Stages Year

Around 2000
First thinkers
B.C

The fourth
Greeks
century B.C.

500 to 1400
A.D.

Medieval times
Revolution of thinking 14th century

17th and 18th

Industrial Revolution
century
 19th and 20th
Modern Science
century

Nowadays 21st century

Characteristics

In prehistoric times, technique and knowledge were passed from generation to generation in an oral tradition. Basic f
human physiology were known in some places, and alchemy was practiced in several civilizations.The earliest medic
prescriptions appear in Sumerian during the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112 BC – c. 2004 BC).In Babylonian astronom
of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Ancient Eg
significant advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Their development of geometry was a necessary outg
surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river.

Aristotle is considered by many to be the first scientist, although the term postdates him by more than two millennia
he pioneered the techniques of logic, observation, inquiry and demonstration. It is true that the first philosophers con
the formation of science, and not only Aristotle was part of the process, but also Greek philosophers. The first establ
research methods started off with simple observations, then developing to amateur experimentations, until the confor
widely used research method called: the scientific method.

Middle Ages and the early modern era, and would influence some aspects of the natural sciences even up to the eigh
century. Many historians refer to the Medieval time as “The Dark Ages”, this because there are few written records r
from that era, especially when compared to the meticulous record-keeping and prolific writing of the Romans. The M
have very little evidence to support the idea that there was any progress in society during the periods 500 to 1400, an
scholars regard the Golden Age of Islam and the enlightenment of the Byzantine Empire as the true centers of knowl
The Early Medieval period, from about AD 500 to 1000, is regarded as the true Dark Ages, where medieval society s
barbarism and ignorance. There is some truth in this view, but even this era saw scientific and technological advance
the maelstrom of constant war and population shifts.
The Revolution of thinking may be marked on the same period of time of the historical event of the Ilustration. Starti
14th century, artists of the Renaissance presented new music, literature, art, and publications that could be mass-prod
distributed due to the invention of a mechanical printing process by Johannes Gutenberg in 1452. The creation and d
of woodcuts and engraved prints brought images, ideas, and entertainment to a wide audience and provided people o
upper class the possibility of experiencing art. With wider and more efficient distribution networks, illustrated newsp
books and magazines were enjoyed by millions of people as affordable entertainment. News magazines, family maga
women's magazines, children's magazines, literary and arts journals, satirical and political journals, humor magazine
color newspaper comics brought the art of illustration into daily life.

Everything changed during the Industrial Revolution, which began around 1750. People found an extra source of ene
incredible capacity for work. That source was fossil fuels — coal, oil, and natural gas, though coal led the way — fo
underground from the remains of plants and animals from much earlier geologic times. Industrial Revolution, in mod
is referred to as the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and m
manufacturing. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. A
used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historia
Toynbee (1852–83) to describe Britain’s economic development from 1760 to 1840.
It is clear that nowadays the Church does not control science; it is an independent matter to them. Although, some re
manipulated by biased ideas from some clerics and religion leaders. Today, Modern science has been oblivious to an
imposed by the Church or non-science believers. It has trespassed them, and grows exponentially. Modern Science is
because of a revolution of thinking and the industrial revolution. Modern science works by the hand of Technology,
have more powerful data analysis techniques, more sophisticated equipment for making observations and running ex
and a much greater breadth and depth of scientific knowledge. And as the attitudes of the broader society have progr
science has benefited from the expanding diversity of perspectives offered by its participants. One tangible aspect of
science, is the rise of the Internet, which has enabled scientific results to be publicized more rapidly than ever before
Journal articles are often made available online even before they are printed.

From biotechnology and digital media to sustainable energy and cloud computing, almost everything today is someh
—and sometimes entirely reshaped—by scientific and technological advances. Scientific information on a wide varie
is now available to anyone with an Internet connection — which makes staying informed convenient, but also carries
responsibilities. Consumers of this information must remember that, in science, the first report of a finding is never t
As our scientific knowledge has advanced and the questions we seek to answer have become more complex, science
more specialized.
Characters Inventions or discoveries

It must be said, that some acknowledge fire as the

first human discovery, while some acknowledge
other ones as the first ones. For example, there is a
Early cultures such as,
record from the 4th century BC of the discovery of
Mesopotamians,and
Mandragora, for treatment of wounds, gout, and
Egyptians.
sleeplessness, and as a love potion. The wheel,
sailboat, the plow, concept of time, astronomy,
astrology,etc.

Watermill, odometer, alarm clock, cartography, basis

Heraclitus, Parmenides,
of geometry, olimpics, early practices of medicine,
Empedocles, and Zeno.
democracy,

Heavy Plough, Tidal Mills, Hourglass, Blast

Herrad of Landsberg,
Furnace, Eyeglasses, Mechanical Clock, Gunpowder,
Gilbert Kymer, Plato
Flying Buttress, Paper money, Quadrant and
Tiburtinus,
Astrolabe, etc.
Isaac Newton, Galileo
Printing Press, Hand guns, keyboard for strings, the
Galilei, Nicolás
globe, stocking frames, microscope, telescope,
Copérnico, etc.

Edmund Cartwright, Barometer, Flying shuttle , Spinning Jenny, Watt

Robert Owen,Isambard Steam Engine, Cotton Gin, Telegraph
Kingdom Brunel, Andrew communications, Portland Cement, modern roads,
Carnegie, Joseph Locke, Bessemer process, modern Battery by Volta,
etc. Gaslighting, etc.
Niels Bohr, Albert
Einstein, Thomas Edison, Electric Dynamo, Analytical Engine, Pasteurisation,
Ernest Rutherford, Marie Plastic, Telephone, Phonograph , Lightbulb, Bicycle,
Curie, Florence Bascom, Motor Carriage, Aluminium, Pneumatic Tyre, Box
Max Planck,Gregor Camera, Electrons, Radioactivity Measured, etc. 
Mendel, etc.

Alain Aspect, David

Baltimore, Simon Conway Bluetooth, Prosthetics, Medical devices, Mobile
Morris, Hugh Herr, technology, Nanotechnology, bionics, Sophisticated
Stanley Prusiner,Eric laboratories, Artificial Intelligence,
Kandel, Alan Guth, Jane Telecomunications, etc.
Goodall, etc.
Problems of sceintists Your personal opinion

I believe this stage of science is fundamental, and

even though is not quite known or studied, for the
The problem regarding this reason that there exists very few records of this
stage is that they lacked time, it´s amazing. What the first thinkers
communications and resources accomplished, with the few resources and
to make a progress in science. knowledge turned out to become the base of some
fields of science. Also, some of their inventions
are still used.

I admire very much the Greeks for their

substancial thoughts regarding Philosophy, but
now that I know they work in other fields
regarding scientific matter, I´m astonished.

My knowledge about this stage was very dull. I´m

Since these were called the
sure that if the Chruch had not intervined as it
Dark Ages, culture did not
did, more progress would have been register in
allowed them to explore and
this stage. Moreover, the inventions and
invetigate. Also, the role that
discoveries noted on this stage are still used. Well
the Chruch played prohibited
at least, some of them, while others were
some or most researches.
improved.
These revolution of thinking
Sincerely, I would have wanted to be a part of
was still under a certain
this period of time. This revolution was a primary
amount of control by the
stone of today´s way of thinking. I´m glad that
Chruch; also, it was difficult to
the word got out and country by country the
spread the news before but
ideals started to adapt and evolve.
with printing, they managed.

The effects and problems of

the Industrial Revolution was
known as the Gilded Age. It
was when the horrible It was a great stage, as valuable as the others.
problems Urbanization was Mass production became very famous and
causing started getting out of practical. It has been the precursor of three other
hand. Cities were industrial revolutions.
overpopulated, and
neighborhoods became dirty
and unsafe. 
In modern science,
communications were on and
they didn´t face this problem.
This stage sets new relationships between
But, what did happened is that
scientists. Communications and peer reviewing
a lot of investigations were
became more famous, leading to more credibility.
frauds, some scientist invent
data and alter their
experiments.

Some topics are still disputed
since different ethical ideas
prevailed. Regarless of this,
resources and knowledge is
available. Science is
progressign like never before.
I think that we have the benefit of working in this
stage of science, since we now have more
freedom that the previous stages.There are a lot of
opportunities in so many different fields and
nowadays is way easier to get involved in
research.