1.

3 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

Fig. 1.3.1
Flux-Current Relationships
n
i  Li ii   Lik ik (1.3.1)
k 1
k i

i = Flux linkage of coil number i

Li = Self-inductance of coil number i
Lik = Mutual-inductance of coil number i linked with the flux of coil number k
Magnetic Energy Stored
1 n
W f   i ii (1.3.2)
2 i 1

Electromotive Force
di (1.3.3)
ei  
dt

 Transformer e.m.f
i
e it   (1.3.4)
t
 Rotational or Speed e.m.f

i d
e is   (1.3-5)
 dt
 The variation of inductances
dL dL d e  1 dni

 W fi   i ii
dt d dt
(1.3.6) 2 idt
1

Electromagnetic Torque

Consider small changes of currents and inductances in infinitely short time dt

the growth of the stored magnetic energy according to (1.3.2) will be:
1 n 1 n
dW f   i dii   ii di (1.3.7)
2 i 1 2 i 1

The electric energy supplied to the external, neglecting the resistances:

n
dWe   ei ii dt (1.3.8)
i 1

Using (1.3.3)
n
(1.3.9)
dWe    ii di
i 1
Principle of the conservation of energy
1 n 1 n
dW f  dWe  dWm  0 (1.3.10) dW f   i dii   ii di
2 i 1 2 i 1
dWm = mechanical energy supplied to the outside.
n
From (1.3.10) we have:
dWe    ii di
dWm   dW f  dWe i 1

Substituting for dWf by Eq. (1.3.7) and for dWe by Eq. (1.3.9) we have:

1 n 1 n   n 
dWm     i dii   ii d i      ii di 
 2 i 1 2 i 1   i 1 
and simplifying we get:
1 n
dWm    ii di  i dii  n

2 i 1 i  Li ii   Lik ik
k 1
Substituting for i from Eq. (1.3.1) we have: k i
     
1   n n
  n
 
dWm   ii d  Li ii   Lik ik    Li ii   Lik ik dii
2 i 1   k 1   k 1  
  k i   k i  
      
1  n n
  n
 
dWm   ii d  Li ii   Lik ik    Li ii   Lik ik dii
2 i 1   k 1   k 1  
  k i   k i  
 
1  n n n
  Liii dii  ii2 dLi  ii d  Lik ik  Li ii dii   Lik ik dii 
2 i 1  k 1 k 1 
 k i k i 
n  
1  2 n n n

   ii dLi  ii  Lik dik  ii  ik dLik   Lik ik dii 
2 i 1  k 1 k 1 k 1 
 k  i k  i k  i 
   
1  2 n n
 1 n  n

   ii dLi  ii  ik dLik  2 ii  ii dLi   ik dLik 
2 i 1  k 1  i 1  k 1 
 k i   k i 
 
1  n n

dWm   ii  ii dLi   ik dLik 
2 i 1  k 1 
 k i 
  
1 
n n

dWm   ii  ii dLi   ik dLik  (11)
2 i 1  k 1 
 k i 
The electromagnetic torque
 
dWm 1  dLi
n n
dLik 
Te    ii  ii   ik
d 2 i 1  d k 1 d 
 k i 
Inspecting Eqs. (1.3.1) & (1.3.2) we have

W f
Te  (1.3.11)
 n
i  Li ii   Lik ik
k 1
k i

1 n
W f   i ii
2 i 1
EXAMPLE 1B
Formulate an expression for the electromagnetic torque of
the elementary rotational device shown in Figure 1B-1.

Figure 1B-1 Elementary rotational electromechanical device

(a) End view (b) cross-sectional view
Voltage equations (see Eqs. 1,2-34 and 1,2-35)

r1 and r2 = resistances of conductor 1 and 2, respectively.

Flux linkages equations (linear mag. system) W f
Te 


Self-inductances L11 and L22 constant

Mutual inductance

r
Electromagnetic torque (Eq. (1.3.11))
f

Linear mag. system:

Substituting into (1B-6) yields

Consider: i1 & i2 are both constant; if positive direction of current shown

K is a positive constant
 Production of torque results from interaction of the magnetic poles produced by the
current flowing in the conductors.

 by definition flux issues from a north pole

 the stator and rotor each must be considered

as separate electromagnetic systems.
 flux produced by the 1−1′ winding issues
from the north pole of the stator into the air r
gap.
 Similarly, the flux produced by the 2−2′
winding enters the air gap from the north
pole of the rotor.
 the range of θr over which stable operation
can occur for the expression of
electromagnetic torque given by (1B-9) is
−π/2 ≤ θr ≤ π/2.