Short Transmission Line Model

A short transmission line is defined as a transmission line with an effective length less than 80
km (50 miles), or with a voltage less than 69 kV. Unlike medium transmission lines and long
transmission lines, the line charging current is negligible, and hence the shunt capacitance can
be ignored.

VR = line to neutral voltage at the receiving end

VS= line to neutral voltage at the sending end
IR = current at the receiving end
Is = current at the sending end
p.f.R = power factor of the load
p.f.s = power factor at the sending end

I S =I R

V S =V R +I R Z where Z =R + jX the total series impedance of the line

Let’s draw the vector diagram for this equivalent circuit, taking receiving end current Ir as
reference. The sending end and receiving end voltages make angle with that reference
receiving end current, of φs and φr, respectively.

Phasor diagram with IR as reference phasor

Percent Voltage regulation

V R , NL −V R ,FL
%V . R .= x 100 %
V R , FL where
V R ,NL=V S
Example 1

A 69 kV, three-phase short transmission line is 16 km long. The line has a per phase series
impedance of 0.125 +j0.4375 Ω per km. determine the sending end voltage, voltage regulation,
the sending end power, and the transmission efficiency when the line delivers 70 MVA, 0.8
lagging power factor at 64 kV.

Total series impedance of the line

0
Z =( 0 .125+ j0 . 4375 ) ( 16 ) =2+ j 7=7 . 28 ∠74 . 05 Ω

Line current
70 x 106
I L=I R = =631. 48 A
√3 ( 64 x 103 )
Choose VR as reference phasor
64000 0
V R= ∠0 =36950 . 42∠0 0 V
√3
−1 0
I R =631 . 48 ∠−cos 0 . 8=631. 48 ∠−36 .87 A

Sending end voltage

V S =V R +I R Z
V S =36950 . 42 ∠00 + ( 631. 48 ∠−36 . 870 )( 7. 28 ∠74 . 050 )
V S =40708 .08 ∠3 . 910 V line to neutral
V S =40708 .08 x √ 3=70508 . 46 V =70.508 kV line to line

Voltage regulation

V R , NL −V R ,FL
%V . R .= x 100 %
V R , FL

40708 .08−36950 . 42
%V . R .= x100 %=10 .17 %
36950. 42

Sending end power

PS = √3 ( 70508 . 46 ) ( 631. 48 ) cos ( 36 . 87 0 +3 . 910 ) =58 ,396 ,297 . 03 W =58. 397 MW

Check:
 PS =70 x 10 6 ( 0 . 8 ) +3 ( 631. 48 )2 ( 2 ) =58. 393 MW

Transmission Lines: Problem

A 220-kV, 150 MVA, 60-Hz, three-phase transmission line is 140 km long. The
characteristic parameters of the transmission line are:
r = 0.09 Ω/km; x = 0.88 Ω/km; y =4.1×10-6 S/km
where, r is the resistance per kilometer, x is the reactance per kilometer, y is the shunt
admittance per kilometer.
The voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line is 210 kV. Although this
transmission line would normally be considered a medium-length transmission line, we
will treat it as short line:
a) What is series impedance and shunt impedance of the transmission line?
b) What is the sending end voltage if the line is supplying rated voltage and apparent
power at 0.85 PF lagging? At unity PF? At 0.85 PF leading?
c) What is the voltage regulation of the transmission line for each of the cases in (b)?
d) What is the efficiency of the transmission when it is supplying rated apparent power at 0.85 PF
lagging?