Lossless Lines at radio frequency

 For many applications at radio frequencies, the losses in a transmission line are
small enough to be ignored
 Example:- short lengths of good quality cable
 Therefore the attenuation coefficient α can be set equal to zero.
 Propagation coefficient γ
 It is often more convenient to measure distances from the load end rather than
from the sending end. Denoting this by l.
 =
 Here Vi is the incident wave voltage at any distance l from the load, VI which
may be complex is the value at the load(l=0).
 Since l is measured in the opposite direction to x.
 A similar equation can be written for the reflected voltage wave.
 =
 Here VR is the value of reflected voltage at the load and of course
 A negative exponential is used since the reflected waves phase changes in the
opposite sense to that of the incident wave.
 At any point on the line
V=
In particular at the load (l=0),

The equations for current are

Incident wave:
Reflected wave:
The resultant current at any point l from the load is
I=
=
In particular, the load current is

Normally it is not necessary to know VI and VR separatley. The ratio of is termed

as voltage reflection coefficient K:

The load impedance may be expressed as

K
There specific load condition that occure
frequently (i) matched load,(ii)short-circuit load
and (iii) open circuit load for each of these the
following obtain:
(i) Matched load, = K=0
(ii) Short circuit =0 K= -1
(iii) Open circuit =∞: Here it is first neccessory to
rearrange the equation.
K
=1 ( as goes to infinity)
 Voltagestanding wave ratio (VSWR)
VSWR=

Along the line, at a point if the incident and reflected waves are in phase
and added directly, we get voltage maxima at that point.
Let

Then the magnitude of the voltage maxima is given by,

│= │ │+ │ │
Similarly along the line at a point if the incident and reflected waves are
out of phase and subtracted directly, we get voltage minima is given by
│= │ │- │ │
Then the standing wave ratio is given by,
But the ratio is nothing but the magnitude of the reflection coefficient ,

K
Then,

The VSWR can range in value from unity to infinity that is

1≤VSWR≤∞
Ideally, the VSWR should equal 1, as this represents a matched
condition, and practical adjustments on RF transmission lines are
often aimed at minimizing the VSWR.
The equation for VSWR can be rearranged to give
K
 A Transmission line has characteristic impedance 300Ω, calculate reflection coefficient
& VSWR when the line is terminated by (a)100Ω resistor (b) 400Ω resistor.
 Given Zo=300Ω

 (a)ZL =100Ω

W.K.T

(b)ZL =400Ω
  A Transmission line has characteristic impedance 400Ω, calculate reflection coefficient &
VSWR when the line is terminated by (a)ZL =70+j0 (b) ZL =650-j475
 Given Z0 =400 Ω
 (a)ZL =100Ω

W.K.T

(b) ZR =650-j475

=0.3675-j0.286
A Transmission line has characteristic impedance Z0
=50+j60, calculate reflection coefficient & VSWR when
the line is terminated by ZL =100-j50
A Transmission line has characteristic impedance 400Ω,
calculate reflection coefficient & VSWR when the line is
terminated by (a)ZL =85+j0 (b) ZL =550-j375
A Transmission line has characteristic impedance 400Ω,
calculate reflection coefficient & VSWR when the line is
terminated by (a)200Ω resistor (b) 300Ω resistor.
A Transmission line has characteristic impedance 200Ω,
calculate reflection coefficient & VSWR when the line is
terminated by (a)300Ω resistor (b) 250Ω resistor.
Thank You