WELL TEST

By
Ahmed Mokhtar
INTRODUCTION
 Sources Of DATA For Reservoir Description

 3 D seismic survey & associated geological studies.

 Drilling Cuttings , Core Analysis.
 Open Hole Logs.
 Wire Line Formation Testers( RFT).
 Drill Stem Test (transient pressure testing).
 Reservoir Performance Analysis ( History Matching &
Simulation).
 Objective Of Testing Exploration & Appraisal
Wells
 Determine the nature of formations fluids.
 Measure the well productivity.
 Sampling for PVT analysis (res. Fluid properties).
 Detrmine the reservoir driving mechanisem i.e. active
water drive , depletion drive , gas cap drive.
 Obtain parameters related to reservoir description
(permeability (K) , Skin (S) , Hydrocarbon orginal in
place, res. Boundry ).
 Required to design the production completion design
TYPES OF WELL TESTS
Pressure Build Up test-1
Basically the test is conducted by:
 Producing a well at constant rate for some time
 Shutting the well in (at surface or down hole).
 Allowing the pressure to build up in the well bore
while recording it with down hole gauges as a
function of time.
Pressure Build Up test-1
By Analyzing the output data we can::

 Estimate The formation permeability ( K ).

 Estimate The Formation Pressure ( Pi).
 Characterize damage of stimulation ( S + or -)
Pressure Drawdown Test-2
Basically the test is conducted by:

 Producing a well some time at constant or multi rate.

 Recording the Rate & Pressure as a function of time .
Pressure Drawdown test-2
By Analyzing the output data we can:

 Estimate The formation permeability ( K ).

 Characterize damage of stimulation ( S + or -)
 Pore Volume. (Vp).
 Well bore storage coefficient ( Cs).
 IPR & Well deliverability.
 Interference Test-3
Basically the test is conducted by:

 Producing or injecting into a well or more wells.

 Observing the bottom hole pressure at another well or
more wells.
P @ Observation Well#2
P @ Active Well
P @ Observation

P Well#1

P @ Observation
P @ Observation
Well#2
Well#1 P @ Active Well
q Production or
Injection rate
q
@ active well

Time Time
Interference Test-3
By Analyzing the output data we can:

 Determine whether two or more wells are in

communication or not & formation permeability.
 Useful in qualitative determining the reservoir
homogeneity. Then we can determine the optimum
well spacing.
 It can prove the presence of sealed fault between two
or more wells.
Wireline Formation Tests-4
 Open hole logs (resistivity & porosity logs ) showed
of permeable zone contains hydrocarbon.
 Need to determine the zone pressure,
permeability ,fluid type well deliverability before
deciding to run csg , perforation interval.
 It can be as a replace of DST in development wells.
 The tool cosists of:
• Two packers for isolation.
• Injector & Chamber to collect sample.
• Gauge to record pressure during flow period & shut
in period.
• The tool work by the electric signal through the
wireline. Also the tool send the data to surface.
5-Drill Stem Test
Test String Surface control safety valve

Radio Active Marker

Circulating valve

Upper Gauge Carrier

Drain valve

Tester valve
Lower Gauge Carrier

PKR

Gun
Typical DST for Oil or Gas well

A B C D
 Drill Stem test periods
A. Initial Flowing Period (open chock for well cleaning)
B. Initial Build up period (down hole shut in) to measure
Pi
C. Flow After Flow period (32/64” Ck & 64/64” ck) to get
IPR , K , S .
D. Final Build up period. ( 1 ½ times the flowing period)
E. Optional sampling period on 18/64 “ ch to collect a
recombination sample from the separator.
F. Optional extended flow period to help in better
estimation for the bore volume
Drill stem test cosistes of successive
Drawdown & Build up tests.

So

How to analyze the recorded Pressures &

rates vs time?
 Flow Regions

Transient
Region

Semi Steady State

Region
Transition
Region

T
Mathematical Representation of fluid
flow in reservoir
0.234 δ / δ r (0.001127 k/µ * ρ r δ P / δ r)= ρф C f δP/ δ
t+фδP/δt

R=distance in the reservoir K-permeability

µ=viscosity Ρ=density
Ф=porosity P=pressure
t= time Cf =Formation compressibility
Differential Equation Used to describe the flow of any fluid flowing in a
radial direction in porous media.
Combining
1-Darcy law
2-Law of conservation
 Solutions for Partial Differential
Equations
 1- Transient Flow
Radial Flow of slightly compressible fluids
P (r,t) = Pi 162.6 q µ β log k t 3.23

Kh Ф µ Ct r 2

Eq#1 predict the pressure at any radius r as a function of

time for a given flow system during the transient period .
Serves as the basis for Transient well testing
 Solutions for Partial Differential
Equations
2- Semi Steady StateFlow:
Radial Flow of slightly compressible fluids
Pwf = Pi 162.6 q µ β log 4A 0.23 q βt

Kh 1.781 CA rw2 AhФ µ Ct

Eq#2
Serves as the basis for Transient well testing
 Assumptions
 Laminar horizontal flow in homogeneous
reservoir.
 Reservoir and fluid properties , k ,Ф, µ, Ct,
h, β are independent on prssure.
 Single phase liquid flow in the transient
time region.
 Negligible pressure gradient.
Pressure Transient Testing
Analysis
 Introduction
 The most useful & popular test are the Drawdown
Test & Build up test.
 Analyzing These tests can provide information
such as permeability , pore volume , well damage
or stimulation , reservoir pressure.
 However, the analysis never provide a unique
solution which led to multiple conclusion so it
should be used in conjunction with another
information ( geological data , core data , RFT) to
get the optimum solution.
OIL WELLS TESTING
Drawdown Test Analysis-1
 If the draw down test conducted during the
early time or transient period

 Ref to Eq#1 & it’s assumptions:

 If r=rw then P(r,t)= Pwf .
 For a given reservoir system, pi , q , µ, β ,k , h ,
Ф , Ct & rw are constant , eq#1 become
 Pwf=b +m log (t)
 b= constant
 T= time in hr’s
 M=constant= slope=- 162.6 q µ β /kh
 By plotting Pwf vs log t (semi loog paper) would yield a straight
line with slope m through the early time data (transient time period)
then
 K==- 162.6 q µ β /mh
 If the draw down test conducted long enough
to reach to the semi steady state period:
 Ref to Eq#2 & it’s assumptions:
 If r=rw then P(r,t)= Pwf .
 For a given reservoir system, pi , q , µ, β ,k , h ,
Ф , Ct & rw are constant , eq#2 become
 Pwf=b’ +m’ t
 b’= constant
 T= time in hr’s
 m’=constant= slope=- 0.2339 q β /Ah Ф Ct
 By plotting Pwf vs t ( Cartesian graph) would yield a straight line
with slope m’ through the late time data (semi steady state period)
rearrange we can get the drainage volume:
 Ah Ф= 0.2339 q β /m’ Ct
 Damage or Skin Factor (S)
 ∆Pskin= 141.2 q µ β S/kh
 ∆Pskin= - 0.87m S ……..eq#3
S = + ve value ….damage situation
S = - ve value ….. Stimulated condition like
fracture
Combining Eq#3 with Eq#1
S=1.151 P1hr-Pi/m-log (k/ Ф µ Ct rw2)+3.23 ..Eq#4

S calcualted from the slope of transient flow region at P1hr

 Comments on draw down test
 Conducted during the initial production from a
well since the reservoir still stabilized at the Pi.
 If the flow rate q couldn’t kept constant during
the length of the test , then Pwf will change with
q so the correct stright line regions on semi log
& cartesian plots may not be identified.
 Also , well bore storage & Well unloading
(flowing wells) can interfere with the analysis
Build Up Test Analysis-2
Note:
 After flowing the well at constant rate for
sufficiently long time until reached to
stabilized pressure (semi steady state) the
well is then shut in & pressure is then
monitored during the length of the shut in
period.
 So the advantage of build up test over
draw down test is it is easy to maintain
the flow rate constant at zero during the
test
 Ref to Eq#1 & it’s assumptions:
 N =cumulitive production that occurred during the time
p
before production
 T =shut in time
p
 q=flow rate before the shut in
 So T = N /q
p p
 If r=rw then P(r,t)= Pws

For a given reservoir system, pi , q , µ, β ,k , h , Ф , Ct &

rw are constant , eq#1 become

 Pws =Pi - 162.6 q µ β /k h [log ((tp + ∆ t)/ ∆ t ]

 Pws=b +m log ((tp + ∆ t)/ ∆ t )

 b= constant
 T= time in hr’s
 M=constant= slope=- 162.6 q µ β /kh
 By plotting Pws vs log t (semi loog paper) would yield a straight line with
slope m through the early time data (transient time period) then
 K==- 162.6 q µ β /mh
 skin
S=1.151 { (Pwf(t=0) –P1 hr)/m – log (k/
Ф µ Ct rw2)+3.23
..Eq#4
GAS WELLS TESTING
1-Draw Down Test Analysis
Pi2-Pwf2= (1637 qsc T µ Z)/(kh)[log t+ log
k/(ф µ C rw2)-3.23+0.86 S’]
qsc = gas flow rate at s.c
Z= gas deviation factor (compressibility factor, z=PV/n R T
S’=S+D qsc
S= skin + ve or -ve
D= turbulance coeff, + ve value
by Drawing Pi2-Pwf2 * log t
M=slope=(1637 qsc T µ Z)/(kh)
From which we can get k
 Real Gas analysis
 µ Z are pressure dependent
 So in the previous eq. We will replace the P2 & µ
Z with the gas pseudo pressure analysis
 M(p)= 2 Pw∫Pe P/Z ∆ P = psi2 / CP
 Substituting in the previous eq
M(Pi)-m(Pwf)= (1637 qsc T )/(kh)[log t+ log k/(ф µ C
rw2)-3.23+0.86 S’]
 Then by drawing
 M(p) ** log t
 M =slop= =(1637 qsc T)/(kh)
 skin
S’=1.151 { (Pi2-P1hr2)/m – log (k/ Ф µ C rw2)+3.23]
Pressure drop due to sctual damage:
∆(P2)s=0.869 mS
The rate dependent pressure drop (due to turbulent
flow or non darcy skin)
∆(P2)D=0.869 DS
For real gas:

S’=1.151 { (m(Pi)-m(P1hr))/m – log (k/ Ф µi C rw2)+3.23]

2-Build upTest Analysis
Pi2-Pws2=
(1637 qsc T µ Z)/(kh)[log (t+ ∆t)/∆t)
qsc = gas flow rate at s.c
Z= gas deviation factor (compressibility
factor, z=PV/n R T
M=slope=(1637 qsc T µ Z)/(kh)
From which we can get k
 Real Gas Analysis
 µ Z are pressure dependent
 So in the previous eq. We will replace the P2
& µ Z with the gas pseudo pressure analysis
 M(p)= 2 Pw∫Pe P/Z ∆ P = psi2 / CP
 Substituting in the previous eq
M(Pi)-m(Pws)=
(1637 qsc T)/(kh)[log (t+ ∆t)/∆t)

 Then by drawing
 M(p) ** log ((t+ ∆t) / ∆t)
 M =slop= =(1637 qsc T)/(kh)
 skin

S’=1.151 { (P1hr2-Pwf2)/m – log (k/ Ф µ

C rw2)+3.23]
For real gas:
S’=1.151 { (m(P1hr)-m(Pwf))/m – log (k/
Ф µi Ci rw2)+3.23]
 Flow After Flow Tests
 Log (Pr2 - Pwf2 ) = 1/n log qsc- i/n log c
 N= 0.5 for turbulence & 1 for low turbulence or
steady flow
 C=flow coeff= q / (Pr2 - P 2 ) n
wf
 by drawing :

Log (Pr2 - Pwf2 ) vs log qsc

We got:
Slop= 1/n …..get n
@ Pwf=0 get AOF= absolute open flow
 qsc
q3
q2
q1

Pr
Pwf1
Pwf2
P Pwf3

t
 Pwf=0
Log (Pr2-Pwf2) psi2

AOF

Log qsc MMscf/d

 Now
We have the required
background to start using the
software analysis
 Pansystem
Computer Software
Pansystem Main Screen
:Consists of the following Menus
1. File
2. Edit
3. Dataprep
4. Analysis
5. Simulate
6. Deliver
7. Report
8. Config
9. Pan wizard
10. Help
File-1
 :Contains the following Commands
 New =to open new Pansys file
 Open= to open existing Pansys file
 Save= to save the currunt working file
 Save As= to save another copy of existing file
 Graphic Export=to save any plot as picture of
JPG format
 Send as e mail= to attach the currunt file to an
e mail
 Print=to print reports
 Exit= to close the Pansys
Click Graphic
export, you
well see
another
screen , click
Edit then
Capapture
Now the
graph ready
to be save as
pictur format
Click
File..Save
Edit-2
 :Contains the following Commands
 Copy= to copy the existing screen to another document (word,
excel,p.point)
 To Edit

Title , Legend , Results , Description , Datasets , Axes= to edit the plot

title
 View Coordinates = to view X & Y at any point in the plot
 Plot Rate Change= to view the rate at the second Y-Axis
 Overlay Pressure =to put another date from another gauge
 Mark Points = select points at any change In the plot & type a
comment
 Marker Tex t=to modify or delete any of the existing comments on
the points
 Show Marker Text= to show or hide the markers
 Report-3
to prepare & print the reports
To configure:
Configure-4
•General
•Gauge Details
•Graphs
•Fonts
Dataprep-5
A-Gauge data preparation