-Amp and RLC circuit is
constructed and its performance is studied
TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF FEEDBACK OF P, PI, PID CONTROLLERS ON A
SECOND ORDER SYSTEMS.

AIM :
To Study The Effect Of Feedback Of P, PI, PID Controllers On A Second Order
systems.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Control Unit
2. Digital Voltmeter
3. Patch Cards
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
Proportional Controller
1. Make the connections as given in the circuit diagram.

2. Keep I and D controllers at OFF position.

3. Connect DC supply to Vin. Connect First order plant in the loop.

4. Note down Vin, Vf, Verror for different P - gain and entered in the tabular
column. We can observe that the Error voltage = Vs/l+G.
Proportional+Integral(Pi)Controller:
5.
1. Make the connections as given in the circuit diagram - Keep D Controller at
off position.
6.
2. Connect DC supply to Vin.
3.
3. Repeat the same procedure for first Order System, Second Order System for
different Values of P and I gain.
4.
4. Enter the results in the tabular column.
5.
5. Connect Square wave input and keep the damping factor constant(0.3) by
adjusting R value provided on the front panel.
6.
6. And observe the both input and Vf wave forms on CRO by varying both P gain
and I gain. You can observe that study state error is zero with PI controller.
Proportional + Integral + Derivative Controller (Pid) :
1. Make the connections as given in the circuit diagram .

2. Connect DC supply to Vin.

3. Repeat the same procedure for First Order Plant, Second Order Plant

4. Enter the results in the tabular column.

5. Connect square wave input and connect Second order system and adjust
damping factor(0.3) by adjusting R. Observe the wave form at I/P and
VF .
MODEL GRAPHS:

P-Controller II order system –Square wave Input(Low gain)

P-Controller II order system –Square wave Input(H igh gain)

PI-Controller II order system –Square wave Input(Low gain)

 23

PI-Controller II order system –Square wave Input(High gain)

PID-Controller II order system –Square wave Input(Low gain)

PID-Controller II order system –Square wave Input(High gain)

RESULT:- Thus the effect of P, PI & PID controllers if second order system is studied.
 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNCHROS

EXPERIMENT NO.1

Study of synchro Transmitter:

AIM: To study the characteristics of synchro transmitter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1) Synchro Transmitter and Receiver pair kit

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the mains supply to the system with the help of cable provided. Do not
interconnect S1, S2 and S3 to S1, S2 and S3.
2) Switch ON mains supply for the unit and transmitter rotor supply.
3) Starting from zero position, note down the voltage between stator winding terminals i.e.
Vs1s2, Vs1s3 and Vs2s3 in a sequential manner. Enter readings in a tabular form and plot
a graph of angular position Vs rotor voltages for all three phases.
4) Note that zero position of the stator rotor coincide with Vs3s1 voltage equal to zero
voltage. Do not disturb this condition.

TABULAR COLUMN:
EXPERIMENT NO.2

Study of synchro Transmitter & Receiver pair:

AIM: To study the characteristics of synchro transmitter and receiver pair.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1) Synchro Transmitter and Receiver pair kit

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect main supply cable.

2) Connect S1, S2 and S3 terminals of transmitter to S1, S2 and S3 of synchro receiver by
patch cords provided respectively.
3) Switch on Rotor supply of both transmitter and receiver and also switch on the mains
supply.
4) Move the pointer i.e. rotor position of synchro transmitter in steps of 30 degrees and
observe the new receiver position. Observe that whenever Transmitter rotor is rotated, the
Receiver rotor follows it for both the directions of rotations and their positions are in
good agreement.
5) Enter the input angular position and output angular position in the tabular form and plot a
graph.

TABULAR COLUMN: Receiver Angular Table

Model Graph:

Relationship between Synchro Transmitter & Receiver

Angular Typical Curve:

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Handle the pointers for both the rotors in a gentle manner

2) Do not attempt to pull out the pointers.
3) Do not short rotor or stator terminals.

RESULT:

Thus the characteristics of Synchro Transmitter and Receiver are studied.

 LEAD – LAG COMPENSATION –MAGNITUDE AND PHASE PLOT
Aim:
To study the frequency response of the lead and lag compensators.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
a) Lead-Lag network study unit.
b) CRO -20 Mhz

Circuit Diagram:

Lag network:

Lead network:
PROCEDURE: -

1. Switch ON the Mains supply to the unit. Observe the sine wave signal by
varying frequency and amplitude potentiometer.

2. Now make the networks connections depending on Lag – Lead or Lag – Lead
networks. Connect sine wave output to networks input.

3. Note down the peak detector input using digital voltmeter provided. Now the
meter will show V peak. Set the amplitude of sine wave to some value say 3V

4. Now vary the frequency and note down frequency, phase angle difference and
output voltage for different frequencies and enter the readings in the tabular
column.

5. Now calculate the theoretical values of phase angle difference and gain.
Compare this with the measured values.

6. Plot the graph of phase Angle v/s frequency(ώ=2πf) (phase plot) and
gain in db(20log gain) v/s frequency(ώ=2πf) (magnitude plot).

7. Repeat the same for different values of R & C.

8. Repeat the same for different sine wave amplitude.

9. Do the experiment for different compensator circuit.

LEAD COMPENSATION :

TABLE:-
Vin = V.

Sl.No. Frequency in HZ Phase angle Output Gain =

Φ in degrees voltage Vo Vo/Vin
in volts
LAG COMPENSATION:-

TABLE:-
Vin = V.

Sl.No. Frequency in HZ Phase angle Output Gain =

Φ in degrees voltage Vo Vo/Vin
in volts

Theoretical Calculations:

Lead Compensation :

V
in

¯¹
Phase Angle Ф = tan (1 / ωCR )
Gain Gc (jω) = Vout = jωCR
Vin 1+jωCR

Vout = R Z = √R² + ( 1/ωC)²

Vin Z
 Lag Compensation:-

R=10K(R1)

V
in
C=0.1µF (C1)

¯¹
Phase Angle Ф = tan ωRC

Gain = 1/RC
√ [ω²+(1/RC)²]

RESULT:-
Performance of lead lag network is studied and phase shift is determined.
 POWERTRONICS

INSTRUCTION AND OPERATION

MANUAL
FOR

SPEED TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS

OF TWO PHASE AC SERVO MOTOR

Designed and Manufactured by:

POWERTRONICS
# 113,2nd Floor,1st Main
Petechennappa Industrial Area,
Kamakshipalya,
Bangalore – 560 079.
Tele Fax : 080-23581686,
E-mail: powertronics_sk@yahoo.com
 SPEED TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO PHASE
AC SERVO MOTOR

AIM:- To Determine The Transfer Function Of AC Servo Motor.

Motor Specifications:-

1. Reference winding Voltage - 230V AC

2. Control winding Voltage - 0-230V AC

3. Rated Speed - 2000 RPM

4. Rated Power - 20 Watts

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:-

1. Study all the controls carefully on the front panel.

2. Initially keep load control switch at OFF position, indicating that the armature circuit of dc
machine is not connected to auxiliary dc supply – 12 V dc. Keep servomotor supply switch
also at OFF position.
3. Ensure load potentiometer and control voltage auto transformer at minimum position.
4. Now switch ON mains supply to the unit and also AC servomotor supply switch. Vary the
control voltage transformer. You can observe that the ac servomotor will starts rotating and
the speed will be indicated by the tachometer in the front panel.
5. With load switch in OFF position, vary the speed of the AC servomotor by moving the
control voltage and note down back emf generated by the dc machine (Now working as dc
generator or tacho ). Enter the results in the Table.

6. Now with load switch at OFF position, switch ON AC servomotor and keep the speed in
the minimum position. Now vary the control winding voltage by varying the auto
transformer(230V) .You can observe that the AC servomotor starts moving with speed
being indicated by the tachometer and set the speed for maximum speed. Now switch ON
the load switch and start loading AC servomotor by varying the load potentiometer slowly.
Note down the corresponding values of IA and speed and enter these readings in the table.
And also enter the back emf for different speed from table to plot speed V/s back emf.
7. Repeat the above procedure for different control voltage 200V,180V also and plot the
graph of speed V/s Torque.

Observaion Tables:
TABLE TO PLOT SPEED Vs BACK EMF:- Table-1

Sl.no. Speed - N Rpm Back Emf – E b in volts

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Speed torque characteristics table:- Table-2
VC – Control winding voltage: 230VAC
Sl.No. IA mA N rpm Eb-Back emf P-watts T-Torque(Gm-cm)
(From table-1)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

VC – Control winding voltage: 180VAC Table-3

Sl.No. N rpm Eb-Back emf P-watts T-Torque(Gm-cm)

IA mA
(From table-1)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

VC – Control winding voltage: 150VAC Table-4

Sl.No. N rpm Eb-Back emf P-watts T-Torque(Gm-cm)

IA mA
(From table-1)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
IA is measured by ammeter which is connected in series with the power supply & variable
resistance (LOAD CONTROL). From the product of Eb (back e. m. f. developed by the
motor ) and the armature current take, we can find the mechanical power developed at
the motor shaft. Again we must use the formula.

2π NT
P= ----------------- N -mts
60

P × 1.019 × 10 4 × 60
Torque = ------------------------------- gm-cm
2π N

P in watts
P=IA VA in watts
T=Torque in Gm- Cm

Repeat the above experiment for control winding voltage 200V,180V,& 150V.
The above readings are not standard.

Torque calculation for a sample data:

Ia= 0.381 A Control voltage-230V

Speed N= 1000 rpm.

For speed 1000 rpm -Eb = 3.33 volts.

Therefore power P= Eb × Ia = 0.96 × 0.17 = 1.268 watts

4
P × 1.019 × 10 × 60
T= --------------------------
2× π× N

4
1.268 × 1.019× 10 × 60
T= ---- --- --- --- --- ---- --- --- --- --- -- 2 ×

3.142 × 1000

T= 123.44 Gm-Cm
Expected Graphs:
Back emf(Eb) v/s Speed(N):

Eb (V)

Speed(RPM)

Torque(T) V/S Speed(N):

VC=230V

VC=180V

VC=150V

Torque in
gm - cm

Speed in RPM
RESULT:- Speed torque characteristics of AC servomotor determined By calculating motor
constants K1&K2
.
 EFFECT OF FEEDBACK ON DC SERVOMOTOR
Aim:-To study effect of feedback on DC servomotor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Name of the Specifications Quantity

equipment
1. Input source: DC regulated power supply:30V/2A – 1no

2. Control modules: 1. Chopper circuit – 1no

3. Output (load): 1. PMDC Motor, – 1no.
4. Measuring Oscilloscope – 1no.
Instruments:
As per
5. Connecting wires: Patch cords for connecting. requirement

Circuit diagram

0-30V

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect motor terminals to respective points in the power circuit & speed sensor to feedback terminals .Connect
the voltmeter & ammeter to the respective points.
2. Circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Check the connections and conform the connections made are correct before switching on mains supply & DC
power supply.
4. Connect suitable DC regulated voltage using regulated power supply 30V/2A.
5. Keeping all the knobs at minimum position switch on the DC power supply adjust the DC voltage to say 24V.
6. Set the rpm to suitable value through the knob SET RPM (say 1000 rpm).
7. Switch ON P controller and set suitable gain(say maximum)
8. Switch on the POWER supply switch.

9. Load the motor up to 500 grms load in steps of 50 grams. Note down the speed of the motor for different loads.
Observe the voltage waveforms using CRO.
10. Now switch ON P&I controller. Set suitable gain and timing.
11. Set the rpm to suitable value through the knob SET RPM (say 1000 rpm).
12. Load the motor up to 500 grms load in steps of 50 grams. Note down the speed of the motor for different loads.
Observe the voltage waveforms using CRO.
13. Now switch ON P,I and D controller. Set suitable gain and timing.
 14. Set the rpm to suitable value through the knob SET RPM (say 1000 rpm).
15. Load the motor up to 500 grms load in steps of 50 grams. Note down the speed of the motor for different loads.
Observe the voltage waveforms using CRO.
16. Slowly reduce the DC voltage to zero switch off the unit, DC power supply & remove the connections.

Note: While changing the set rpm vary the knob slowly.

a)TABULAR COLUM:
P-CONTROLLER

SL. Set Load in gms Run speed in

No . speed in RPM
RPM
1.
2.
3.
4.

P-I CONTROLLER

SL. Set Load in gms Run speed in

No . speed in RPM
RPM
1.
2.
3.
4.

P-I-DCONTROLLER

SL. Set Load in gms Run speed in

No . speed in RPM
RPM
1.
2.
3.
4.

Result: Effect of feedback on DCservo motor using MOFET chopper & PID controller is studied.
 7. TRANSFER FUNCTION OF A DC MOTOR
AIM:

To obtain transfer function of DC motor by using armature controlled DC motor and

speed control by armature voltage control methods.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

This setup consists of the following units to conduct the above experiments:-
a) DC motor – 0.5HP/220V/1500rpm with mechanical loading arrangement.
b) Controller unit suitable for the above motor to vary the armature voltage and field voltage
with digital meters.
c) Tachometer digital non-contact to measure the speed of DC motor.
PROCEDURE:

ARMATURE CONTROLLED METHOD:

1) Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2) Connect 220V fixed DC supply to the field of DC motor and Brake drum belt should be
loosened.
3) Start the motor by applying 0-220V variable DC supply from the controller till the motor
rotates at its rated speed (1500 rpm).
4) Note down meter readings which indicates no load reading.
5) Apply load in steps upto rated current (5 Amps) of the motor and note down
corresponding IL, N, F1 and F2 readings.
6) Switch OFF the armature DC supply using armature supply ON/OFF switch and then
switch OFF the MCB.
ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL METHOD:

1) Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2) Connect 220V fixed DC supply to the motor field. Keep the armature pot at its minimum
position and switch at OFF position.
3) Switch ON the MCB, switch ON the armature control switch. Vary the armature voltage
and note down the speed and the corresponding meter readings.
4) Repeat the same for different armature voltages.
5) Switch OFF the armature control switch and then the main MCB.

TABLE-1:

We know that R = 6.5cm = 0.065 mts

SI.NO Ia (A) F1 (kg) F2 (kg) N (rpm) T = 9.81(F1-F2) x R (N-m)

MODEL GRAPH:

Ia Vs T

TABLE-2:

We know that Ra = 18 Ω

SI.NO Ia (A) N (rpm) Voltage (V) Eb = V-IaRa ω = 2πN/60

MODEL GRAPH:

CALCULATIONS:

Transfer function of armature controlled DC motor

KT
G(s) = _______________________________
S{[Ra+SLa]*[SJm+Bm]+KT Kb}

Where,

Ra = 18 Ω

La = 135 mH

Jm = 0.024 kg-m2

Bm = 0.8

and Kb = Back emf constant

KT = Torque constant

RESULT:

Thus the transfer function of Armature controlled DC motor is obtained.

 8. PSPICE SIMULATION OF OP-AMP BASED INTEGRATOR AND
DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUITS

AIM: PSPICE simulation of op-amp based on Integrator and Differentiator circuits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1) Personal computer

2) PSPICE software

PROCEDURE:

1) Open PSPICE AD student file.

2) Go to “File” and open “text” file.

3) Now type the program for integration circuit.

4) Then save program with extension as .ckt file.

5) Go to file and click open and open the saved circuit file.

6) To plot the graphs go to add trace and trace the supply input voltage points and press ok
in the dialogue box.

7) See the graph output and draw it on a graph sheet.

8) Now for differential circuit again go to file and open text file.

9) Now type the program for differential circuit.

10) Then save program with extension as .ckt file.

11) Go to file and click open and open the saved circuit file.

12) To plot the graphs go to add trace and trace the supply input voltage points and press ok
in the dialogue box.

13) See the graph output and draw it on a graph sheet.

PROGRAM:

INTEGRATOR:

VIN 1 0 PWL(0 0 INS -1V 1MS -1V 1.0001MS 1V 2MS 1V 2.0001MS -1V 3MS -1V
3.0001MS 1V 4MS 1V)
R1 1 2 2.5K
RF 2 4 1MEG
RX 3 0 2.5K
RL 4 0 100K
C1 2 4 0.1UF
*Calling subckt of OP-AMP
XA1 2 3 4 0 OPAMP
*Subckt definition for OPAMP
.SUBCKT OPAMP 1 2 7 4
RI 1 2 2.0E6
*Voltage controlled current source with a gain 0.1M
GB 4 3 1 2 0.1M
R1 3 4 10K
C1 3 4 1.5619UF
*Voltage controlled voltage source with a gain 2E+5
EA 4 5 3 4 2E+5
RO 5 7 75
*END of subckt OP-AMP
.ENDS
*Transfer analysis for 0 to 4MS with 50US movement
.TRAN 50US 4MS
*Plot the results at node 4.
.PLOT TRAN V(4) V(1)
.PLOT AC VM(4) VP(4)
.PROBE
.END
DIFFERENTIATOR:

VIN 1 0 PWL(0 0 1MS 1 2MS 0 3MS 1 4MS 0)

R1 1 2 100
RF 3 4 10K
RX 5 0 10K
RL 4 0 100K
C1 2 3 0.4UF
XA1 3 5 4 0 OPAMP
.SUBCKT OPAMP 1 2 7 4
RI 1 2 2.0E6
GB 4 3 1 2 0.1M
R1 3 4 10K
C1 3 4 1.5619UF
EA 4 5 3 4 2E+5
RO 5 7 75
.ENDS OPAMP
.TRAN 10US 4MS
.PLOT TRAN V(4) V(1)
.PROBE
.END

RESULT:

Thus PSPICE simulation is obtained for OP-AMP based Integrator and Differentiator.
INTEGRATOR OP-AMP CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DIFFERENTIATOR OP-AMP CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 9. ROOT LOCUS PLOT, BODE PLOT, NYQUIST PLOT, POLAR PLOT
OF TRANSFER FUNCTION USING MATLAB

AIM:
To obtain Root Locus plot, Bode plot, Nyquist plot and Polar plot for a given Transfer
Function using MATLAB.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1) MATLAB Software.
2) Personal Computer.

PROCEDURE:

1) Click the matlab icon to open matlab command window and work space.
2) From the matlab command window menu bar open new M-file.
3) Write the program.
4) Press control + s to save.
5) Go to run from debug tool bar to execute.
6) Determine gain margin, phase margin and also stability of the system.

PROGRAM :

I) ROOT LOCUS PLOT

num = input (‘Enter the Numerator ‘)

den = input (‘Enter the Denominator’)

sys = tf(num,den)

rlocus(sys)

disp(‘The root locus Plot is displayed.”);

II) BODE PLOT

num = input (‘Enter the Numerator ‘)

den = input (‘Enter the Denominator’)

sys = tf(num,den)

bode(sys)

disp(‘The bode Plot is displayed.”);

[gm,pm,wcg,wcp] = margin(sys)

OUTPUT:

Given Transfer Function:

s+4

------------------------

S^3 + 2s^2 + 3s + 1

OBTAINED GRAPH:
OUTPUT:

Given Transfer Function:

s+4

----------------------------

S^3 + 2s^2 + 3s + 1

OBTAINED GRAPH:
PROGRAM:

I) NYQUIST PLOT

num = input (‘Enter the Numerator ‘)

den = input (‘Enter the Denominator’)

sys = tf(num,den)

nyquist(sys)

disp(‘The nyquist Plot is displayed.”);

II) POLAR PLOT

num = input (‘Enter the Numerator ‘)

den = input (‘Enter the Denominator’)

polar(num,den)

disp(‘The polar plot is displayed.”);

NYQUIST OUTPUT:

Given Transfer Function:

4s+1

-------------------

2s4+3s3+s2
MODELGRAPH:

NYQIUST PLOT
POLAR OUTPUT:

Given Transfer Function:

1
-----------------
S (1+S) 2

MODEL GRAPH:

POLAR PLOT

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Don’t close matlab command window before the execution of program.

2) Save the program file as in .m extension.
3) Put the semicolon(;) after every statement.
RESULT:

Thus Root Locus plot, Bode plot, Nyquist plot and Polar plot for a given Transfer
Function using MATLAB are obtained.

10. STATE SPACE MODEL FOR A GIVEN CLASSICAL TRANSFER

FUNCTION USING MATLAB

AIM: To obtain State Space Model for a given Transfer Function and
To obtain the Transfer Function for a given State Space Model
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1) MATLAB Software.
2) Personal Computer.
PROCEDURE:

1) Open MATLAB file.

2) Go to FILE and open M-file.
3) Now type the program.
 4) For the execution of the program press “RUN” button.
5) Observe the output in command window with the transfer function.
6) Note down the output and close M-file.

PROGRAM:

State Space Model for a given Transfer Function

disp (‘Transformation from Transfer function to State Space Model’)

num = input(‘Enter the Numerator:’)

den = input (‘Enter the Denominator:’)

sys = tf(num,den)

disp( ‘State Space Model for the given Transfer Function is’)

[a b c d] = tf2ss(num,den)

Output:

Transfer Function of given system is

Transfer Function:

2s^2 + 3 s + 2

----------------------------

2 s^4 + s^3 + s^2 + 2s

Corresponding State Space Model A,B,C,D are:

A= -0.5000 -0.5000 -1.0000 0

1.0000 0 0 0
 0 1.0000 0 0

0 0 1.0000 0

B= 1

C= 0 1.0000 1.5000 1.000

D= 0

Transfer Function for a given State Space Model

disp(‘Transformation from State space model to Transfer Function’);

a = input(‘Enter the values of matrix a: ‘)

b = input(‘Enter the values of matrix b: ‘)

c = input(‘Enter the values of matrix c: ‘)

d = input(‘Enter the values of matrix d: ‘)

disp(‘Transfer Function for the given state space model is’);

[num,den] = ss2tf(a,b,c,d)

Sys = tf(num,den)

Output:

A, B, C, D Matrices of given State Space Model are:

 A= 1 2

3 4

B= 1

C= 1 0

D= 0

And corresponding Transfer Function is :

Transfer Function:

S–2
---------------
S^2 – 5 s - 2

RESULT:

Hence state space model for classical transfer function using MATLAB are determined and
Transfer function of systems defined by state space equations using MATLAB are verified.