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Chapter 9 9-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force

Linear Momentum Momentum is a vector symbolized by the


symbol p , and is defined as

A fast moving car has more momentum than a

slow-moving car of the same mass
A heavy truck has more momentum than a
small car moving at the same speed
The more momentum an object has, the harder
it is to stop it

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Units of momentum:
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9-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force 9-3 Collisions and Impulse
As an object undergoes a
The rate of change of momentum is equal to the collision, there is a
net force: change in momentum.
The impulse, , is defined
This can be shown using Newton’s second law: as the change in
momentum:
=

The impulse is related to

the average force as: =
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9-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force 9-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force

If an object has no net force acting on it, then For a system of objects, the total momentum is
the vector sum of the momenta of the objects (1
through n) that are part of the system:
= 0 …
The rate of change of momentum of the system
 is equal to the net force on the system. We call
This means that p must be constant. the net force on the system ∑ :
We say that momentum is conserved.
If the object has no change in mass, the
velocity will be constant (consistent with
Newton’s 2nd Law)
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9-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force 9-2 Conservation of Momentum

If a system of objects has no external force During a collision, measurements show that the
acting on it , then total momentum does not change:
′

= 0

While there are

This means that the momentum of the certainly forces
acting during a
system, , must be constant. collision, they are all
Again, we say that momentum is conserved, INTERNAL to the
system and do not
but this time it is the momentum of the system
contribute to ∑
as a whole that stays the same.
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9-2 Conservation of Momentum 9-2 Conservation of Momentum

Momentum is vector. This is the law of conservation of linear

momentum:
When objects collide in
2D (or 3D) we need to when the net external force on a system of
conserve momentum in objects is zero, the total momentum of the
each dimension: system remains constant.
′ Equivalently,
′ the total momentum of an isolated system
′
remains constant.

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9-2 Conservation of Momentum 9-4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum

in Collisions
Momentum conservation works for a rocket as Momentum is conserved
long as we consider the rocket and its fuel to in all collisions.
be one system, and account for the mass loss
of the rocket. Collisions in which
kinetic energy is
conserved as well are
called elastic collisions,
and those in which it is
not are called inelastic.
In a perfectly inelastic
collision, the objects
stick together after the
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9-6 Inelastic Collisions 9-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension

When objects collide elastically:

With inelastic collisions, some of the initial
kinetic energy is lost to thermal or potential Momentum is conserved:
energy.
′
A completely inelastic collision is one in
and kinetic energy is conserved:
which the objects stick together afterward,
so there is only one final velocity. ′
In an explosion, the momentum of the
system is zero before the collision and is In 1D case with two objects, A and B, colliding
zero afterwards (although individual parts of head-on, we can show that:
the system have non-zero momenta).

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9-7 Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions 9-8 Center of Mass (CM)

Conservation of energy and momentum can also
At the beginning of the chapter, we said that for
be used to analyze collisions in two or three
a system of particles :
dimensions, but unless the situation is very
simple, the math quickly becomes unwieldy.
Here, a moving object collides with
an object initially at rest. Knowing
the masses and initial velocities is If an external force acts on a system of
not enough; we need to know the particles, ∑ must still hold.
angles as well in order to find the
final velocities. It does, but it refers the center of mass of the
system:

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9-8 Center of Mass (CM) 9-9 Center of Mass and Translational Motion
Consider a diver as a system A rocket is shot into the air as shown. At the moment it
There is one point reaches its highest point, a horizontal distance d from its
of particles subject to the
that moves in the starting point, a prearranged explosion separates it into
external force of gravity:
same path a two parts of equal mass. Part I is stopped in midair by the
particle would explosion and falls vertically to Earth. Where does part II
take if subjected land? Assume g = constant.
to the same force
as the diver. This
point is called the
center of mass
(CM).

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9-8 Center of Mass (CM) 9-8 Center of Mass (CM)

Another way to think about many conservation
The center of gravity is the point at which the
of momentum questions: gravitational force can be considered to act. It is
the same as the center of mass as long as the
If = 0 and ∑ gravitational force does not vary among different
parts of the object.

then acm= 0 and vcm is constant

In some problems vcm = 0 and xcm is constant
For many applications, locating the center of
mass is important.

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9-8 Center of Mass (CM) CONCEPT OF CENTROID

The center of gravity can be found
experimentally by suspending an object from
different points. The CM need not be within the
actual object—a doughnut’s CM is in the
center of the hole.
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The centroid, C, is a point defining the
geometric center of an object.
The centroid coincides with the
center of mass or the center of
gravity only if the material of the
body is homogenous (density or
specific weight is constant
throughout the body).
If an object has an axis of symmetry,
then the centroid of object lies on
that axis.
In some cases, the centroid may
not be located on the object.
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9-8 Center of Mass (CM) 9-8 Center of Mass (CM)

To find the center of mass of a composite For two particles, the center of mass lies closer
object, use: to the one with the most mass:

∑
∑
where M is the total mass.
∑
∑

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