TEACHTALK SCIENCE CONCEPTS

EP1 WHAT IS CHEMISTRY

Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass
*water – the only substance that can exist as solid (ice), liquid (melted ice), or gas (water
vapor)
Phases of Matter – refers to a particular state of a matter
*Solid – tiny spherical balls fixed in a position that vibrates
- Amorphous – solid in which the particles are arranged in a random manner (rubber, glass)
- Crystalline – molecules which are arranged in an orderly, 3D network (crystals, metals)
*Liquid – small spaces in between liquid molecules, don’t have definite shape (takes the shape
of the container)
- have weak attractive forces thus FLOAT
*Gas – spaced apart, always in motion, fills the space of the container
FUN FACT: LPG – liquefied petroleum gas (pressure turns the gas into liquid)
MASS – amount of matter in an object (platform balance, double-beam balance, triple-beam
balance)
WEIGHT – force acting on the object due to gravity (Spring balance, weighing scale)
VOLUME – space an object occupies (graduated cylinder)
*Vol of Liquids: MENISCUS – upward or downward curve seen at the top of the liquid
(lower meniscus for getting the volume of a liquid)
*Vol of Irregular Solid: DISPLACEMENT METHOD – measure of the volume of solid of any
arbitrary shape
EP2 PROPERTIES OF MATTER
DENSITY – amount of substance per volume of an object, dependent on the size and
arrangement of the atoms in a substance
D = m/v
*Archimedes’ Principle: “an object in a fluid experiences a buoyant force which is equal to the
weight of the fluid it displaces”
BOUYANT FORCE = WEIGHT OF FLUID DISPLACED
Weight > BF : SINK
Weight = BF : NEITHER SINK/FLOAT
Weight < BF : FLOAT
MELTING POINT
BOILING POINT
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (aluminum, steel)
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (copper, aluminum)
*GOLD – resists corrosion, good conductor of electricity
MALLEABILITY – pounded and shaped into very thin sheets without breaking
DUCTILITY – stretched and shaped into wires or threads (copper, aluminum)
EP3 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – characteristics of a material that can be observed without changing
the material
SIZE, COLOR, SHAPE, TEXTURE, STATE, VOLUME
*nails – magnetic attraction
*gold – malleable
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES – characteristics of a material that can be observed only when one or
more substances are produced
COMBUSTION – combination of fuel with oxygen (producing heat, light and new substance)
*PAPER > SMOKE and ASHES
ELECTROLYSIS – the use of electricity to separate or break a compound
*WATER > HYDROGEN and OXYGEN
OXIDATION – interaction of oxygen with a substance to from a new product
*RUSTING OF NAIL, BLACKENING OF BANANA
TARNISHING – combination of a shiny metal with oxygen, sulfur, or another substance
producing a dark coating, losing its substance
*BRASS INSTRUMENT (Shiny) > DULL COLOR
EP4 SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES
PURE SUBSTANCE – fixed composition and a definite set of properties, always homogeneous,
uniform characteristics
MIXTURES – no definite properties, made up of two or more substances which retains its own
properties, homogeneous (salt water) or heterogeneous (muddy water).
*AIR is a MIXTURE (78% N, 20% O, .03% CO2 and other gases, .97% Inert gases, 1% Water
Vapor)
*SOLID-SOLID MIXTURE (vegetable salad, concrete cement, jewelries)
*SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURE (water & ice, halo-halo)
*LIQUID-LIQUID MIXTURE (vinegar, lotion, shampoo)
*LIQUID-GAS MIXTURE (soda drinks)
*GAS-GAS MIXTURE (air)
EP5 ELEMENTS AND COMPUNDS
ELEMENTS – simplest pure substances that make up all matter, made up of only one kind of
atom
*Periodic Table of Elements (118 known elements)
Earth Crust: Oxygen [47%], Silicon [28%], Aluminum [8%], Iron [4.5%], Calcium [3.5%] (OSAIC)
Ocean: Oxygen [86%], Hydrogen [11%], Chlorine [2%], Sodium [belongs to 1% others] (OHCS)
Human Body: Oxygen [ 65%], Carbon [18%], Hydrogen [10%] (OCH)
COMPOUNDS – substances consisting of the atoms of two or more elements that are
chemically combined in a fixed proportion
*ORGANIC – it contains carbon commonly coming from living matter
Exemptions: CARBONATES, CARBIDES, CYANIDES, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON MONOXIDE
*INORGANIC - do not contain carbon (salt, water)
TRIVIA TALK: Identify a compound as Organic or Inorganic
METHANE (CH4) – ORGANIC
AMMONIA (NH3) – INORGANIC
GLUCOSE (C6H12O6) – ORGANIC
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) – INORGANIC
TABLE SALT (NaCl) - INORGANIC
*compounds with C and H are ORGANIC
EP6 METALS, METALLOIDS, & NON-METALS
METALS – dense, shiny, malleable, ductile, good conductors
EXAMPLE: Aluminum and Iron (ideal for kitchenware, jewelries, construction)
*MERCURY (Hg) – liquid at room temp.
METALLOIDS – intermediate, more brittle than metals and less brittle than nonmetallic solids,
semi-conductors
EXAMPLE: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At (ideal for fireworks, microchips, paint)
NON-METALS – dull, brittle, poor conductors, not attracted by magnets
EXAMPLE: O (third most abundant element in the universe), N (production of ammonia for
fertilizers, nitric acid and fireworks)

TRIVIA TALK
*HYDROGEN is placed in a separate group with a separate color because its properties do not
fit any one grp
*Use a MAGNET to identify objects between metal and nonmetal
*Most important metal – IRON
EP7 SOLUTIONS
TRIVIA TALK
Solid Solution: dental fillings
Gas Solution: smoke
Liquid Solution: coffee
SOLUTION – homogeneous mixtures; particles cannot be distinguished from one another and
only one distinct phase is observable
COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION:
*SOLUTE – substance being dissolved
*SOLVENT – medium in which the solute is dissolved (WATER – universal solvent)
TYPES OF SOLUTION
BASED ON OBSERVABLE PHASE
*GASEOUS – solute and solvent are both in gas phase (ATMOSPHERE)
*LIQUID – solute can either be liquid, solid or gas; solvent is liquid
(VINEGAR; solute is ACETIC ACID, solvent is WATER)
*SOLID – solute can either be liquid, solid or gas; solvent is solid (dental AMALGAM)
BASED ON AMOUNT OF SOLUTE IN A SOLVENT
*UNSATURATED – less solute particles in a solvent
Add more solute! If it still dissolves, the solution is UNSATURATED
*SATURATED - maximum amount of solute in a solvent
Add more solute! If solute no longer dissolves, the solution is SATURATED
*SUPERSATURATED – more solute particles that what can be dissolved in a solvent
Add more solute! If solute no longer dissolves and crystal are formed, the solution is
SUPERSATURATED
EP8 EXPRESSING THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
CONCENTRATION – ration of the amount of solute to the amount of solution
PERCENT BY MASS (percent means parts per hundred)
m mass solute
% m = mass solution x 100

EXAMPLE: 5% by mass sugar solution = 5g table sugar in 100g solution

PERCENT BY VOLUME
v volume solute
% v = volume solution x 100

EXAMPLE: Rubbing alcohol with 30% con’c = 30ml of alcohol in 100ml of solution

DEGREE PROOF OF ALCOHOL

v
2x% v

EXAMPLE: Rubbing alcohol with 30% con’c = 2 x 30 = 60%

PARTS PER MILLION or PARTS PER BILLION (amount of solute in a given sol’n is very small)
mass solute (mg)
ppm = volume solution( L)

mass solute (μ g)
ppb = volume solution( L)
EP9 MOLARITY
MOLARITY (molar concentration) – number of moles solute in one liter of solution
moles solute
M [molarity] = volume solution( L)

mass
N [moles] = molar mass

*MOLAR MASS – sum of the masses of the elements in the solute

EP10 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SOLUBILITY OF MATERIALS
TRIVIA: Why WATER is a UNIVERSAL SOLVENT?
- It can dissolve mostly all kinds of substances (powdered juice, powdered coffee, iodized
salt)
*SOLUBILITY – is the maximum amount of substance that will dissolve in a given amount of
solvent at a specific temperature
FACTORS:
Nature of Solvent and Solute – different materials exhibit different solubilities
*LIKE dissolves LIKE: POLAR – ends of the molecule have unequal charge (water which can
dissolve other polar substances such as NH3(Ammonia) and Ethyl Alcohol)
*NON-POLAR SUBSTANCES (where water cannot dissolve): Ex. OIL and GASOLINE
POLARITY – refers to the way in which atoms bond with each other
Temperature of the System
*Solid Solutes - Solubility INC : Temperature INC
*Gas Solutes – Solubility DEC : Temperature INC
Ex. Gas escapes from the softdrinks; More dissolved oxygen evaporates with an increase in
temperature from the oceans or seas (since warm water is on top, it prevents the dissolving of
oxygen below and the organism below will suffocate)
Pressure of Gas Over the Solvent
*Gas Solutes - Solubility INC : Pressure INC
Ex. IMBALANCE will happen allowing the gases to dissolve faster to maintain the equilibrium
*Solid and Liquid Solutes – IT DOES NOT AFFECT THE SOLUBILITY
EP11 ACIDS AND BASES
ACIDS – sour; forms solutions that conduct electricity, reacts with bases to form SALT and
WATER
*BLUE litmus paper turns to RED
*Inorganic acids have hydrogen (H) at the beginning
Carbonated Drinks: Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Cleaner: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Fertilizers and Fireworks: Nitric Acid (H2NO3)
*Organic acids have carbon and hydrogen (CH)
Vinegar: Acetic Acid (C2H4O2)
Vitamins: Ascorbic Acid (C6H8O6)
Citrus Fruits: Citric Acid (C6H8O7) – for preservatives
BASES – bitter, slippery, soapy; reacts with acid to form SALT and WATER
*RED litmus paper turns to BLUE
*MOST bases ends in OH (hydroxide)
Antacid: Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 – used in fabrics and water purification
Leather: Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 – used in leather making, mortar and pestle, lessens soil
acidity
Soap: Potassium hydroxide KOH – used in soft soap, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides
Detergent: Sodium hydroxide NaOH – soap, detergents, textiles and paper, cleaning agent
Fertilizer: Ammonia NH3
EP12 PH SCALE AND INDICATORS OF ACIDS & BASES
pH Scale – concentration of hydronium ions; measures how acidic or basic a substance is
MORE con’c = LOWER pH
*pH stands for ‘POTENTIAL of HYDROGEN’ or ‘POWER of HYDROGEN’ (0-14)
0.0 – 6.9 ACIDIC
7 – NEUTRAL (water)
7.1 – 14 BASIC

WHY AMMONIA (NH3) a BASE?

*Its pH is 11.6
*use an INDICATOR – an organic substance that changes color when acids or bases are present
Litmus Paper: ACID (will become RED), BASE (will become BLUE), NEUTRAL (no sig. change)
Bromothymol blue (BTB): ACID 2.1-6.9 (YELLOW), NEUTRAL 7.0 (GREEN), BASE 7,4-12.5 (BLUE)
Phenolphthalein: ACID (COLORLESS), BASE/alkali (FUCHSIA/PINK)
EP13 LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
CELLS > TISSUES > ORGANS > ORGAN SYSTEM > ORGANISM
CELL – basic unit of life
TISSUE – group of cells performing the same function (connective tissues, muscle tissues,
nerves, bones, blood)
ORGAN – tissues organized as a unit to perform certain functions of the body (heart, brain)
ORGAN SYSTEM – consists of various organs which coordinate to perform a common function
(Skeletal system, Muscular System, Nervous System)
ORGANISM – an individual that possesses all the characteristics of the species which it belongs
(Human – Homo sapiens: multicellular organism)
*Unicellular Organism – bacteria (staphylococcus – skin)
EP14 CELLS: STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
TRIVIA
*Organisms start off as a single cell, when we grow-up we have 37.2 trillion cells (does not
include the bacteria and microbes
CELLS: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Animal Cells
*Cytoplasm – where organelles are suspended/float
*Mitochondria – cellular respiration takes place (produces ATP – energy currency of the cell)
*Lysosome – breakdown or cellular digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (suicide sac)
*Golgi Bodies – transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids (usually found in
gland cells)
*Endoplasmic Reticulum – network of pathways through which materials flow to different
parts of the cytoplasm (highway of cells)
Smooth ER – lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs
Rough ER – has embedded ribosomes, for making proteins
*Plasma Membrane – differentially permeable membrane of the cell
*Nucleus – control center of cell, contains chromosomes

Cells found ONLY in PLANTS

*Cell Wall – rigid outer protective cover, maintains plant cell shape
*Large Central Vacuole – intracellular digestion, space filling, and control of cell turgor
Turgor – turgidity (turgor pressure – the pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the
cell wall)
*Plastids - double membrane bound organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of food
Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis (food-making process), chlorophyll (green)
Chromoplasts - Carotenes (red, orange), Xanthophylls (yellow) – oxygen-containing
carotenoids
Cells found ONLY in ANIMALS
*Centrosome – plays an important role in cell division (where our body makes new cells in
order to replace dead cells)

VARIATION IN STRUCTURE AND FORM OF CELLS

Plants
Epidermal leaf cells -protect underlaying parts of the leaf
Guard Cells – kidney-shaped cells that from the stomata, breathing pores for the exchange of
gases
Cells in the stem of plant – passage of food and water (vascular)
Root hair cells – increase the absorbing capacity of roots
Cells with cilia in our windpipe (trachea) – to remove dust particles from the air we inhale
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) - engulf infections agents that enter the body
EP15 MICROSCOPE: PARTS AND FUNCTIONS
TRIVIA:
When you shake hands, you transfer bacteria. In total, you have 1.8 square meters of skin and
more than 1.5 trillion bacteria live on it.
MICROSCOPE – instrument that can magnify or enlarge the image of objects
*Compound Light Microscope
Why is it called “compound” – it consists of two kinds of lenses, ocular and objective lens.
PARTS
*Ocular lens/Eyepiece – what you look through at the top of the microscope
*Body tube – connects the ocular lens and the objective lenses
*Revolving Nosepiece – holds the objective lenses in place and allows it to revolve
*Objectives – primary optical lenses used to magnify an object
LPO (low power objectives) – overview of the specimen
HPO (high power objectives) – detailed, clear
*Arm – connects the body tube to the base (what we hold when we carry around)
*Stage – is where the specimen to be viewed is placed (specimen must be placed in GLASS
SLIDES FIRST)
*Stage Clips – holds the glass slide in place
*Iris Diaphragm – controls the amount of light reaching the specimen
*Light Source/Illuminator – source of light, typically located at the base (mirrors, natural light)
*Coarse Adjustment Knob (makapal ang knob) – brings the object into approximate focus by
raising or lowering the stage
*Fine Adjustment Knob – brings the specimen into sharp focus
*Base – used for support to hold the parts of the microscope (what we also hold when we
carry it together with the arm)
EP16 FUNGI
TRIVIA:
Super mushrooms, that can be seen on Super Mario, is a type of fungi called Amanita
muscaria. It makes the eater as if they were growing inside. If swallowed, symptoms such as
increased body temperature, drowsiness, pupil dilation, sweating, muscle jerks, euphoria, and
hallucination.
FUNGI – eukaryotic and heterotrophic microorganisms and mushrooms
CHARACTERISTICS of FUNGI
*do not have true roots, stems, and leaves
*do not have the green pigment chlorophyll
*contain cell walls with chitin (same material found in the exoskeleton of beetles)
*FUNGI ARE NOT PLANTS*
PARTS:
*Mycelium – thread-like bodies which is composed of hyphae (individual threads or filaments)
*Fruiting Body – umbrella-like structure
How do Fungi obtain nutrition?
*from dead or decaying matter
*Saprotrophic nutrition
Members of Kingdom Fungi
*Black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifera) – have air-borne pores
*Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) – single-celled
Fermentation – converting sugar and starch into CO2 and alcohol
*Mushroom – has fruiting bodies (organs that contain spores for reproduction)
Amanita verna – poisonous mushroom
Amanita muscaria – bright red cap with yellow dots, causes hallucination
Agaricus bisporus - source of food
More examples: Boletes, Morels, Puffballs, Corals, Earthstar

Why fungi are important?

*acts as decomposers of dead materials and organic wastes
*edible food source
*important in food production (yeast)
*medicine as antibiotics (penicillin– miracle drug, antibiotic for Staphylococcus aureus)
Harmful Effects of Fungi
*Pathogenic fungi (athlete’s foot, ring worm, scalp infection)
EP17 PROTOZOA-PROTISTS
3 MAJOR GROUPS
*Animal-like protozoa
*Eukaryotic algae
*fungus-like slime molds
PROTOZOA – from the Greek word meaning “first animal” since they have animal-like
behavior (they move around)
*CILIA - small hair-like structures that helps paramecium collect food, it whips away food
particles into them forming food vacuoles (oral groove – mouth of paramecium)

PROTOZOANS - eukaryotic, single-celled organisms

4 MAJOR GROUPS
*FLAGELLATES – move with the help of flagella (thread-like structure)
Ex. Chlamydomonas, Trichomonas, Euglena (single), Synura (colony)
*CILIATES – move with the help of cilia (hair-like structures)
Ex. Paramecium, Vorticella (concentrated at the top)
*SARCODINA – has no definite shape (cell-membrane is flexible), move with the help of
pseudopodia (false feet – formed only when needed, temporary)
Ex. Amoeba, Radiolarian
*SPOROZOANS – all parasitic, spore-producing
Ex. Plasmodium (infects RBC) – causes malaria
WHY PROTOZOA ARE IMPORTANT?
*important role in food chain, as mutualist or pathogen (disease-causing organisms)
*mineralizing nutrients for plants and other organisms
EP18 PROTISTS-ALGAE
TRIVIA:
Gulaman (agar-agar – a gum extracted from algae) is made from algae
ALGAE – eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms (some have chloroplasts)
5 MAJOR GROUPS according to DOMINANT PIGMENT
*GREEN ALGAE – chlorophyll a and b (same type found in plants), usually found in freshwater
Ex. Chlorella, Spirogyra (filamentous)
*BROWN ALGAE – brown pigment fucoxanthin, usually found in sea water (marine org)
Ex. Kelp, Sargassum (brown seaweed)
*RED ALGAE – red pigment phycoerythrin, mostly marine and few are fresh water
Ex. Porphyra, Glacilaria (used to make gulaman)
*GOLDEN ALGAE/DIATOMS – yellow pigment xanthophyll, orange pigment carotene
Ex. Prymnesium parvum (causes algal bloom resulting to fish kill), Pinnularia
*DINOFLAGELLATES – brown pigment fucoxanthin, has two flagella (spiral, spins like a top)
Ex. Pyrodinium bahamense (bioluminescent)
HARMFUL EFFECTS
*GONYAULAX – causes red tide (discoloration caused by too many algae – causes fish kill due
to lack of oxygen)
IMPORTANCE
*PHYTOPLANKTONS – major oxygen producer (produces about 80% of the earth’s oxygen)
*FOOD SOURCE – gulaman
*CULTURE MEDIUM – to grow bacteria
*MANUFACTURE OF FOOD – used to make ice cream and yogurt
EP19 PROTISTS – SLIME MOLDS
SLIME MOLDS – have protist-like and fungus-like stages, usually found in dead logs
*Examples:
Physarum polycephalum – slimy web of yellow threads
Stemonitis axifera – redish-brown in color
IMPORTANCE
*Acts as decomposers

-LMAO THAT IS SHORT-

EP20 BACTERIA
TRIVIA
*In our body, a healthy balance is 85% GOOD BACTERIA AND 15% BAD BACTERIA
BACTERIA – single-celled prokaryotes, said to have very strong cell walls (have peptidoglycan
cell walls)
TYPES according to SHAPE
*COCCUS – circular
Ex. Streptococcus pnuemoniae – can cause pneumonia
*BACILLUS – rod-shaped
Ex. Bacillus anthracis – causes anthrax
*SPIRILLA – spiral
Ex. Campylobacter jejuni – causes diarrhea

IMPORTANCE
*MICROBIOTA – natural good bacteria and microorganism that keep you healthy, majority is
found in gastrointestinal tract (intestines)
*FOOD PRODUCTION – yakult, dairy products, poultry products
*DECOMPOSERS or chemical recyclers, some are photosynthetic bacteria
*NITROGEN FIXERS – for plants to use the nitrogen in the atmosphere (nitrogen-fixing
bacteria)
Ex. root nodules of leguminous plants which contain Rhizobium (converts atmospheric
nitrogen into nitrates which they can use)
*GMO PRODUCTION (Biotechnology) – Agrobacterium tumefaciens (used to develop Vit A-
enhanced Golden Rice)
*MEDICINE – Escherichia coli is utilized to increase the production of insulin (for diabetic
patients)
EP21 SEXUAL & ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION – process in which organisms give rise to offspring, allows organisms to
produce new individuals to perpetuate their species
*GAMETES – sex cells (sperm cell: male, egg cell: female); they unite to form an offspring
(through a process of fertilization)
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
BASED ON: Number of parents, Presence of Gametes, Genetic Material, Involvement of
Reproductive Organ, Rate of Reproduction, and Sample Species
*SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – Bi-parental, forms gametes, intermix from both parents,
reproductive organs are used (much complex), slow reproduction (humans take 9 months)
Examples: Multicellular organisms
*ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – One parent, does not form gametes, same genes are from single
parent, no reproductive organs are used, rapid reproduction (binary fission in bacteria)
Examples: Mostly prokaryotic microorganisms and in some eukaryotic unicellular organisms
(lower invertebrates, tubers)