0

a11 a12 ..... a1n

a 21 a 22 ..... a 2 n
A=

a n1 an2 ..... a nn
a11 a12 ..... a1n
a21 a22 ..... a2 n

an1 an 2 ..... ann

A = [a11 ] a11
det A = det[a11 ] = a11

a11 a12
A= a11 a 22 − a12 a 21
a21 a22
a11 a12
det A = det = a11a22 − a12 a21
a21 a22

! "

3 10
1.
1 7
1 2
2.
− 3 11

3 10 3 10
# $ det
1 7 1 7

3 10
%& = 3 * 7 − 10 *1 = 21 − 10 = 11
1 7
 1 2
' = 1*11 − 2 * (−3) = 11 + 6 = 17
− 3 11

%& "

2 3x 3 1
1. =
−1 5 5 7

2 sin x 1
2. =0
1 cos x

# &

2 3x
= 2 * 5 − 3 x( −1) = 10 + 3 x
−1 5

3 1
= 3 * 7 − 1* 5 = 21 − 5 = 16
5 7

( $ 10 + 3 x = 16 3x = 6 x=2

' ) * 2 sin x cos x − 1 = 0 &

$ sin(2 x) = 2 sin x cos x & sin(2 x) = 1
π π
2x = + 2kπ x= + kπ
2 4

a−x b
=0 ! &
b c−x

"

& %&
( a − x ) (c − x ) − b 2 = 0 ac − x(a + c ) + x 2 − b 2 = 0 & +
& x − (a + c) x + (ac − b ) = 0
2 2
, & Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0
− B ± B 2 − 4 AC
& $ x1, 2 =
2A
(a + c) ± [− (a + c)]2 − 4 *1 * (ac − b 2 )
& x12 =
2 *1

=
(a + c ) ± (a 2
)
+ 2ac + c 2 − 4ac + 4b 2 (a + c ) ±
=
(a 2
)
− 2ac + c 2 + 4b 2 (a + c ) ±
=
(a − c )2 + (2b )2
2 2 2

- (a − c )2 + (2b )2

- (a + c )
. & +

ax + b
"
cx + d

a b
=0 i cd ≠ 0
c d

"
bc
%& ad − bc = 0 ad = bc a=
d
ax + b
)
cx + d
bc bcx + bd b(cx + d )
x+b
d d d b(cx + d ) b b
= = = = &
cx + d cx + d cx + d d (cx + d ) d d
%& "

3x − 1 5
1. >3
x 2
x +1 x −1
2. <6
x 2x − 3

) $ &
&

# "

3x − 1 5
= (3 x − 1)* 2 − 5 x = 6 x − 2 − 5 x = x − 2
x 2

( & x−2 3 x 5

x +1 x −1
'
x 2x − 3
( ) (
= ( x + 1)(2 x − 3) − (x − 1) x = 2 x 2 − 3 x + 2 x − 3 − x 2 − x = x 2 − 3 )

. x2 − 3 < 6 x2 < 9 &

−3 < x < 3

/ M ik
/ M ik 0 1 '2
3 0 #3

Aik = (− 1) (i, k = 1,2,3,............, n )

i+k
Aik aik M ik

a11 a12 ..... a1n

a21 a22 ..... a2 n

an1 an 2 ..... ann

4
$4
a11 a12 ..... a1n
a21 a22 ..... a2 n n
= a1k A1k
k =1

an1 an 2 ..... ann

 a11 a12 a13
! $ a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

5 $

6 M 11 # #
i =1 i k =1

a22 a23
M 11 = = a22 a33 − a32 a33
a32 a33

A11 = (− 1) M 11 = (− 1) M 11
(1+1) 2
A11 $
4 (− 1)

& "

n
a1k A1k = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
k =1

[ ] [ ] [
a11 (− 1) (a22 a33 − a23 a32 ) + a12 (− 1) (a21 a33 − a23 a31 ) + a13 (− 1) (a21 a32 − a22 a31 )
2 3 4
]
"

a11 [(a22 a33 − a23 a32 )] − a12 [(a21 a33 − a23 a31 )] + a13 [(a21 a32 − a22 a31 )]

! $ "

5 −1 1 1 −1 2 1 2 3 2 1 0
1. 6 1 1 2. 3 4 1 3. 4 5 6 4. 1 0 3
4 1 2 2 −3 2 7 8 9 0 5 −1
 "
5 −1 1
#% & 2 6 1 1 /
4 1 2
. $ & # 6
$ a11 = 5 , a12 = −1, a13 = 1 4 &
A11 , A12, A13

1 1
A11 = (− 1) = +(1 * 2 − 1 * 1) = 1
2

1 2

6 1
A12 = (− 1) = −(6 * 2 − 1* 4 ) = −8
3

4 2

6 1
A13 = (− 1) = +(6 *1 − 1* 4 ) = 2
4

4 1

& 2 a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13

5 −1 1
6 1 1 = 5 *1 + (− 1)* (− 8) + 1* 2 = 15
4 1 2

%& 4 "

1 −1 2 1 2 3 2 1 0
' 3 4 1 = −19 2 4 5 6 =0 7 1 0 3 = −29
2 −3 2 7 8 9 0 5 −1

"

%& "

x 4 5 2 2 − x −1
1. 9 x 5 = 24 2. 1 2 x =0
6 7 8 1 + x − 2 −1
 "

) $ & & & $ &

' ' a12 = 4 , a22 = x , a32 =7 ) $
$ A12 , A22, A32

9 5
A12 = (− 1) = −(9 * 8 − 5 * 6 ) = −42
3

6 8

x 5
A22 = (− 1) = +( x * 8 − 5 * 6 ) = 8 x − 30
4

6 8

x 5
A32 = (− 1) = −(x * 5 − 5 * 9 ) = −5 x + 45
5

9 5

& 2 a12 A12 + a22 A22 + a32 A32

= 4(− 42 ) + x(8 x − 30 ) + 7(− 5 x + 45) = −168 + 8 x 2 − 30 x − 35 x + 315 = 8 x 2 − 65 x + 147

& 8 x 2 − 65 x + 147 !

8 x 2 − 65 x + 147 = 24 + &

8 x 2 − 65 x + 123 = 0

− B ± B 2 − 4 AC
( & & x1, 2 =
2A
41
$ & x1 = 3 x =
8

2 2 − x −1
' %& $ 1 2 x =0 x1 = −2 x2 =
1
2
(
3+ 3 )
1+ x −2 −1

x3 =
1
2
(
3− 3 )
& & 2