ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS

Midterm 1 November 3rd

Name: Groups 37/38/39

Short theory questions (2 points)

1. State the continuity equation for a fluid particle and simplify it for an incompressible flow.

2. Compute the net force per unit width exerted by the liquid of density ρ sitting at rest on the
semi-cylindrical dome Σw shown in the figure.
pa

ρ g
H Σw

pa
R

3. The schematic below shows the flow of two incompressible flows between two parallel plates.
Indicate the boundary conditions needed to solve for the velocity at both walls and the fluid-
fluid interface.

Solid, impermeable walls

ρ2 , µ 2
Fluid 2

ρ1 , µ 1
Fluid 1

Z Z
4. The work done by pressure per unit time is −pv · n dΣ = ∇ · (−pv) dV . Describe
Σf Vf
briefly the physical meaning of the volumetric contributions ∇ · (−pv) = −v · ∇p − p∇ · v:

−v · ∇p:

−p∇ · v:

1
Flow kinematics (2 points)

Consider the 2-dimensional flow field v = (vx , vy , 0) given in Cartesian coordinates by

vx (x, t) = A sin ky, vy (x, t) = A sin kx

where A > 0 and k are constants.

1. Determine the stagnation points. (0.5 points)

2. Is the flow incompressible? (0.5 points)

3. Compute the streaklines of the fluid particles that passed through (xo , yo ). (0.5 points)

4. Compute the acceleration a = Dv/Dt. (0.5 points)

2
Problem on conservation equations in integral form (6 points)

The schematic below shows the principles of an injector pump. The device consists of a round pipe
of cross-sectional area A filled with liquid with density ρ at temperature T2 . A canister containing the
same liquid at temperature T1 is piped to the main duct using a hose of cross-sectional area αA, where
α < 1 is a constant. The vertical distance from the free surface to the centreline of the main pipe is
h (see figure). The feeding stream is issued from the hose with uniform velocity v1 , which induces a
uniform velocity v2 of the outer stream at station i , where the pressure is pi , uniform. Because of the
mixing of the two streams, the fluid at the outlet, which is open to the ambient atmosphere at pressure
pa , leaves the pump with different uniform values of velocity vo and temperature To at section o . In
your analysis of the flow through sections i – o , use the suggested control volume (sketched with
dotted lines). Also, viscous effects can be entirely neglected throughout.

A p = pi Q̇ p = pa

v2
αA
ρ v1
T2
h
vo
pa i o To

g Main pipe
ρ
T1 Hose

1. Compute the velocity vo as a function of v1 , v2 , α, and A. (1 point)

2. By applying the momentum conservation equation on the suggested control volume, determine
the pressure jump pi − pa in terms of v1 , v2 , α, and A. (1 point)
3. Determine pi as a function of pa , v1 , ρ, g, and h by applying Bernoulli’s equation to suitable
points along the fluid path from the free surface to the outlet of the hose. Consider the flow
contained in the canister to be at rest. (1 point)
4. Combine your previous results from parts 1–3 to obtain the relationship between v2 and v1 . For
instance, solve for v2 in terms of the remaining parameters. (1.5 points)
Parts 1–4 form a closed system for pi , v1 , and v2 . From this point on, regard those variables as known
data.
5. Measurement of the outlet temperature reveals that To is given by the mixing law
1 1 1
= + .
To T1 T2
Give an expression for the total amount of heat transferred through the walls Q̇ if the specific
heat of the liquid is c, constant. (1.5 points)