Parametric Study on Cable-Stayed Suspension Hybrid

Bridge

By

Shreekunj Vasantbhai Patel

[IU1751210009]

A Thesis Submitted To
Indus University in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements For the Degree of
Master of Technology
In
Structural Engineering

Guided By: Tejas Rathi

Assistant Professor,
Civil Engineering Department, Indus University

May 2019 
 CERTIFICATE
This is certify that research work embodied in this thesis entitled “Parametric Study On
Cable Stayed Suspension Hybrid Bridges” was carried out by Mr. Rushi Bhatt
(IU1751210001) at INDUS UNIVERSITY for partial fulfilment of Master of
Technology in Structural Engineering to be awarded by Indus University. This
research work has been carried out under my guidance and supervision and it is up to
my satisfaction.

Date:
Place:

Mr. Tejas N. Rathi Dr. Tejendra G. Tank Dr. Anupam Kumar Singh
(Guide) HOD - Civil Engineering, Director,
Assistant Professor, IITE, IITE,
Civil Engineering Department, Indus University, Indus University,
IITE, Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad,
Indus University,
Ahmedabad.

2
 Seal of Institute

COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE
This is certify that research work embodied in this thesis entitled “Parametric Study On
Cable Stayed Suspension Hybrid Bridges” was carried out by Mr. Rushi Bhatt
(IU1751210001) at INDUS UNIVERSITY for partial fulfilment of Master of
Technology in Structural Engineering to be awarded by Indus University. He has
complied with the comments given by the Dissertation phase – I as well as Mid
Semester Thesis Reviewer to my satisfaction.

Date:
Place:

SHREEKUNJ PATEL Mr. TEJAS RATHI

[IU1751210009] Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
IITE, Indus University
Ahmedabad.
 THESIS APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that research work embodied in this thesis entitled “PARAMETRIC
STUDY ON CABLE STAYED SUSPENSION HYBRID BRIDGES” was carried out
by SHREEKUNJ PATEL (IU1751210009) Sat INDUS UNIVERSITY is approved for
the degree of Masters of Technology with specialization in STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING by Indus University.
Date:
Place:

Examiner’s Name and Signature:

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DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

4
I hereby certify that I am the sole authors of this thesis and that neither any part of this
thesis nor the whole of the thesis has been submitted for a degree to any other
University or Institution.

I certify that, to the best of our knowledge, the current thesis does not infringe upon
anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques,
quotations or any other material from the work of other people included in our thesis,
published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard
referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted
material that surpasses the boundary of fair dealing within the meaning of the Indian
Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012, I certify that I have obtained a written permission
from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in the current thesis and have
included copies of such copyright clearances to our appendix.

I declare that this is a true copy of thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by
thesis review committee.

I have checked write up of the present thesis using anti-plagiarism database and it is in
allowable limit. Even though later on in case of any complaint pertaining of plagiarism,
I are sole responsible for the same and I understand that as per UGC norms, University
can even revoke Master of Technology degree conferred to the student submitting this
thesis.

Date:
Place:

_______________________ _______________________
SHREEKUNJ PATEL Mr. TEJAS N. RATHI
(IU175121009) Assistant Professor,
Civil Engineering Department,
IITE, Indus University,
Ahmedabad.
 ABSTRACT
The requirement of long span bridge has increased with development of infrastructure
facility in every nation. Long span bridge could be achieved with use of high strength
materials and innovative techniques for analysis of bridge. Generally, cable supported
bridges comprising both viz. suspension and cable-stayed bridge, has addressed the
need. The combination of the above mentioned systems, i.e. Cable stayed suspension
hybrid bridge is a recent advancement in the bridge engineering which provides the
flexibility of increasing span length for bridge decks.

The present study is concentrated towards the behavioral analysis of hybrid bridges
under dead loads and moving loads for serviceability criteria. Different cable systems
viz. Fan shaped and Semi Harp shape are used for representing cable stayed systems
with the combination of different shapes of pylon. Influence of span length on the
choice of cable system and pylon shape has also been observed.

Results of analysis reflects that for the span length up to 1200 m a combination of
inverted Y-shaped pylon and Fan system of cable stayed bridges have yielded better
performance under dead loads and moving loads, whereas for span above 1400 m A
shaped Pylon with modified fan system is effective.

6
 
Acknowledgement
I take this golden opportunity to express my sincere thanks to all who have helped me
in completion of thesis.

I like to show my greatest appreciation to my guide Mr. Tejas Rathi. I cannot say thank
you enough for his great support and help. I feel inspired and encouraged every time I
attend his meeting. Without his guidance this thesis would not have materialized.

I am thankful to Prof. Tejendra Tank, Head of Civil Engineering Department for his
motivation and constant monitoring. Also thankful of all the faculty members of civil
engineering department of Indus University, Ahmedabad.

I would like to thank for the guidance Mr. Suketu Unagar, Former Student, Indus
University, for his guidance, suggestions and constructive criticism.

I express my sincere thanks to INDUS UNIVERSITY, Ahmedabad for giving me a

chance to be a part of this prestigious institute and for constant support.

Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents for providing me

with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study
and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment
would not have been possible without them. Thank you.

_______________
Shreekunj patel
(IU1751210009)
Structural Engineering
INDUS UNIVERSITY
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Static and dynamic analysis of cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge and
validation
2.2. Effect of Pylon Shape on seismic response of Cable stayed bridge with soil
structure interaction
2.3 Construction Techniques of The 3rd Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul,Turkey
2.4. Seismic Isolation of the 3rd Bosphorus Hybrid Suspension Cable-Stayed
Bridge
2.5. Structural Performance and Strength Prediction of Steel-to-Concrete Box
Girder Deck Transition Zone of Hybrid Steel-Concrete Cable-Stayed
Bridges
2.6. Nonlinear static response of self-anchored Cable supported bridges Bridge
2.7. A Review on Shapes of Pylon for Cable-Stayed Bridge

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1. Preliminary Information cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridges

3.2 Main Components of Cable Stayed Suspension hybrid Bridge
3.3. Geometry and material description of the reference bridge
3.4. Sap2000 software
3.5. Structural modeling and analysis

8
 List of figures
Figure 1:NORMANDIE BRIDGE, FRANCE...............................................................7
Figure 2: hybrid cable-stayed suspension bridge.............................................................8
Figure 3 :3rd Bosphorus Bridge, Turkey.........................................................................9
Figure 4:CABLE STAY BRIDGE AND SUSPENSION BRIDGE..............................11
Figure 5:.Components of bridge....................................................................................12
Figure 6: Typical H-type pylon......................................................................................13
Figure 7: Y-type pylon...................................................................................................13
Figure 8: Inverted V-type pylon.....................................................................................13
Figure 9: Delta type towers............................................................................................13
Figure 10:Composite deck.............................................................................................14
Figure 11:Typical cross section of parallel wire standsLocked coil strand...................15
Figure 12:Typical cross section of locked coil strands Helically-wound strand...........15
Figure 13:Fan type arrangement....................................................................................16
Figure 14:Albert Bridge, London fan type arrangement................................................16
Figure 15:Typical Harp type arrangement.....................................................................17
Figure 16:Abdoun Bridge, Amman, Jordan...................................................................17
Figure 17:: Typical arrangement of Semi Harp type arrangement................................17
Figure 18:The Okutama Cable-stayed Bridge,Tokoyo,Japan........................................17
Figure 19:Typical arrangement of star type...................................................................18
Figure 20:Ormiston Road Bridge by Moller Architects in New Zealand:.....................18
Figure 21:: cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge........................................................31
Figure 22:3rd bosphorus bridge.....................................................................................34
Figure 23:: A shape pylon..............................................................................................34
Figure 24:: steel deck section.........................................................................................35
Figure 25:User interface of SAP2000 v 20....................................................................35
Figure 26:3-D finite element model of A -shaped pylon C.S.S.H bridge.....................36
Figure 27:. A-shape pylon,.............................................................................................36
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

10
1. Introduction
1.1. History
Bridges are one of the oldest types of structures ever to be built in the world. The
idea of the bridge was invented when man wanted to reach points which were
inaccessible due to the presence of a physical obstacle like bay, river etc.
In recent decades the use and construction of cable supported bridge is more
popular due to their aesthetic appearance and economical construction for long span
bridges compare to conventional bridge system. Cable stayed bridges have good
stability, optimum use of structural materials, aesthetic, relatively low design and
maintenance costs, and efficient structural characteristics. Therefore, this type of
bridges are becoming more and more popular and are usually preferred for long span
crossings compared to suspension bridges. A cable-stayed bridge consists of one or
more towers with cables supporting the bridge deck. In terms of cable arrangements,
the most common types of cable stayed bridges are fan, harp, and semi fan bridges.
Because of their large size and nonlinear structural behavior, the analysis of these
types of bridges is more complicated than conventional bridges. In these bridges, the
cables are the main source of nonlinearity. An optimum design of a cable-stayed
bridge with minimum cost while achieving strength and serviceability requirements is
a challenging task.

1.2. Types of Bridges

1. Arch Bridge:
The basic principle of arch bridge is its curved design, which does not push load forces
straight down, but instead they are conveyed along the curve of the arch to the supports
on each end. These supports (called abutments) carry the load of entire bridge and are
responsible for holding the arch in the precise position unmoving position.
2. Beam Bridge:
one or several horizontal beams that can either simply span the area between abutments
or relieve some of the pressure on structural piers. The core force that impacts beam
bridges is the transformation of vertical force into shear and flexural load that is
transferred to the support structures (abutments or mid-bridge piers).
3. Truss Bridge:
It is a very popular bridge design that uses a diagonal mesh of most often triangle-
shaped posts above the bridge to distribute forces across almost entire bridge structure.
Individual elements of this structure (usually straight beams) can endure dynamic
forces of tension and compression, but by distributing those loads across entire
structure, entire bridge can handle much stronger forces and heavier loads than other
types of bridges.
4. Cantilever bridges:
These are somewhat similar in appearance to arch bridges, but they support their load,
not through a vertical bracing but trough diagonal bracing with horizontal beams that
are being supported only on one end. The vast majority of cantilever bridges use one
pair of continuous spans that are placed between two piers, with beams meeting on the
center over the obstacle that bridge spans (river, uneven terrain, or others).
5. Tied arch bridges:
These are similar in design to arch bridges, but they transfer the weight of the bridge
and traffic load to the top chord that is connected to the bottom cords in bridge
foundation. The bottom tying cord can be reinforced decking itself or a separate deck-
independent structure that interfaces with tie-rods.
6. Suspension Bridge:
These bridges utilize spreading ropes or cables from the vertical suspenders to hold the
weight of bridge deck and traffic. Able to suspend decking over large spans, this type
of bridge is today very popular all around the world.
7. Cable-stayed Bridge:
The se bridge use deck cables that are directly connected to one or more vertical
columns (called towers or pylons) that can be erected near abutments or in the middle
of the span of the bridge structure.

12
Figure 1: Arc Bridge Figure 2: Beam Bridge Figure 3: Truss Bridge

Figure 5: Tide Arch Bridge Figure 6: Suspension Bridge

Figure 4: Cantilever Bridge

Figure 7: Cable Stayed Bridge

 1.3. Introduction to Cable Supported
Structures
There are mainly two types of cable support systems used for bridge construction.
 Cable-Stayed Bridge
 Suspension Bridge

These two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways. The
difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers. In suspension bridges,
the cables ride freely across the towers, transmitting the load to the anchorages at
either end. In cable-stayed bridges, the cables are attached to the towers, which alone
bear the deck load.

Figure 8: Suspension Cable System

Figure 9: Stay Cable System

The principle aim of the structural configuration of a cable-stayed arrangement, is to

prevent sideways and vertical movements of the tower/pylon and deck under
asymmetrical live loading. By careful selection of the foundation types and connection
of cable and girder it is possible to maintain stability of the whole structure by resisting
only the horizontal and vertical components of the forces generated.
Over past many years, the concept of cable stayed and suspension bridges has become
dominant choice for main span length ranging from 200-1200m. But these both cable
supported systems are having their own limitations for main span length for up to
1200m, now a days India is a growing country and the transportation system is the
spine for the economy of any developing country. So it is necessary to achieve more

14
length for bridge construction with more economical way, And for that we are talking
here a new hybrid cable support system, which have advantages over both old cable
support systems. The general geometry for cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge is as
follow:

Figure 10: General Geometry for Hybrid Bridge

1.4. Advantages of Hybrid Bridge over Cable stayed Bridge

 Buckling stability improves because the axial force in the girder decreases
because of the reduced number of stayed cables (in cases of externally
anchored suspension cable).
 It leads to a longer span because of the above mentioned reason (in cases of
externally anchored suspension cable).
 Its advantages are in cable erection and vibration problems because of short
stayed cables length.
 The height of pylons can be short for the reduced number of stayed cables.

1.5. Advantaged of Hybrid Bridge over Suspension Bridge

 Aerodynamic stability improves because of the increased rigidity for
deformation of the girder, based on the stayed cables.
 It enables the tension force in the main cables to be reduced because of its
decreased sharefor loads, based on the stayed cables.
 It enables the diameter of the main cables to be reduced because of the
abovementioned reason.
 It has an advantage in its anchorage because of the same reason.

1.6. Components of Cable Supported Bridge

The various structural components of a typical, cable stayed bridge are the
following:
 Tower or Pylon
 Deck System
  Cable System

Figure 11: Components of Cable Supported Structures

1.6.1. Tower or Pylons

The towers are the principal compression members transmitting the load to the
foundations. There are several different shapes of pylons for cable supported bridges
such as Trapezoidal pylon, Twin pylon, A-frame pylon, Single pylon and Inverted Y
shaped pylon. They are chosen based on the structure of the bridge (for different cable
arrangements), aesthetics, length, and other environmental parameters.
In this case, we will be dealing with large spans in this cases tower base has to be
relatively flexible with cable saddles fixed to the towers tops because the movement of
the saddles due to varying traffic and temperatures produces longitudinal bending of
the tower.
We have to be careful with the structural behavior of the tower and if we want to
construct the most economical tower we will achieve this by using a tower with the
highest practicable slenderness which will be our limiting factor. The limit is governed
by the need for an adequate margin against overall buckling of the tower and sufficient
strength and stiffness for the tower to be safely erected as a free standing vertical
cantilever subject to wind loading.

16
1.6.1.1. Tower Design

Usually the towers of cable supported bridges uses two vertical shafts and two
planes of cables, for an example H shape. But a few cable supported bridges have also
been designed with an A or an inverted Y form of towers.

H-Shape Pylon A-Shape Pylon Inverted Y Shape Pylon

Figure 12: Types of Pylon

The pylons can be arranged to support one axial layer of cable stays or two lateral
layer of cable stays. The following figures shows arrangement of pylons for single and
double layer of cable stays.

Figure 13: Transverse Arrangement of Pylons for Single Plane Cable System
 Figure 14: Transverse Arrangement of Pylon for Two Layer of Cable System

1.6.2. Saddle System

The transfer of forces from the cable stays to the pylon is achieved by three different
arrangements:
 A saddle permitting the continuity of the cable stay are shown in Fig. 15.
 The cable stats fixed to the top of the tower may cross each other inside the pylon as
shown in Fig. 15.
 A relay device incorporated into top of the tower connecting the upper anchorages of
associated cable stays as shown in Fig. 15.

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Saddle System Crossing of Stay Cables

Relay Device (Distributed Anchorage) Relay Device (Group Anchorage)

Figure 15: Types of Saddle System

1.6.3. Deck System

The three basic types of main girders or trusses presently being used for cable-stayed
bridges are steel girders, trusses and reinforced or pre-stressed concrete girders.
Steel Girder
Bridges built with solid web main girders may be divided into two types: those
constructed with I-girders and those with one or more enclosed box sections. Plated I-
girders with a built-up bottom flange comprising a number of cover plates have been
used in some bridges. It is considered that in this way, the required inertia of the
section can be made to fit the moment envelope exactly, that no excess steel is being
used, and thus the minimum weight of steel is attained. It is felt, however, that this
arrangement does not necessarily produce the most economical solution.
 Figure 16: Steel Deck

Box girders may be rectangular or trapezoidal in form, i.e. with web plates vertical or
sloping. The trapezoidal section is often used in order to keep the bottom flange area
to the desired size, whilst the support to the deck plate from the webs is provided at
an optimum position. Although fabrication costs of the inclined web plates are
higher, an overall saving can often be achieved. Both plate girder and box section
main girders are used for cable-stayed bridges, but it is felt that box sections have a
further advantage due to their better torsional stiffness. Unsymmetrical live loading
and wind forces can produce high torsional moments and box sections are inherently
better suited to carry this type of loading and therefore reduce torsional rotations in
the deck.
Truss Girder
During the last decade trusses have rarely been used
in the construction of cable-Supported bridges.
Compared to solid web girders, trusses present an
unfavorable visual appearance; they require a great
deal of fabrication and maintenance, and protection
against corrosion is difficult. Thus, except in special
circumstances, a solid web girder is more
satisfactory both from an economical and an
Figure 17: Truss Girder
aesthetic viewpoint. However, trusses may be used
instead of girders for aerodynamical reasons. Also, in the case of combined highway
and railroad traffic, when usually double deck structures are used, trusses should be
provided as the main carrying members of such bridges.

20
 Reinforced or prestressed concrete girders
During the last decade a number of
cable-stayed bridges have been
built with a reinforced or
prestressed concrete deck and main
girders. These bridges are
economical, possess high stiffness
and exhibit relatively small
deflections. The damping effect of
these monolithic structures is very Figure 18: Prestressed Concrete Box Girder

high and vibrations are relatively small. Such outstanding structures as, for instance,
the Maracaibo Bridge in Venezuela, indicate that this new bridge system possesses
many excellent characteristics.
1.6.4. Cable System
Cables are one of the main parts of a cable-stayed bridge. They transfer the dead
weight of the deck to the pylons. These cables are usually post-tensioned based on the
weight of the deck. The cables post-tensioned forces are selected in a way to
minimize both the vertical deflection of the deck and lateral deflection of the pylons.
These cables are made of high tensile steel wire, and having the diameter ranging
from 3 to 7mm. General characteristic of steel used in cable is as follow:
 Yield Strength: 1180 MPA
 Tensile Strength: 1570 MPA
 Strain at breaking: 4%
 Modulus of elasticity: 205 GPA
 Chemical Composition: 0.8% C, 0.2% Si, 0.6% Mn, 0.05% Cu, 0.05% Ni,
0.05% Cr, 0.03% P, 0.02% S.
This steel has a much higher yield stress and tensile strength than normal steel used
in construction (approx. five times and four times higher values respectively), but
they have much lower ductility, due to its high carbon content. This steel cannot be
welded.
 Various types of cable cross section available in industry are as follow:
Name Shape of Section Structure
Spiral Rope Wires are stranded in several
layers mainly in opposite lay
directions
 The wires laid straight and
parallel throughout the complete
cable length
 Six strands made of several
wires are closed around a core
strand
 Deformed wires are used for the
outside layers of Spiral Rope
and the final layers are made up
of interlocking Z-shapes wires
Figure 19: Cable Cross Section

1.6.4.1. Arrangement of Cable System in Longitudinal Direction

The arrangement of cables in the longitudinal direction depends upon several
factors such as clear span, tower height, spacing of towers and level of approach
roads.
Basically, there are four types of cable configurations generally used and they are
classified as follow:
 Fan type,
 Harp type,
 Mixed type and
 Star type

 Fan Arrangement
In this pattern, all the stay cables are attached to a single point at top of each
pylon as shown in Fig. 1.11a. The relatively steep slope of the stay cables results in
smaller cable cross section in comparison to the harp type. Moreover, the horizontal
cable forces in the deck in this arrangement is less than the harp type. However, by
increasing the number of the stay cables, the weights of the anchorages increase and
attaching the stay cables to anchorage becomes difficult. Therefore, the fan patterns
are suitable only for moderate spans with a limited number of stay cables.

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 Harp Type
In a harp arrangement, the cables are made nearly parallel by attaching them to
different points on the pylon as shown is in Fig. 1.11b. From economical point of
view, this type cable stayed bridges is not efficient for long span bridges. This is
because such an arrangement requires more steel for the cables, gives more
compression in the deck, and produces bending moments in the pylon. However, in
terms of aesthetics it is attractive in comparison to other types of cable stayed
bridges. The parallel cables give a most pleasant appearance to the harp arrangement.
The need for taller pylons is one of the disadvantages of this type of cable stayed
bridges.
 Semi Harp Type
Several modern cable supported bridges have been built around the world using
mixed arrangement due to its efficiency. As shown in Fig. 1.11c, in this system, the
cables are distributed over the upper part of the pylon, which are more steeply
inclined close to the pylon. The world largest cable-stayed bridge (Sutong Bridge in
Jiangsu, China) was designed as a mixed arrangement using A-shape pylons. The
mixed arrangement has better appearance in comparison to the fan arrangement.
 Star Type
The star system may be preferred due to its unique aesthetic appearance. However, it
contradicts the principle that the points of attachment of the cables should be
distributed as much as possible along the main girder.

Harp Arrangement
 Fan Type

Semi Harp

Star Type
Figure 20: Cable Arrangement in Longitudinal Direction

1.6.4.2. Positions of the cables in space

With respect to the various positions in space, which may be adopted for the
planes in which the cable stays are disposed, there are two basic arrangements:
two-plane systems and single-plane systems.
 Two vertical planes system
Two alternative layouts may be adopted when using this system: the cable
anchorages may be situated outside the deck structure, or they may be built
inside the main girders. The first layout is the better of the two in that no area
of the deck surface is obstructed by the presence of cables and towers, as in
the second case. There is, however, a disadvantage in that the transverse
distance of the cable anchorage points from the webs of the main girders
requires substantial cantilevers to be constructed in order to transfer the shears

24
 and bending moment into the deck structure. Also, the substructure, especially
the piers for the towers, has to be longer, because in this case the towers stand
apart and outside the cross-section of the bridge.
Where the cables and towers lie within the cross-section of the bridge, the
area taken up cannot be utilized as part of the roadway and may be only partly
used for the sidewalk. Thus, an area of the deck surface is made non-effective
and has to be compensated for by increasing the overall width of the deck.

Two Vertical Plane Two Inclined Plane

Figure 21: Two Vertical Plane Cable System

 Two Inclined Plane

This system was first used for the Severin Bridge in Cologne, Germany,
where the cables run from the edges of the bridge deck to a point above the
center-line of the bridge on an A-shaped tower. This arrangement can be
recommended for very long spans where the A-shaped tower has to be very high
and needs the lateral stiffness given by the triangle and the frame action. Joining
all cables on the top of this tower has a favorable effect regarding wind
oscillations, because it helps to prevent the dangerous torsional movement of the
deck.

 Single plane system

 Another system is that of bridges with only one vertical plane of stay
cables along the middle longitudinal axis of the superstructure. In
this case the cables are located in a single vertical strip,
which is not being used by any form of traffic. This
arrangement requires a hollow box main girder with
considerable torsional rigidity in order to keep the
change of cross-section deformation due to eccentric
live load within allowable limits. It is therefore not
Figure 22: Single Plane Cable System
necessary to increase the width of the
superstructure when using the central box girder system. This system which was
proposed by Haupt can be used if there is a median space to separate two
opposite traffic lanes. In this way, no extra width is needed for the tower, and the
cables at deck level are protected against accidental impact from cars.
The single plane system also creates a lane separation as a natural continuation of
the highway approaches to the bridge. This is an economical and aesthetically
acceptable solution, providing an unobstructed view from the bridge. In addition,
this system also offers the advantage of relatively small piers, because their size
is determined by the width of the main girder.
It should be noted that all the possible variations regarding the longitudinal
arrangements of the cables used with two plane bridges are also applied to single
plane central girder bridges.

1.7. Need of Study

i. Hybrid bridge systems has very specific application. However, the behaviour of
such system is to be addressed in order to conclude the flexibility under different
conditions.
ii. Span length in hybrid bridge system is relatively higher compared to cable stayed
bridge system and suspended cable bridge system. This forms the ground to
analyse the hybrid system for serviceability criteria.
iii. An optimised choice of the cable stayed system with type of pylon is also to be
looked for so that the design based application can be specific.

1.8. Objective of study

1. Optimise the cable system and shape of pylon for varying span length under dead
load and moving load.

26
 2. To check the influence on cable forces with variation in cable system and pylon
shape.

1.9. Scope of Study

Literature review

Geometry of bridge adopted Ref-3

Cable stayed systems considered  Fan System
 Semi-Harp System
Shape of Pylon  A-shape
 Inverted Y-shape
Considered Span Length Span length is varied from 1000 m to
1400 m at an interval of 200 m.

Loads Considered  Dead Load

 Vehicle Live Load
[According to IRC-6(2016)]
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Static and dynamic analysis of cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge and
validation
2.2. Effect of Pylon Shape on seismic response of Cable stayed bridge with soil
structure interaction
2.3 Construction Techniques of The 3rd Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul,Turkey
2.4. Seismic Isolation of the 3rd Bosphorus Hybrid Suspension Cable-Stayed
Bridge
2.5. Structural Performance and Strength Prediction of Steel-to-Concrete Box
Girder Deck Transition Zone of Hybrid Steel-Concrete Cable-Stayed Bridges
2.6. Nonlinear static response of self-anchored Cable supported bridges Bridge
2.7. A Review on Shapes of Pylon for Cable-Stayed Bridge.

28
2.1. Static and dynamic analysis of cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge and
validation
Author: Dr A.K. Desai, Dr S.V.Vasanwala, Prof. G. M. Savaliya
Journal: International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and
Technology

Abstract:
The requirement of long span bridge is increase with development of
infrastructure facility in every nation. Long span bridge could be achieved with
use of high strength materials and innovative techniques for analysis of bridge.
Generally, cable supported bridges comprise both suspension and cable-stayed
bridge. Cable supported bridges are very flexible in behaviour These flexible
systems are susceptible to the dynamic effects of wind and earthquake loads.
The cable-stayed bridge could provide more rigidity due to presence of tensed
cable stays as a force resistance element. The suspension bridge could assigned
more span in the field of bridge. So, combination of above two structural
system the innovative form of cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge could be
the better option to provide more span. Here, attempt is made to analyse long
span cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge. The literature survey on the topic
of analysis of cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge is presented in the current
paper. Modeling of cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge in SAP2000
software and its validation is carried out. The nonlinear static analysis are carry
out. The time period of bridge for different mode shape is presented to compare
the result of research paper with Sap 2000 software.

Conclusions:

It is found from the available literature that, Hybrid cable-stayed suspension

bridge is combining the advantages of cable-stayed bridge and suspension
bridge As compared to the suspension bridge with the same span length the
partly suspension portion is replaced by cable-stayed portion and suspension
 portion can be shortened, so the tensional forces in the main catenary cables are
greatly decreased.

Reduction of suspension portion in main span decrease in the construction costs

of the main cables, massive anchors, difficulty to construct them in water, and
therefore makes it possible to build in the soft soil foundation also.

As compared to cable-stayed bridges with the same span length, the cable-
stayed portion is also greatly shortened. These results, the reduced height of
tower, length of stays and the axial forces in the deck. stems.

It is found from the review carried out related to development and analytical
techniques that there is wide scope for the seismic analysis of hybrid cable-
stayed suspension bridge.

2.2. Effect of Pylon Shape on seismic response of Cable stayed bridge with soil
structure interaction
Author: Siddharth shah, J.A. Desai, Solanki
Journal : International journal of civil and structural engineering

Abstract:

Cable stayed bridge are the most flexible bridge and getting popularity because
of its economy for longer spans and aesthetics. Here focus is given on the effect
of shape of pylon on the seismic response of cable stayed bridge, for this, the
bridge span dimension and other parameters are kept constant, and only the
pylon shape is varied viz. A type, H type, portal frame, spread pylon and
pyramid shapes. The height of the pylon is kept constant for all the shapes for
comparison purpose. The 3D bridge model is prepared on SAP 2000 software
and bridge is analyzed seismically by Bhuj 2001, Earthquake India. The bridge
response in terms of pylon displacement, acceleration and base moment is
obtained. The study reveals that the shape of the pylon has great influence in
the seismic response of cable stayed bridge. spread pylon shape are better for
resisting earthquake in longitudinal direction but weak in lateral direction, but
pyramid shape pylon is better because of its geometry in resisting earthquake

30
 force from any direction and also SSI effects are minimum in this case. SSI
effects are predominant for soft soil conditions for all pylon shapes.

Conclusions:

In this study, the cable stayed bridge Quincy bay view bridge, is analyzed for
four different shapes of pylons on SAP 2000 software by time history method.
The analysis was carried out for three different soil conditions namely, soft,
medium and hard soil to study the Soil structure interaction effects and against
the fixed base of structure-i.e. without SSI case. The response in terms of
displacement max acceleration, and moment was plotted.

It also clear that effect of pylon shape is also governing the a seismic design of

bridge because the pyramid shape pylon gives lowest values of moment
whereas the H shape of pylon give it a maximum.

It is clear that as earthquake direction is changing from longitudinal to

transverse the maximum displacement is changing from y shape to A shape,
thus displacement and acceleration is inversely proportion is proved here.

2.3. Construction Techniques of The 3rd Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul,Turkey

Author: M. Orçun TOKUC and Tamer Tunca
Journal: International Symposium on Industrial Chimneys and Cooling Towers

Abstract:
This paper presents the construction of the 3rd Bosphorus Bridge to be built in
Istanbul, Turkey. The 3rd Bosphorus Bridge has a unique construction that is
regarded as the bridge of the firsts. It is going to be the widest suspension
bridge in the world with a width of 60 meters and the longest spanning one that
has 8 lanes of motorway and 2 lanes of railway on it, with a main span of 1408
meters. Another first of the bridge is that it is the suspension bridge with the
highest bridge pylons of the world, with a height of 322 meters. A hybrid
 system that consists of two different construction techniques which are cable-
stayed and suspension bridge is used for the 3rd Bosphorus Bridge

The construction of the bridge includes three main parts. Side spans including
anchorage and approach block, main span and pylons. Anchorage and approach
blocks are built up by conventional methods. Pylons triangular in cross section
and with 1.50 m wall thickness, are raised up by slip forming up to elevation
+208.00 and then continue with climbing form up to elevation +322.00. A
special formwork was produced by Bygging International, the Swiss company,
and used in the construction of pylons.

Conclusions:
The 3rd bridge has some significant skills that can be seen at first glance. It will
be the widest suspension bridge in the world when it is completed. Another
skill of the bridge is that it is the suspension bridge with the highest bridge
pylons of the world, with a height of 322 meters. A hybrid system that consists
of two different construction techniques is an advantage for the bridge. Large
scale suspension and cable stayed bridge has many complex details Even
though more studies Needs to be done more for these types of construction,
they still find a wide application.

2.4. Seismic Isolation of the 3rd Bosphorus Hybrid Suspension Cable-Stayed

Bridge
Author: C. Mendez-Galindo, G. Moor, M. Brüninghold
Journal: Researchgate

Abstract

The Third Bosphorus Bridge (3BB) is a hybrid cable-stayed suspension bridge

for road and rail traffic, currently under construction in Turkey. To carry freight
railway traffic over its main span of 1408 meters – a record for a railway bridge
– the design envisaged the use of pendulum isolator bearings with a sufficiently
small radius of curvature to adequately stiffen the superstructure for railway
traffic. For the given combination of very small curvature radius, load and
displacement, standard (i.e. “spherical”) pendulum bearings did not present a
feasible solution. Therefore, a special “cylindrical” version was developed

32
Conclusions:

The use of pendulum isolator bearings is an effective way of reducing the

longitudinal deck displacements of suspension bridges under live loading,
particularly in the case of heavy rail traffic loading. However, if the radius of
curvature of the main sliding surface of a designed bearing is low relative to the
vertical load to be supported, the design can become very inefficient and even
unfeasible. In such cases, the “spherical” shape of the sliding surfaces of the
bearing’s calotte can be made “cylindrical”, designing out unnecessary
transverse pendulum movement capacity. The resulting rectangular plan shape
is less prone to tilt and eccentric contact pressure problems, and the size and
weight of each bearing can be significantly reduced – simplifying production,
transportation, installation and future replacement

2.5. Structural Performance and Strength Prediction of Steel-to-Concrete Box

Girder Deck Transition Zone of Hybrid Steel-Concrete Cable-Stayed
Bridges
Author: Xi Cheng et al.
Journal: Journal of Bridge Engineering (ASCE), 2016

Abstract:
Because a large longitudinal force exists in hybrid girder cable-stayed bridges
due to the cable tension, its transfer mechanisms on the steel-concrete
combination segment would be an important issue.

In this study, experiments and theoretical analysis were conducted to

characterize the longitudinal force transfer mechanisms of the steel-concrete
combination segment in hybrid girder cable stayed bridges. Five full-scale local
structure specimens were designed and manufactured based on the original
design of the steel-to concrete transition zone according to a completed cable-
stayed bridge in China.

The specimens were subjected to monotonic loading and tested up to complete

failure. The load-slip curves; stress distribution and failure modes, which varied
 with the thickness of the bearing plate; and the shear connector distribution
were obtained.

Conclusions:
The load distributing mode could be used to instruct preliminary engineering
designs, and the finite-element modeling method could be used to verify it.

2.6. Nonlinear static response of self-anchored Cable supported bridges Bridge

Author: Domenico Bruno et al.
Journal: International Journal of Bridge Engineering (IJBE), 2015

Abstract:
A parametric analysis of the nonlinear static behavior of self-anchored long-
span bridges is here carried out by using a 3D nonlinear finite element model of
the bridge. Both cable-stayed bridges with a fan-shaped arrangement of stays
and combined cable-stayed-suspension bridges are considered in the numerical
investigations.
The importance of an accurate description of geometrically nonlinear effects,
arising from the cables nonlinear behavior in coupling with the instability effect
of axial compression in girder and pylons, is pointed out by means of
comparisons with results obtained by using different cable models.
The strong role of nonlinear cables response, in coupling with the notable
influence of the relative girder stiffness on the stability bridge behavior is
analyzed.
For the self-anchored combined cable-stayed-suspension bridges the influence
of the dead load distribution factor on the limit load evaluation is also
accounted.

Conclusions:
In the case of the self-anchored combined cable-stayed-suspension bridges the
influence of the coupling stayed-suspension parameter r on the maximum load
for the bridge is analyzed.

34
 Results evidence the conservative prediction of the limit load in the case of
suspension bridge (r=1) with respect to the cable-stayed system (r=0).

Moreover, numerical investigations show that combination of the two cable

systems provides stabilizing effect in terms of maximum load parameter

2.7. A Review on Shapes of Pylon for Cable-Stayed Bridge

Author: Mr. Ajinkya D, R.A. Dubal
Journal: IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering

Abstract:
The paper presents finite element approach for the geometric nonlinear
aerostatic analysis of self anchored cable-stayed bridges with different pylon
configurations along with vehicular interaction. In the recent years cable stayed
bridges have received more attention than any other bridge mainly due to Cable
stayed bridge are the most flexible bridge and getting popularity because of its
economy for longer spans and aesthetics. The results showed that these factors
have significant influence on the aerostatic behavior and should be considered
in the aerostatic analysis of long span cable stayed bridges. Analysis results will
be useful for the designers to consider the shape of pylon at the initial stage of
design. Again the results indicate the significant influence of pylon shapes on
aerostatic behavior of such long span. A cable stayed bridge consists of one or
more towers with cables supporting the bridge deck. In terms of cable
arrangements, the most common type of cable stayed bridges are fan, harp, and
semi fan bridges. Because of their large size and nonlinear structural behavior,
the analysis of these types of bridges is more complicated than conventional
bridges An optimum design of a cable-stayed bridge with minimum cost while
achieving strength and serviceability requirements is a challenging task

Conclusions:
The finite element method is discussed to find out the efficient pylon
configuration from comparison of analysis results during aerostatic analysis of
cable stayed bridges. The following conclusions are deduced from the
parametric results:
Nonlinearity effect is predominant in long span bridges and gives
approximately 20 to 60% higher results than linear analysis.
The displacement due to wind is reduced by approximately 20 to 35% when
live load due to IRC loads is considered.
The concept of anchoring of top cable to the earth proved effective in reducing
the forces in cable
The results show that both in self-anchored and bi-stayed bridges, the forces
and moments are found minimum in A frame pylon configuration due to tripod
action.
The costs of cables are very high in case of cable-stayed bridges which can be
reduced using the concept of partially earth anchored bridges.

36
 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1. Sap2000 software:
3.2 Material and Sectional properties Details
3.3 Methods of analysis
3.4. Modeling of Hybrid Bridge with SAP2000
3.5. Structural modeling analysis
3.1. Sap2000 software:
SAP2000 version 20 is utilized in this study for the analysis of the Cable-stayed
suspension hybrid Bridge. The SAP program was originally developed by Dr.
E.L. Wilson et al. at University of California, Berkeley; with a three-dimension
(3D) object-based graphical modeling environment and nonlinear analysis
capability, the SAP2000 program provides a general purpose yet powerful
finite element analysis software program for structural analysis. This computer
program is one of the most popular structural analysis software packages used
by structural engineers in the USA. The program is structured to support a wide
variety of the latest national and international codes for both steel and concrete
designs

Figure 23:User interface of SAP2000 v 20

38
3.2. Material and Sectional properties Details

Table 3.1. Material properties of structural elements

Sr. Member Material Unit Poisson Modulus Yield/compressive/
No. weight ratio of ultimate tensile
(kN/m³) elasticity strength (MPa)
(GPa)
1 Pylon RCC 25 0.25 35 35
2 Deck RCC 25 0.25 35 35
slab
3 Girder steel 77 0.3 200 450
4 Cable steel 77 0.3 210 1600

Table 3.2. Sectional properties of structural elements

Sr. No. Structural Dimension Material Shape
Member
1 Cable 280-315 mm Steel Circular
Main cable 723-753 mm
Hangers 100-175 mm
Stiffening 225-315 mm

2 Deck slab Height=5.5m, steel orthotopic

Width=60m
thickness=0.014m
m
5 Pylon Bottom 12.00m x 12.00m RCC Rectangular
6 Pylon Height= 65m RCC Rectangular
Intermediate
at deck level
7 Pylon cross Area= 36 M^2 RCC Rectangular
beam At Top
Figure 24:3rd bosphorus bridge

Figure 25: A shape pylon

40
3.3. Methods of analysis:
In order to analyse a cable-stayed bridge an appropriate idealization or
modeling of the structure must be made. The restraints, if any, present at each
joint in the structure should be determined in order to mathematically model the
structure. The stiffness or flexibility of each member must be known or be
determined by the analysis. Connections between the cables, girders, and
towers are idealized at their points of intersection.
For a single-plane system the structure may be idealized as a two-dimensional
plane frame, and torsional forces acting on the girder would have to be
superimposed on the girder. A two-plane system may be idealized as a three-
dimensional space frame with torsional forces included in the analysis
Several methods have been employed in the analysis of cable-stayed bridges. A
mixed method of analysis, where the unknowns in the matrix formulation
include displacements and forces, has been developed by Stafford Smith. A
transfer matrix method has been developed in West Germany. Troitsky and
Lazar have used the flexibility approach while Podolny and Fleming used a
stiffness approach. Several general computer programs, such as ANSYS,
STRUDEL, SAP2000, etc. are available which use either the stiffness or
flexibility approach. A stiffness approach incorporating an iterative procedure
was used by Podolny and Fleming to compensate for the nonlinearity of the
cables and Tang applied the transfer matrix to the nonlinearity of cable-stayed
bridges.

3.3.1. static analysis

The static analysis of a structure involves the solution of the system of linear
equations represented by:

𝐾𝑢=𝑟 …………………… (3)

Where K is the stiffness matrix, r is the vector of applied loads, and u is the
vector of resulting displacements. In long span cable-stayed bridges, dead load
is often dominant feature; the pre-strain on the stay cable controls the internal
force distribution in the deck and tower as well as the bridge alignment. The
initial deformed equilibrium configuration of the bridge is important since it is
the starting position to perform the succeeding modal and time history analysis.
It is realized by manipulating the initial tension force in each stay cable. For the
final analysis the most common approach is to model either a half or the entire
structure as a space frame. The pylon, deck and the stays will usually be
represented within the space frame model by bar elements.
The stays can be represented with a small inertia and a modified modulus of
elasticity that will mimic the sag behavior of the stay. Achieving the deformed
equilibrium configuration due to dead load is indeed one of the most difficult
tasks involving multiple trial and errors.

42
3.4. Modeling of Hybrid Bridge in SAP2000

3.4.1. Modeling Procedure on SAP
 Draw the geometry of the frame either by inserting coordinates or by linking
the nodes through member length.
 Draw the required fixed support or spring according to the case.
 Select the stiffness of the spring for hangers Which is taken as 200kN/m
 Define the sections and materials for the members.
 Now assign the defined section to the members
 Define the loading values and load combinations to be applied on the structures
 Define the moving load case to be used for the static analysis and include it in
the analysis case.
 Define the moving load case to be used for the static analysis and include it in
the analysis case.
 Assign the loads to the joints or members as per the case
 After assigning everything, set the analysis to be carried out and press run
analysis SAP program will Generate the various results like joint
Displacements joint forces, joint reactions.

3.2.2: Assumptions made in the models:

 The joints between cable, girder and tower is pinned joint.

 Cables were assumed to be straight members, which means, the effect of catenary
action due to the self-weight of cables was neglected. Some researchers have
shown 30 that the effect of catenary action for moderate sag to span ratio is not
large. However, this effect can be incorporated by modifying the modulus of
elasticity in the equation.
 The structure was assumed to remain linearly elastic.
 Pylons are assumed to be fixed at the level of foundation.
3.2.3. Deck:
In order to minimize the weight of the structure we will use a steel stiffening
girder with his concrete slab. This composite deck allow a faster and more
effective construction phase than a concrete deck while being overall cheaper
than a fully steel solution. Our design will be based in a box girder of an
orthotropic deck of conventional arrangement as we can see in the image ___
with 3 longitudinal trough stiffeners (in red) in the central part of the bridge
with 30 cm of thickness and 2 more (in green) for the anchoring zone of the
cables justifying this because these are critical zones. Therefore we will dispose
a system of upper and lower plan bracing systems to increase the total stiffness.

Figure 26:Detail of the metallic segment of the bridge

Figure 27:Interior detail of the metallic segment of the bridge

44
3.2.4. Pylon or Towers:
Our tower has a height of 330 meters which is approximately 1/5 of the length
of the main span. As the tower has a considerable height this will allow us to
reduce the required amount of cable steel and the compression forces in the
bridge beaup to a cable inclination of 45º.

Figure 28:A & inverted Y shape pylon

Our tower in 3D model will have an “A” shape since we are dealing with long
spans, proportioning us high torsional frequencies and permitting the two
planes of cables be arranged in a symmetrical pattern
3.2.5. cable systems
The cable arrangement we will make use of a semi-harp system in the
longitudinal direction and a two-plane system arranged in a symmetrical
pattern. For very long spans where the tower is very high and needs high lateral
stiffness it’s better to use the two lateral plane system.
Therefore, in the transversal direction, taking into account the problems that the
other systems cause selecting the semi-harp system seems to be the best
solution.
Thus, the disposition of the cables is given by the angle that these conform to
the tower and the deck. The angles between the cables and the deck goes from
22,71º until 75,38 º and the total length of the cables varies between 1431 m for
the shorter cable and 586 m for the larger one.

Figure 29:Modified fan cable systems

Figure 30:fan cable systems

46
3.2.6. Models of the studied cable-stayed bridge
The following figures contain model views of the studied bridge created
usingSAP2000-V19 structural analysis software:

Figure 31:Longitudinal view of modeled hybrid bridge in fan type

Figure 32:Longitudinal view of modeled hybrid bridge in modified fan type

Figure 33:3-D finite element model of Inverted Y-shaped pylon hybrid bridge with different cable systems
48
CHAPTER 4 : RESULTS OF ANALYSIS
4.1Results of static dead load analysis

Dead loads of all the components of the bridge like cables, girder, deck, pylon,
etc. are considered as dead load of the bridge. In the design of cable-stayed
bridges, the dead load often contributes to most of the bridge load. Dead loads
are indeed the most important for the preliminary analysis in cable-stayed
bridges. In this analysis, the type of analysis considered is Non-linear static

50
52