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Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite from egg shell and preparation of bone like Bio-
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DOI: 10.15693/ijaist/2016.v52i52.36-47

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International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.52, No.52, August 2016
Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite from egg shell
and preparation of bone like Bio-composites
using it
Prof. S.L.Pandharipande
Associate Professor, Department ofChemical
Engineering, L.I.T, RTMNU, Nagpur, India
slpandharipande@gmail.com
Abstract – Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is an inorganic
constituent of human bone. Human bone contains
67% mineral matter, 22% collagen, 9% water and
remaining proteins, carbohydrates, lipoids, etc. Bio-
composites that would resemble natural bone
containing HAp as inorganic matter blended with
organic biomaterials are being researched. The
present work is aimed at synthesis of HAp from egg
shell, silica from rice husk and bio-composites C1 to
C6 using varying compositions of HAp, silica,
chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) & gelatin.
Based on the Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis it can be said that HAp
and silica are successfully synthesized. The bio-
composite of HAp with CMC & HAp with CMC,
chitosan, gelatin & silica are tested for their
mechanical strength such as hardness & compressive
strength. The composite of HAp with CMC &
chitosan are tested for their antimicrobial property.
The test results show that the composites have
comparable mechanical properties to that of
cancellous bone of human and also good
antimicrobial property.
Index terms – Hydroxyapatite, Bone like bio-
composites, Egg shell, Compressive strength, Hardness,
antimicrobial property.
I. INTRODUCTION
Hydroxyapatite (HAp), Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is
an important inorganic biomaterial consisting of
calcium and phosphorous which are important
minerals found in human bone. Human bone
constitutes 67% mineral matter comprising HAp,
22 % organic matter which is mainly collagen, 9%
water and remaining is proteins, carbohydrates,
polysaccharides etc. Thus, natural bone is a
composite of inorganic and organic matrix. It
consists of calcium and phosphorous in the ratio
1.67 which is same as the stoichiometric ratio
present in the molecular formula of HAp [1],[2].
HAp provides sufficient toughness & hardness
whereas the organic matrix provides the
mechanical strength such as compressive & tensile
strength to bone. Hence, composites of HAp with
certain organic polymers that resembles collagen
chemically can be used for bone grafting. The
organic part may be substituted by polymers such
DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v52i52.36-47
Miss. Smita S. Sondawale
M.tech Chemical Engineering student,
L.I.T, RTMNU, Nagpur, India
smitalit2012@gmail.com
as Chitosan, Gelatin, Carboxymethyl Cellulose
(CMC), etc.
HAp can be synthesized effectively from egg
shell. The idea is to minimize the egg waste
accumulation caused by the day to day increase in
consumption of eggs, due to the large demand of
the poultry products such as cakes, fast food, etc.
The disposal of egg shell waste in land may cause
land degradation that can be minimized by
effective utilization of egg shell in HAp synthesis.
Also silica can be synthesized from rice husk. Rice
husk is a waste product of rice mill and can lead to
waste accumulation if not disposed of properly. It
contains 98% silica. Thus can be utilized in the
synthesis of silica.
The present work aims to synthesize
biomaterials; HAp using egg shell, Silica using rice
husk and bio-composites of HAp using different
organic biomaterials mentioned.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
i) Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite
Eric M. Rivera et al [3] have worked on
synthesis of hydroxyapatite from eggshell. In this
paper HAp was synthesized from egg shell by
thermally treating the egg shells The Calcium
Oxide thus obtained was transformed into HAp in a
phosphate solution. The Ca/P ratio of 1.67 was
used. The final product is characterized by X-ray
diffraction and scanning electron microscopy SEM.
Gre´ta Gergely [4] have worked on preparation
and characterization of hydroxyapatite from
eggshell and phosphoric acid as raw materials. The
present work aimed to synthesize HAp via
mechano chemical activation using ball milling and
attrition milling and the phase stability and powder
characteristics were studied. The structures of the
HAp were characterized by X-ray diffraction,
scanning electron microscopy and infrared
spectroscopy.
P. Hui [5] have worked on synthesis of
hydroxyapatite bio-ceramic powder by
hydrothermal method. Egg shells were treated
thermally for and the calcium oxide obtained was
treated with Tricalcium Phosphate solution. The
final product was characterized by X-ray
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International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.52, No.52, August 2016
diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR),
thermal analysis (TG–DTA).
Ahmed M. Saeed [6] have worked on
synthesis of calcium hydroxyapatite powder from
hen’s eggshell and orthophosphoric acid. X-Ray
diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared
(FT-IR) technique was used to investigate the
formation of HAP powder.
ii) Synthesis of Sillica
K.V. Selvakumar [8] have worked on
extraction of Silica from burnt paddy husk.
Demineralization of rice husk was done using
sulphuric acid or nitric acid or hydrochloric acid.
Then the residue was treated with NaOH and the
filtrate so obtained was titrated with acid to obtain
the precipitate of silica. The effect of different
concentration of ascid and base on the yield of
silica yield of Silica was examined. The product
was analyzed using SEM.
Majid Monshizadeh [9] carried out the same
procedure as above and used magnetic stirrer for
continuous stirring of the solution. Silica obtained
was characterized using FTIR, XRD and SEM
analysis.
iii) Synthesis of Bio-composites
Subhadra Garai [10] worked on the
synthesis of bio-composite of HAp with CMC.
The process consisted of mixing of polymeric
solution of CMC with the calcium nitrate tetra
hydrate solution and then the solution mixture was
treated with di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate
solution. Varying wt% ratio of CMC and HAp
were used. The slurry was then dried in Teflon
molds at 500C for 72hrs. The bio-composite was
tested by using FTIR, SEM, XRD and
compressive testing.
Edgar B. Montufar [11] synthesized HAp-
Gelatin composite scaffolds by mixing α –
tricalcium phosphate (α- TCP) with HAp and
the Liquid phase of gelatin was prepared adding
Na2HPO4 as an accelerant. Both the liquid and
the powder phase were mixed and were molded or
placed into the syringe at room temperature. The
characterization were carried out before and after
immersion of the composites in Ringer’s Solution
i.e; 0.9 wt% of NaCl solution and 100 %
humidity, using FTIR, SEM, XRD and
compressive testing.
Mehdi Kazemzadeh Narbat [12]
synthesized HAp – Gelatin (GEL) composite with
30, 40 & 50 wt % HAp composition. The
composites were prepared by directly mixing HAp
powder and the gelatin solution. The composites
were then molded into Teflon molds and
Characterization was done using FTIR, SEM and
mechanical testing.
DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v52i52.36-47
III. PRESENT WORK
A. Methodology
The schematic of the process followed in the
present work [7] is given in figure 1.
B. Materials
Glassware, egg shell, Diammonium Hydrogen
Phosphate (DAP), Chitosan, Gelatin,
Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC, rice husk.
C. Method
The present work is divided 3 parts:
 Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite from Egg
shell
 Synthesis of Silica from Rice husk
 Synthesis of bio-composites
i) Synthesis of HAp using Egg shell
The outline of the procedure [3-7] is as given
below. The pictorial representation of the process is
given in fig 2.
 Cleaned and boiled egg shells were treated
thermally at 700-8000C for 4 hrs and
crushed to obtain CaO powder.
 Samples of 0.6M DAP solution and 0.3M
of CaO solution were prepared and mixed
in varying proportions thoroughly for 1 hr
under continuous boiling.
 The precipitate of HAp obtained was
filtered using whatmann filter paper and
dried in oven at 800C for 4-5 hrs.
 The final product was sintered in furnace
at 700-8000C for 1 hr.
 Three samples of HAp; P1, P2 &P3 are
synthesized having same as
stoichiometric, half and quarter quantity of
DAP respectively.
ii) Synthesis of silica using rice husk
The outline of the procedure [8],[9] followed is as
given below and the pictorial representation of the
process is given in fig 2.
 Rice husk was demineralized by boiling in
1N HCl solution followed by heating for
2hrs .
 Demineralized rice husk was washed till
neutral pH of washed water obtained.
 Washed rice husk was then treated with
2.5 N NaOH for 2hrs at 80-1000C.
 The residue obtained was discarded & the
filtrate was titrated with 1N HCl solution
 The above solution was left to age for
24hrs at ambient conditions.
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International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.52, No.52, August 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v52i52.36-47

 The precipitate of Silica obtained was  The further details of the composite in
filtered, oven dried and sintered in terms of its composition is given in table
furnace. 4.
 Two runs were carried out to prepare 2
The following 6 types of composites are
samples of silica.
prepared:
 Composite 1: C1: CMC + P1
iii) Preparation of Bio-composites  Composite 2: C2: CMC + P2
The outline of the procedure followed is as given  Composite 3: C3: CMC + P3
below:  Composite 4: C4: CMC + HAp + Chitosan
 The preparation of [10-12] bio-composites + Gelatin + Silica
consists of mixing of organic binders;  Composite 5: C5: CMC + HAp
Chitosan, Gelatin, Carboxymethyl  Composite 6: C6: CMC + HAp + Chitosan
Cellulose and inorganic components;
Hydroxyapatite and Silica .
 The Organic binders were prepared in gel
form by adding sufficient amount of
water.
 Hydroxyapatite was added to the gel of
organic binders and stirred till
homogeneous mixture was formed.
 The mixture was poured into cubical
molds and kept in deep freezer followed
by air drying for at least 3 days.

Egg
Shell
Organic Stoichiometric DAP (1)
binders

Hydrothermal Half stoichiometric (2)

DAp
method
Quarter Stoichiometric (3)

(1) (2) (3)

Gelatin Chitosan CMC FTIR
HA p HAp HAp Analysis
(P1) (P2) (P3)
SEM
C1

C2 FTIR

Analysis
C3 SEM
Chemical
C4 Silica treatment

C4
Rice Husk

C5
Compressive test

Mechanical testing Hardness test

Figure 1: Block diagram of the process followed

Egg Shell Boiling Drying in oven Dried egg shell Sintering

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International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.52, No.52, August 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v52i52.36-47

0.6M DAP solution 0.3 M CaO solution CaO powder

0.6M DAP Heating in oven Precipitate

+ 0.3 M CaO of HAp

Product HAp Sintering Air dried precipitate Filtration

Figure 2: Pictorial representation of HAp synthesis

Rice Husk HCl treatment Filtration NaOH treatment Filtration

Silica gel Filtration Acid treatment

Figure 3 : Pictorial representation of Silica Synthesis

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

Figure 4 : Actual photographs of bio-composites synthesized a) C1 b) C2 c) C3 d) C4 e) C5 f) C6

IV. OBSERVATIONS
The details of the process parameters & the yield composites are given in tables 1, 2, 3 & 4
obtained in the synthesis of HAp, silica and bio- respectively

S Samp- Wt of Tempera- Time of CaO Water DAP Wat- Ca/ Wt of

r le egg ture of calcinati- formed added take- er P Pro-
n name shell calcinatio- on (gm) to CaO n adde- rati- duct
o (gm) n (hrs) (ml) (gm) d to o (gm)
(0C) DAP
(ml)
1 H-1 10 800-850 4 5 530 13 163 1.18 5.97

HS-1 The product H-1 was sintered at 800-8500C for 1hr

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International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.52, No.52, August 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v52i52.36-47

2 H-2 15 800-850 4 8 476 15 189 1.65 4

HS-2 The product H-2 was sintered at 800-8500C for 1hr
3 H-3 15 800-850 4 8 476 15 189 1.65 4
HS-3 The product H-3 was sintered at 800-8500C for 1hr
Table 1: Details of parameters for Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite

Sr no Sample name CaO Water added to CaO DAP Water added to DAP Ca/P ratio
(gm) (ml) (ml)
1 P1 4 238 7.5 94.70 1.65
2 P2 4 238 3.75 47.35 3.29
3 P3 4 238 1.875 23.68 6.59
Table 2: Details of parameters for synthesis of HAp by varying Ca/P ratio

Sr no Samp Wt of Vol & Hrs of Vol & Hrs of Vol of Vol Hrs Wt
-le RH normality HCl molarity NaOH filtrat of of of
name (gm) of HCl treat- of NaOH treatmen -e HCl treat- Sili-
solution ment taken -t (Na2Si solu ment ca
(ml) O3) -tion (gm
(ml) add- )
ed
(ml)
1 S-1 10 150ml 1N 24hrs
160ml 24 275ml 683 24 1.5
2.5M
SS-1 The product S-1formed was sintered at 800-8500C for 1hr
2 S-2 10 450ml 1N Boile- 180ml 2 ---- 130 24 0.7
d for 2.5N
2hrs
SS-2 The product S-2 formed was sintered at 800-8500C for 1hr
Table 3: Details of parameters for Synthesis of Silica

Sr no Composite name HAp Chitosan CMC Gelatin Silica

(gm) (gm) (gm) (gm) (gm)

1 C1 2.37 - 0.26 - -
2 C2 2.37 - 0.26 - -
3 C3 2.37 - 0.26 -
4 C4 4 0.25 0.6 0.25 1
5 C5 4 - 1 - -
6 C6 4 0.3 0.7
Table 4: Details of the composition of bio-composites (weight basis)

V. CHARACTERIZATION
i) FTIR analysis
The characterization is divided into two parts:
The FTIR analysis of the samples was done for
 Characterization of biomaterials determination of the various functional groups
 Characterization of bio-composites present that include OH-, PO43- in case of HAp and
Silinol OH group in case of silica. The fig no 5a,
A. Characterization of Biomaterials 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g & 5h show the graphs of FTIR
analysis of HS-1, H-2, HS-2, P-1, P-2, P-3, S-1 &
The biomaterials synthesized i.e; HS-1, H-2,
SS-1 samples respectively.
HS-2, P-1, P-2, P-3, S-1 & SS-2 were characterized
using FTIR and SEM techniques.
.

40
International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.52, No.52, August 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v52i52.36-47

(a) (b)

(c ) (d)

(e) (f)

(g) (h)

Figure 5: FTIR analysis of biomaterials synthesized a) HS-1 b) H-2 c) HS-2 d) P1 e) P2 f) P3 g) S-1 h) SS-1

ii) SEM analysis texture. The fig nos 6a, 6b, 6c & 6d shows the
The SEM analysis of HAp as well as silica SEM micrographs of HS-1, H-2, HS-2 & SS-1
samples was carried out to determine the surface respectively
morphology, approximate particle size and surface

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International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.52, No.52, August 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v52i52.36-47

(a) (b)

( c) (d)

Figure 6: SEM micrograph of the biomaterials synthesized a) HS-1 b) H-2 c) HS-2 d) SS-1

B. Characterization of Bio-composites crosshead speed of 1mm/min. Fig 7a & 7b show

The bio-composites were tested for the load vs displacement characteristics of sample
compressive strength, hardness and anti-microbial C4 & C5 respectively. The details of dimensions
properties. of the cubical slabs along with the details of
mechanical compressive strength is given in table
i) Compressive strength testing 5.
The specimen was compressed between two
square plates of 5cm x 5cm dimension with a

(a) (b)
Figure 7: Load vs Displacement characteristics of bio-composites a) C4 b) C5

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International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.52, No.52, August 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v52i52.36-47

Sample Bio-composite Cross Sectional Maximum load Strain Compressive

no Name area (mm2) (KN) (%) strengths (MPa)
Initial Final
1 C4 86.47 - 0.142 41.39 1.642
2 C5 85.42 57.86 2.435 38.55 28.503
Table 5 Compressive strength of composites

ii) Hardness or Fracturability test
The samples C1, C2, C3 are tested for hardness
or fracturability using cylindrical flat probe of 2
mm diameter. The penetration speed of the probe
during testing was 1mm/sec and was penetrated to
a distance of about 4 mm. Fig no 8a, 8b & 8c show
the force vs time characteristic of bio-composites
C1, C2 & C3 respectively. The table 3.6 shows the
hardness of the samples.

Fo rce (g ) F Fo rce (g ) F
D1 D1

Time (sec)
Time (sec)

(a) (b)

Fo rce (g ) F
D1

Sample Bio- Cross Maximum Hardness

no composite sectional load (GPa)
Name area of (KN)
probe
(m2)
1 C1 3.14 x 62.24 19.8
10-6
2 C2 3.14 x 55.53 17.7
10-6
3 C3 3.14 x 55.01 17.5
10-6
Time (sec)
Table 6: Hardness of bio-composites

(C)

Figure 8: Force vs time characteristic of bio-composite

a) C1 b) C2 c) C3

iii) Anti microbial property testing agar media for its anti microbial property over
HAp is an inorganic biomaterial having 48hrs.
strong resistance to microbial growth. The
incorporation of organic binders into the inorganic VI. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
HAp must not alter its antimicrobial properties.
The bio-composite should exhibit similar The following sections give the detailed
antimicrobial property. Hence, bio-composite C6 discussion on various observations related to
having HAp + Chitosan + CMC, is tested in Blood synthesis & analysis of bio-composite materials as

43
International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.52, No.52, August 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v52i52.36-47

presented in the previous section. The discussion is
presented in 5 parts: Synthesis, FTIR, SEM,
compressive, hardness and antimicrobial property
test.
A. Synthesis results of HAp and Silica
The present work has successfully synthesized
HAp and Silica. The process parameters were
chosen at optimal condition based on literature
review. The yield of CaO from egg shell is around
50%. In Run-1 the Ca/P ratio was less as compared
to Run-2 and 3. In Run-2 and 3 the Ca/P ratio is
according to stoichiometry and any undissolved
Ca(OH)2 is discarded. The physical observations of
HAp synthesized is indicative of its formation
based on color, size and texture.
Similarly the yield of silica synthesized varies
from 7-15% and its formation is visually supported
by its white color, crystalline fine powder structure
and texture.
B. Interpretation of FTIR graphs
The interpretation of FTIR graphs is necessary
to confirm the presence of various functional
groups. This is usually done by mapping the graphs
of FTIR of samples with those of standard
functional group as reported in literature. The
detailed interpretation of FTIR graphs of 4 samples
of HS-1, H-2 & HS-2, and S-1 & SS-2 is given in
table 7 and 8 respectively.
As seen from the table 7, the FTIR analysis of
three HAp samples are confirmatory of presence of
all the functional groups. The peak for CO32- is
seen additionally due to the substitution of either
OH- or PO43- by the CO32- group during the
atmospheric contact of the product. The FTIR
graphs of the samples P1, P2, P3 show the peaks
for all the functional groups. The difference in the
depth of the CO32- peak. The depth is seen
increasing with increase in the Ca/P ratio i.e;
decrease in the phosphate content. The reason may
be due to increase in the possibility of substitution
of CO32- group in place of OH- or PO43- [1].
The FTIR analysis of silica samples i.e; S-1
and SS-1 show that the non sintered silica (S-1)
shows the peak for silinol OH present. This may be
due to the presence of absorbed H2O molecules
which disappears in the sintered silica sample (SS-
1). The peaks for the Si-O-Si bond and vibration of
the gel network are seen in both the samples which
constitutes the structural formula of silica [8], [9].

Sr Sample Vibrational frequencies (cm-1)

no name
PO43- OH- CO32-
Stretching Bending
Symmetric Asymmetric
1 HS-1 963.04 1019.57 675.73, 3398.41, 2358.82,
600.40 1632.44 1414.32
2 H-2 962.33, 1022.80 600.49, 3638.4, 1418.10,
450.97 559.62 1652.06 873.52,
3242.02 2881.81,
2161.61

3 HS-2 961.79, 1087.00, 562.94, 3640.54, 1418.28

469.19 1022.24 599.21, 3571.55,
629.39 1652.90
4 P-1 962.18, 1022.32 601.38, 3214.96, 2882.90,
462.25 559.90, 1641.54 2159.87,
500.50 1422.64
5 P-2 962.51, 1022.53 600.22, 3208.46 2883.44,
454.56 559.84 2517.08,
2159.91,
1413.32
6 P-3 962.51, 1025.75 600.79, 3696.32, 2881.27,
469.79 561.98 3638.08, 2506.01,
3225.52 2159.81,
1410.22
Table 7: FTIR interpretation of HAp samples

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International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.52, No.52, August 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v52i52.36-47

Sr Sample Vibrational frequencies (cm-1)

no name
Silinol OH group Siloxane bonds (Si-O-Si) Vibration mode of gel
network

1 S-1 3750.35, 3744.24, 1052.24, 1497.05, 1489.30, 1473.07, 795.51, 668.24

3734.78, 3710.84, 1450.92, 1436.32, 1418.72
3689.01, 3675.12,
3628.58, 3618.71,
3587.29, 3566.68
2 SS-1 NA 1063.52, 1448.40 787.19
Table 8: FTIR interpretation of Silica samples

C. SEM analysis matter. Also they act as binders. The

The interpretation based on SEM micrographs can
be summarized as follows:
 Sample HS-1 show agglomerate formation
with pores not necessarily interconnected.
There is indication of inhomogeneity in
the surface morphology of the sample.
 Non-sintered sample H-2 as well as
sintered sample HS-2 show a micro sized
grain agglomerates with interconnected
structures. The size may be ranging from
2-5 micro meter or even less than that.
 HS-2 sample is observed to be more
uniform in size and structured particles are
formed. Whereas non sintered sample has
varied nature of size and shape of
particles.
 The sintered silica sample i.e; SS-1 has
needle shaped crystalline particles having
size of 10 micro meter in length and upto
1 micrometer in diameter.
D. Compressive strength testing
The interpretation of compressive strength of
composites as mentioned in table 3 is given below:
 The thickness reduction of various
samples that can be expressed as % strain
ranged between 38-40 % and. The %
strain is defined as (original thickness-
Final thickness)/Original thickness x 100.
 The composite formed by addition of
silica to HAp, CMC, Chitosan and Gelatin
showed compressive strength of 1.642
MPa. This is least amongst the two and
may be due to non homogeneity of
composite due to the addition of silica.
 The compressive strength of sample C5
comprising of HAp and CMC is 28.503
MPa.
 The purpose of addition of CMC,
Chitosan and gelatin to HAp is to make it
more like a natural bone containing 67%
inorganic matter and remaining organic
combination of these have given the best
composites in the form of C5.
E. Hardness and Fracturability test
The hardness of the samples C1, C2 & C3
composed of HAp and CMC in the ratio 90:10 are
in the range of 17-19 GPa The hardness is more
than that of the hardness of cancellous bone ; 0.345
GPa and that of cortical bone; 0.396 GPa [13].
F. Microbial testing
The application of composites synthesized in
present work are in biomedical field and
particularly in bone grafting. The anti microbial
properties of these bio-composites is thus
important. Based on the test report of sample C5
comprised of HAp, Chitosan & CMC, it can be said
that it posess anti microbial properties and no
growth of micro organisms was observed for 48 hrs
[14].
VII. CONCLUSION
The present work addresses to synthesis of
bio-composites of HAp, CMC, gelatin, silica &
chitosan. The main aim of the present work is to
synthesize bio-composites that resemble natural
bone. Natural bone constitutes inorganic to organic
matter in the ratio of 70 : 30. In the present work
HAp is used as an inorganic biomaterial source
whereas CMC, gelatin & chitosan are tried as
organic biomaterial source. The methodology of
the present work includes synthesis of HAp and
silica and their bio-composites using mentioned
biomaterials.
Based on the FTIR analysis of HAp and silica
samples, it can be said that these biomaterials are
successfully been synthesized. Three sample of
bio-composites C1, C2 & C3 having 90:10
composition (wt%) of HAp and CMC are
synthesized. Similarly C5 is synthesized using
same biomaterials with 80:20 composition (wt%).
C6 contains HAp, CMC & chitosan .having

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International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.52, No.52, August 2016
inorganic to organic ratio of 80:20. C4 contains 5
biomaterials; HAp, silica, chitosan, CMC &
gelatin.
The composites C1, C2 & C3 are tested for
hardness test and its value is in the range of 19-17
GPa, greater than the hardness of cancellous and
cortical bone of human. The sample C4 & C5 are
tested for compressive strength. The compressive
strength of sample C4 is 1.642 MPa and that of C5
is 28.503 MPa. The strength of C4 is less as
compared to cancellous bone which is in the range
of 2-20MPa. The reason may be due to insufficient
amount of organic matter to bind the inorganic
components i.e; HAp & silica. The strength of
composite C5 is greater than that of cancellous
bone. Composite C6 is tested for its antimicrobial
property and it was found that there was no
microbial growth within 48 hrs.
Thus, it can be concluded that the present work
has successfully synthesized bone like bio-
composites using HAp, CMC, gelatin, silica &
chitosan which has comparable mechanical as well
as antimicrobial properties to that of human bone.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 The authors are thankful to Director L.I.T,
RTMNU, Nagpur, for the facilities and
encouragement provided.
 The authors are thankful to H.O.D, Food
technology department, L.I.T, RTMNU,
Nagpur, for hardness test.
 The authors are thankful to H.O.D,
Physics department, University campus,
Nagpur, for SEM analysis
 The authors are thankful to H.O.D,
Chemical and Metallurgical department,
V.N.I.T, Nagpur, for FTIR analysis and
compressive test.
 The authors are thankful to Parate
Pathology laboratory for Antimicrobial
test.
 The authors are thankful to India mart for
providing DAP samples.
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 International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.52, No.52, August 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v52i52.36-47

Author’s Profile credit as coworker and has more than 60 papers

published in journals of repute.
Shekhar Pandharipande is an
Associate Professor in Chemical
Engineering Department of
Laxminarayan Institute of Smita Sondawale is a M.tech (Chemical
Technology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Engineering) student from Laxminarayan Institute
University, Nagpur. He did his masters in 1985 & of Technology, Nagpur.
joined LIT as a Lecturer. He has coauthored three
books titled ‘Process Calculations’, ‘Pririnciples of
Distillation’ & ‘Artificial Neural Network’. He has
two copyrights ‘elite-ANN’ & ‘elite-GA’ to his

47

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