BIODEGRADABLE CARRY BAGS

AND GARBAGE BAGS

[EIRI/EDPR/3986] J.C.: 2115XL

INTRODUCTION

Degradation: ... “an irreversible process leading to a significant change of the structure of a material,
typically characterized by a loss of properties (e.g. integrity, molecular weight or structure, mechanical
strength) and/or fragmentation. Degradation is affected by environmental conditions and proceeds over a
period of time comprising one or more steps.”

Degradable Plastic: “A plastic designed to undergo significant change in its chemical structure under
specific environmental conditions, resulting in a loss of some properties that may be measured by standard
methods appropriate to the plastic and the application.”

 There are no requirements that these plastics have to degrade from natural processes or any other
criteria.

 A residue is always left behind from degradable plastics.

 Degradable plastics are further categorized based on the method of degradation.

www.eiriindia.org 1
Biodegradable Plastic: “A degradable plastic in which the degradation results from the action of naturally
occurring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae.”

 Biodegradable plastics must biodegrade in specific environments such as soil, compost, or marine
environments.

 There is no regulation addressing toxic residue, and no specific time requirement for degradation.

Getting rid of plastics is extremely difficult. Burning them can give off toxic chemicals such as dioxins,
while collecting and recycling them responsibly is also difficult, because there are many different kinds and
each has to be recycled by a different process.

Making better plastics

Ironically, plastics are engineered to last. You may have noticed that some plastics do, gradually, start to go
cloudy or yellow after long exposure to daylight (more specifically, in the ultraviolet light that sunlight
contains). To stop this happening, plastics manufacturers generally introduce extra stabilizing chemicals to
give their products longer life. With society's ever-increasing focus on protecting the environment, there's a
new emphasis on designing plastics that will disappear much more quickly.

Broadly speaking, so-called "environmentally friendly" plastics fall into three types:-

• Bioplastics made from natural materials such as corn starch

• Biodegradable plastics made from traditional petrochemicals, which are engineered to break
down more quickly

• Eco/recycled plastics, which are simply plastics made from recycled plastic materials rather than raw
petrochemicals.

www.eiriindia.org 2
Biodegradable plastics are plastics that are capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living
organisms. Biodegradable plastics are plastics that can be broken down by microorganisms (bacteria or
fungi) into water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and some bio-material. It is important to note that biodegradable
plastics are not necessarily made from bio-material (i.e. plants). Several biodegradable plastics are made
from oil in the same way as conventional plastics.

In principle plastics are valued for their ability to make strong, durable products (for example in food
storage, transport, building and construction). Biodegradability should therefore be regarded as an
additional functionality when the application demands a cheap way to dispose of the item after it has
fulfilled its job (e.g. for packaging, protect food and keep it fresh). Examples of useful biodegradable
products are:

1. Food packaging – packaging that can be composted together with its contents when the product is
past its sell-by date or spoiled

2. Agriculture – plastic sheeting that can be ploughed-into biodegradable mulch and seed films

3. Medical – absorbable sutures; micro-devices containing medicine, which break down inside the
body

4. Bioplastics are used for disposable items, such as packaging, crockery, cutlery, pots, bowls, and
straws. They are also often used for bags, trays, fruit and vegetable containers and blister foils, egg
cartons, meat packaging, vegetables, and bottling for soft drinks and dairy products.

 These plastics are also used in non-disposable applications including mobile phone casings, carpet
fibres, insulation car interiors, fuel lines, and plastic piping. New electro active bioplastics are being
developed that can be used to carry electric current. In these areas, the goal is not biodegradability,
but to create items from sustainable resources

www.eiriindia.org 3
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
MAKING BETTER PLASTICS
SIGNIFICANCE OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC
WASTE REDUCTION
SOURCE REDUCTION
ENERGY SAVINGS
EXAMPLES OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS
PROS AND CONS OF BIOPLASTICS
PROS:
CONS:
MAIN RAW MATERIALS
BIOPOLYMERS
INGREDIENTS:
TYPES OF "ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY" PLASTICS
BIO-PLASTICS
A RECIPE FOR PLA BIOPLASTICS
BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS
RECYCLED PLASTICS
TYPES OF BIO PLASTIC
STARCH BASED PLASTICS
BACTERIA BASED PLASTICS
SOY BASED PLASTICS
CELLULOSE BASED PLASTICS
LIGNIN BASED PLASTIC
USES AND APPLICATION OF BIODEGRADABLE FILM/BAGS
COMMON MATERIALS USED FOR BIODEGRADABLE/DEGRADABLE FILM:
AVAILABLE THICKNESS
TOLERANCES:
BIODEGRADABLE/DEGRADABLE BAGS CAN BE USED FOR ANY APPLICATION
HOWEVER IT IS POPULAR FOR FOLLOWING USE:
CURRENTLY USED:
TYPES OF BAGS
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND BENEFITS
MARKET POSITION
BIO-PLASTIC CARRIER BAGS MARKET: MARKET DYNAMICS
TYPE INSIGHTS
END-USE INSIGHTS
REGIONAL INSIGHTS

www.eiriindia.org 4
MARKET OVERVIEW OF BIODEGRADABLE BAGS
MANUFACTURERS OF BIODEGRADABLE CARRY BAGS/GARBAGE BAGS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BLOWN FILM EXTRUSION PROCESS & BAG MAKING
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
PROCESSING STEPS TO MANUFACTURE FILM & BAGS
EXTRUSION PROCESS
ELEMENTS OF BLOWN FILM
BLOW-UP RATIO (BUR)
COEXTRUSION OF BLOWN FILM
SWOT ANALYSIS
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR MULTIPURPOSE SERVICE ARE:
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
PRIMARY FACTORS
1. RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:
2. MARKETS:
3. POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:
4. WATER SUPPLY:
5. CLIMATE:
6. TRANSPORTATION:
7. WASTE DISPOSAL:
8. LABOR:
9. REGULATORY LAWS:
10. TAXES:
11. SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
12. COMMUNITY FACTORS:
13. VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:
14. FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
1. DEPRECIATION:
2. FIXED ASSETS:
3. WORKING CAPITAL:
4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:
5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:
6. MARGIN MONEY:
7. TERM LOANS:
8. TOTAL LOAD:
9. LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT HANDLING
PROJECT SCHEDULING
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
TIME SCHEDULE

www.eiriindia.org 5
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
BIODEGRADABLE GRANULES
SUPPLIERS OF PRINTING INKS
SUPPLIERS OF PACKAGING MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF LUBRICANTS
MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
DIE CUTTING PUNCHING MACHINE
FLEXOGRAPHIC PRINTING MACHINE
BOTTON SEALING & SIDE SEALING MACHINE
SLITTING MACHINE
LOOP HANDLE MAKING MACHINE
SUPPLIERS OF AIR COMPRESSORS
SUPPLIERS OF INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
RAW MATERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
PLA GRANULES/RESINS
PRODUCT PHOTOGRAPHS

APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)

www.eiriindia.org 6
 COST ESTIMATION

Plant Capacity 1,50,000 Nos/Day

Land & Building (500 sq.mt.) US$ 65 Th.
Plant & Machinery US$ 1 Lac
Working Capital for 2 Months US$ 40 Th.
Total Capital Investment US$ 2.50 Lac
Rate of Return 44%
Break Even Point 65%

www.eiriindia.org 7