Koya university

Faculty of Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Department
4th Stage
Reservoir Engineering II

Lecturer: Hawzhen Fateh M. Ameen

Email : Hawzhen.fateh@gmail.com

Academic Year
2020 - 2021

Hawzhen Fateh Reservoir Engineering 1

 Pseudo steady or Semi-state Flow

 A reservoir attains pseudo-steady state (PSS), if the rate of change of pressure decline with time is constant.

 The pressure throughout the reservoir decreases at the same constant rate, this scenario cannot occur during
build-up or falloff tests.

 In this state of flow, the boundary has been felt and static pressure at the boundary is declining uniformly
throughout the reservoir.

 Mathematically, this definition states that the rate of change of pressure with respect to time at every position
𝜕𝑝
in the reservoir is constant. = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜕𝑡

Hawzhen Fateh Reservoir Engineering 2

 Pseudo steady or Semi-state Flow

 The radial flow equation for pseudo-steady state

2πkh(pe − pwf )
For Oil q=
r 3
𝛽𝑜 μ[ln r e − 4]
w

2πkh(pe −pwf )
Considering skin effect q = r 3
𝛽𝑜 μ[lnr e −4+s]
w

7.08 ∗ 10−3 ∗ k mD ∗ h(ft)(pe − pwf )(psi)

For Oil field unit q=
r 3
𝛽𝑜 μ[ln r e − 4]
w

7.08 ∗ 10−3 ∗ k mD ∗ h(ft)(pe − pwf )(psi)

For Oil field unit with skin effect q=
r 3
𝛽𝑜 μ[ln r e − 4 + s]
w

Hawzhen Fateh Reservoir Engineering 3

 Pseudo steady or Semi-state Flow

 The radial flow equation for pseudo-steady state

For Gas

𝑘ℎ(𝑝 2 − 𝑝2 )
𝑒 𝑤𝑓
q = 6.93 ∗ 10−4
r 3
𝑇 (𝜇𝑔 𝑧)[ln r e − 4]
w

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡

2 − 𝑝2 )
𝑘ℎ(𝑝 𝑒 𝑤𝑓
q = 6.93 ∗ 10−4
r 3
𝑇 (𝜇𝑔 𝑧)[ln r e − 4 + 𝑠]
w

𝑘ℎ(𝑚(𝑝𝑟 ) − 𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 ))
q = 6.93 ∗ 10−4
r 3
𝑇 (𝜇𝑔 𝑧)[ln r e − 4 + 𝑠]
w

Hawzhen Fateh Reservoir Engineering 4

 Pseudo steady or Semi-state Flow
Example 1
The following data is given for vertical well under pseudo steady state.
A) calculate flow rate
B) What will be rate if bottom hole pressure reduced to 3800 psi?

𝑟𝑤 0.5’
𝑟𝑒 990’
ℎ 50’
𝑝𝑒 5500 psi
𝑝𝑤𝑓 4500 psi
𝑘 40 mD
𝜇𝑜 0.45 cp
𝛽𝑜 1.35 rb/stb

Hawzhen Fateh Reservoir Engineering 5

 Pseudo steady or Semi-state Flow
Solution
Step 1, A) Calculate well flow rate

7.08 ∗ 10−3 ∗ k mD ∗ h(ft)(pe − pwf )(psi) 7.08 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 40 ∗ 50 ∗ (5500 − 4500) 𝑠𝑡𝑏
q= =q= = 3407
r 3 990 3 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝛽𝑜 μ[ln r e − 4] 0.45 ∗ 1.35[ln − ]
0.5 4
w

. Step 2, B) Calculate well flow rate at pwf = 3800

7.08 ∗ 10−3 ∗ k mD ∗ h(ft)(pe − pwf )(psi) 7.08 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 40 ∗ 50 ∗ (5500 − 3800) 𝑠𝑡𝑏
q= =q= = 5792
r 3 990 3 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝛽𝑜 μ[ln r e − 4] 0.45 ∗ 1.35[ln − 4]
w 0.5

Production rate increased by 41% when pressure decreased from 4500 to 3800.

Hawzhen Fateh Reservoir Engineering 6

 Pseudo steady or Semi-state Flow
Example 2
A well undergoing a pseudo steady state flow regime with the following data.
A) Calculate the flowing bottom hole pressure
B) if the flow rate of the well increases by 20%, what will be the bottom hole flowing pressure?

𝑟𝑤 4.5’’
𝑟𝑒 13800’’
ℎ 636’’
𝑝𝑒 266 bar
𝑘 0.144 D
𝜇𝑜 0.92 cp
𝛽𝑜 1.2643 rb/stb
S 4.16

Hawzhen Fateh Reservoir Engineering 7

 Pseudo steady or Semi-state Flow
Solution:
Step 1, A) Unit conversion

𝑟𝑤 4.5’’ 4.5
= 0.375’
12
𝑟𝑒 13800’’ 13800
= 1150′
12
ℎ 636’’ 636
= 53’
12
𝑝𝑒 262.4 bar 266*14.7=3857 psi
𝑘 0.144 D 0.144*1000=144 mD

Step 2, A) Calculate bottom hole flowing pressure

r 3
7.08∗10−3 ∗k mD ∗h(ft)(pe −pwf )(psi) q𝛽𝑜 μ[lnr e −4+s]
w
q= r 3 pwf = 𝑝𝑒 −
𝛽𝑜 μ[lnr e −4+s] 7.08∗10−3 khq
w

1150 3
1835 ∗ 0.92 ∗ 1.2643 [ln − + 4.16]
pwf = 3857 − 0.375 4 = 3405 𝑝𝑠𝑖
7.08 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 144 ∗ 53

Hawzhen Fateh Reservoir Engineering 8

 Pseudo steady or Semi-state Flow
Solution:
Step 1, A) Calculate pwf if the rate increased by %20.

1835 + 0.2 ∗ 1835 = 2202 𝑠𝑡𝑏/𝑑𝑎𝑦

r 3
q𝛽𝑜 μ[ln r e − 4 + s]
w
pwf =p−
7.08 ∗ 10−3 khq

1150 3
2202 ∗ 0.92 ∗ 1.2643 [ln − + 4.16]
pwf = 3857 − 0.375 4 = 3315 𝑝𝑠𝑖
7.08 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 144 ∗ 53

Hawzhen Fateh Reservoir Engineering 9