Welcome To The Training Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) Introduction

Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction
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TOP54048W
Issue 1.0
March 2010
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Welcome to the Training Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction.
TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

Page 1 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010
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Objectives
By the end of the course, you will be able to:
• Explain the OTN network concept

• Describe the OTH layers and their
function
• Identify the parts of the OTH frame
• Explain the OTH multiplexing scheme
• Describe OTH features and
maintenance signals
The course provides an introduction to the Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH). By

the end of the course, you will be able to:
• Explain the Optical Transport Network (OTN) concept
• Describe the OTH layers and their function
• Identify the parts of the OTH frame
• Explain the OTH multiplexing scheme
• Describe OTH features and maintenance signals

Course outline
OTH
Introduction
* Optical Transport
Network
* OTH signal
structure
* OTH features
* Defects &
maintenance signals
* Summary
This training Optical Transport Hierarchy introduction contains five parts:

The chapter “Optical Transport Network” provides a general survey of the
application and functions of an Optical Transport Network.
In chapter “OTH signal structure” a more detailed view on the OTH signal
structure and frame is given.
Additional features such as Tandem Connection Monitoring and Forward Error
Correction are provided in chapter “OTH features”.
The chapter “Defects and maintenance signals” gives an overview of the OTH
defects and maintenance signals and how they are propagated in the network.
The last chapter provides a summary and test of the training.

1 Optical Transport Network (OTN)
You will learn in this chapter…

… what the advantages of the OTN are
… what the basic concepts of OTN networks are
… what the different OTN layers are
Chapter 1: Optical Transport Network (OTN)

…what the advantages of the Optical Transport Networks are
…what the basic concepts of the OTN networks are
…what the different OTN layers are

OTN evolution I
PDH
PDH
Ethernet
Ethernet
ATM
ATM
DWDM
system
SONET/SDH SONET/SDH
NE
In the middle of the 80s, the growing network automation requirements resulted in the
development of the hierarchy of synchronous systems, SONET and SDH to transmit PDH,
Ethernet and ATM traffic.
Later on the introduction of WDM systems enabled network operators to increase the
bandwidth of single optical fibers in a point-to-point configuration by using several
wavelengths.

OTN evolution II
SONET/SDH
SONET/SDH
Ethernet/IP
Ethernet/IP
ATM
ATM
OTN OTH
ITU-T G.709 NE
OTH
Advantages
Advantages
Functionality
Functionality • Forward Error Correction (FEC)
• Transport / Multiplexing / Routing • More Levels of Tandem Connection
• Network and Service Management Monitoring (TCM)
• Supervision & Survivability • Transparent Transport of Client Signals
• Switching Scalability
To provide a converged transport solution for TDM and packet-based services and to offer
flexibility for new services a new transport technology was required.
The ITU-T recommendation G.709 describes the Optical Transport Network (OTN), which is
composed of a set of optical network elements connected by optical fibers.
Based on those optical networks the Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) is a transport
technology developed by the ITU for utilizing the experience and benefits of SONET/SDH and
DWDM technologies.
The network provides functionality of transport, multiplexing and routing; network and service
management; and the supervision and survivability of optical channels carrying client signals.
If compared with SONET/SDH, OTN offers the following advantages:
• Stronger Forward Error Correction (FEC)
• More Levels of Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM)
• Transparent Transport of Client Signals
• Switching Scalability
On the other hand new hardware and huge adaptations for the management systems are
necessary.

ITU-T framework for OTN recommendations
Framework for OTN Terms and definitions

Network architecture
G.871 G.872, G.873
OTN
G.870
Jitter and Wander

performance
Structures and Physical layer G.8251
mapping characteristics
G.709 G.959.1, G.671, G.664
Error
performance
G.8201
Equipment functional Equipment

characteristics management
G.798 aspects G.874 Maintenance
M.2401
Management OTN linear protection

information model G.873.1
G.875
Now we look at the main recommendations from ITU-T which define the OTN.
The G.871 defines the “Framework for optical transport network” and provides an overview of the different
recommendations.
There are two recommendations describing the architectural aspects of an OTN: The G.872 describes the layered
network structure including client/server associations, network topology, signal transmission multiplexing and
routing. The second recommendation, the G.873 defines OTN applications including interconnection with other
networks. G.870 provides an overview about OTN terms and definitions.
Based on the signal structures and mappings, the G.709 describes the network node interfaces necessary to
enable the interconnections of OTN network elements and to transport the client signals in the OTN.
Several recommendations cover the physical layer: G.959.1 provides interface specifications, G.671 transmission
aspects related to components for OTN equipment and G.664 describes optical safety procedures and
requirements.
Based on the G.709, G.798 describes functional characteristics of equipment containing OTN layers.
Complementing G.798, management information models for network elements of the OTN are described in ITU-T
G.875.
In addition, ITU-T G.874 will capture management aspects of Optical Network Elements (ONE), specifying
management functions for fault management, configuration management and performance monitoring, regardless
of the client.
Other recommendations describing error performance, maintenance aspect or protection have to be considered
as well.

OTN layers I
• End-to-end path
management
• Connection
Electro-optical
Electro-optical monitoring
layer
layer • Fault and error
monitoring
• Forward Error
correction
OTN layers
• End-to-end
management of
optical signals
Optical • Transport in
optical channels
layer • Defect
monitoring
The Optical Transport Network (OTN) is defined by electro-optical and optical layers.
The electro-optical layer contains overhead for managing end-to-end paths across the OTN,
monitoring connections and monitoring faults and bit errors. The Forward Error Correction
mechanism is implemented in the electro-optical layer.
The optical layers represent the complete optical network consisting of optical network
elements such as optical cross connects, optical add/drop multiplexers, optical amplifiers and
wavelength division multiplexers.
The optical layer expands the WDM functionalities to provide end-to-end network
management capabilities for the optical signal. It transports signals using optical channels.
Overhead information for reporting defects in the optical signal and to enable management is
transmitted as well.

OTN layers II
Optical Payload
Optical channelUnit End-to-end
End-to-end path
path
OCh
OPU across
across the
the OTN
OTN
Electro-optical Optical Data Unit Connection

Connection monitoring
Detection
monitoring
Detection of
of errors
errors and
and
layer ODU faults
faults
Optical Transport Unit Monitoring

Monitoring of
of bit
bit errors
errors
OTU Forward
Forward error
error correction
correction
The electro-optical layer is composed of three functional layers:

The client signal is mapped into the Optical Payload Unit (OPU) layer. The OPU path connects
the client equipment in an end-to-end manner and is not changed inside the OTN. The OPU
overhead specifies the structure of the payload signal.
The Optical Data Unit (ODU) layer enables monitoring of the end-to-end OPU paths. It enables
detection of faults and bit errors and tandem connection monitoring. This information can be
used for protection switching purposes.
The Optical Transport Unit (OTU) layer monitors bit errors and faults. It adds additional
information for Forward Error Correction as well. The OTU is the last electrical layer. It covers
the same network parts as the first optical layer described later on.

OTN layers III
Optical Payload
Optical channelUnit End-to-end
End-to-end connectivity
connectivity
OCh
OPU for
for optical
optical client
client signals
signals
Optical
Optical Optical Data
multiplex Unit
section
Networking
Networking functionality
functionality
OTN layers
layer ODU
for
for multi-wavelength
multi-wavelength
OMS optical
optical signal
signal
Optical
Optical Transport
transmission Unit
section Transmission
Transmission ofof optical
optical
OTU
OTS signals
signals via
via optical
optical fiber
fiber
The optical layer is composed of three functional layers:

The optical channel (OCh) layer provides end-to-end connectivity for the transparent
transmission of the different optical client signals. Therefore it enables optical channel
connection rearrangement for flexible network routing. The optical channel corresponds with
the OTU of the electro-optical layer. It uses a single wavelength also referred to as “λ” to
transport the OTU.
The optical channel layer includes overhead information which is transmittet in a separated
optical channel, the so called Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC).
This overhead provides supervisory functions for enabling network level operations and
management functions, such as connection provisioning, quality of service parameter
exchange and network survivability. This includes the assessment of transmission quality and
the transmission of defect detection and indication
Multiplexing several optical channels creates the optical multiplex section (OMS) layer. It
provides networking functionality for the transmission of a multi-wavelength optical signal.
The OMS layer includes overhead information to monitor signal integrity and provide functions
for operations and management, such as defect indications. This overhead is transmitted in
the Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC) as well.
The optical transmission section (OTS) layer provides transport function for the OMS layer
signal. There is a one-to-one mapping between both layers. The OTS defines the optical
parameter of the physical interface such as: Frequency and power level.
The optical transmission section layer includes overhead bytes for maintenance and
management purposes, which are transmitted in the optical supervisory channel together with
the overhead of the optical channel layer and optical multiplex layer.

Regeneration classification
1 0 1 0
digital 1R 2R 3R
signal Re- Re-shaping Re-timing
Amplification
•1R
optical regeneration •1R
•Analogical regeneration
signal process •Applied to
optical signal •2R
•Applied to regeneration
optical signal •Digital
received processing •Complete
•Signal digital pulse
signal amplitude without clock
recovery regeneration
changes
•Noise •Optical-to-
Re-amplified suppression electrical
conversion
signal •Not
transparent
to line code
Re-shaped
signal
Re-timed
signal
As the terms 1R, 2R and 3R regeneration are commonly used, they are described here:
On their way through the optical fiber, many influences degrade optical signals. Such
influences may be dispersion and nonlinear behavior of the fiber optical components.
The picture shows a digital signal, the optical signal created by the laser and the degenerated
signal received by the equipment.
The optical signal is re-amplified to increase the amplitude. This process is called 1R
regeneration. It is an analogical process applied to the optical signal.
2R regeneration includes 1R regeneration but performs the re-shaping of the optical signal as
well. 2R regeneration involves digital processing of the signal without clock recovery. During
the re-shaping process existing noise is suppressed as well. The re-shaping function is not
transparent to the line code.
If the signal has to be completely restored, 3R regeneration is necessary. It includes 1R and 2R
regeneration and performs re-timing of the signal. For 3R regeneration an optical-to-electrical
conversion is performed.

OTN network example
CA OLA OLA X X OLA CA

3R
OTS OTS OTS OTS OTS OTS
OMS OMS OMS
OCh OCh
OTU OTU
ODU
OPU
Legend Optical cross connect/ADM

X (OMS termination)
Client access
CA (ODU termination) OLA Optical Line Amplifier
(OTS termination) Electrical ODU cross
X connect (OTU termination)
3R with WDM interfaces and 3R
Let’s build up an optical network to see how the different layers are assigned to the network:
The client access (CA) equipment mappes the client signal, e.g. an STM-N signal, into the OPU
and creates the OTH signal. This signal is transmitted through the OTN and terminated at
client access equipment.
To cover long distances optical line amplifiers (OLA) are used to amplify the optical signal.
Optical cross connects or optical add/drop multiplexers are used to switch the optical
channels between different ports.
To switch a single ODU signal, which is an electrical layer, it’s necessary to terminate higher
levels of the signal. This requires optical-electrical conversion, including 3R regeneration. For
this operation an electrical ODU cross connect can be used. After switching the ODU, an
electrical-to-optical conversion is performed to build the optical OTS signal.
The optical transmission section with its associated overhead is terminated at each network
element.
Optical cross connects or optical add-drop multiplexers switch on optical level only. They do
not perform optical-electrical-optical conversion. Therefore only the OMS needs to be
terminated.
If an optical-electrical conversion has to be performed, the complete optical section has to be
terminated, including the optical channel and OTU path.
In this example the ODU and OPU layers are not terminated inside the OTN, but at the client
access equipment.
Please be aware that this picture provides an overview only! Additional multiplexing levels
TOP54048W
will be added
later during this Optical
training!
Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction
2 OTH signal structure

… how the OTH multiplexing structure is made up
… of which parts the OTH frame consists
… how client signals are mapped into the OTH frame

OTH multiplexing and mapping principle
SONET/SDH
SONET/SDH
Ethernet/IP
Ethernet/IP OTN
ATM
ATM Layer
OH Client signal OPU
OH TCM OPU ODU
OH OTU FEC OTU

Och OH
Och OH
Och OH
… OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh
OMS
OTM COMMs
OMS OH OMS
OTS OH OTS OTS

OSC
In the previous chapter you studied the layers of the OTN. We will now look at the signal and
how it is composed. This slide shows the principle only, there are some multiplexing levels in
between which are described later!
The client traffic is mapped into the payload area and the overhead bytes are added. This
results in the Optical Payload Unit (OPU). The next layer is based on the OPU:
To the OPU, overhead bytes and bytes for Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM) are added to
built the Optical Data Unit (ODU).
The ODU together with overhead bytes and bytes for Forward Error Correction (FEC) represent
the Optical Transmission Unit (OTU), the last electrical layer.
The OTU is then converted into an optical channel of a specific wavelength. Several
wavelengths are multiplexed.
Additional overhead bytes for each optical channel are added. They are not transmitted on
the same wavelength as the optical channel. This additional channel is called the Optical
Supervisory Channel (OSC).
The optical channels together with additional overhead bytes built the Optical Multiplex
Section (OMS). The overhead bytes are transmitted in the OSC as well.
For the Optical Transmission Section overhead bytes are added again. They are transmitted in
the OSC also.
In the OSC additional OTM communication channels are transmitted for management
purposes.
A special situation is given in case of the colorless OTN signal: Only one optical channel is
mapped into a so called Optical Physical Section (OPS). No OSC is created in this case.

Optical Transport Module (OTM) I
OTU k OTU1 2.5 Gbit/s STM-16/OC-48
OTU2 10 Gbit/s STM-64/OC-192
STM-256/OC-768
OTU3 40 Gbit/s 40GbEthernet
OTU4 100 Gbit/s 100GbEthernet
You have just learned how the optical transport module (OTM) is created. We will now take a
look at the different levels of the signal, which corresponds to the different bandwidth.
Let us start with the OTU Depending on the size of the client signal. The OTU appears in
different levels given in the number “k”:
OTU1 has a size of about 2.5Gbit/s. This enables the transport of STM-16 or OC-48 client
signals.
OTU2 has a size of about 10Gbit/s, which enables the transport of STM-64 or OC-192 client
signals.
OTU3 has a size of about 40Gbit/s. That’s enough for STM-256 and OC-768 clients or 40Gbit
Ethernet traffic.
The highest bit rates can be transported in the OTU4, with a size of about 100Gbit/s. This is
used to transport 100 Gigabit Ethernet clients.
The different OTUk can transport client signals with lower bandwidth as well. How those
client signals are multiplexed into the higher bandwidth OTUk is described on page: OTU
multiplexing structure!

Optical Transport Module (OTM) II
OTU OTU OTU OTU OTU OTU OTU
OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh
OTM-n.m
Supported bandwidth
Number of OCh
OTM-0.m Single optical channel, no OSC
OTM-nr.m Reduced functionality: no OSC
OTM-0.mvn Multi lane, no OSC
As you have already heard, several OTUs are converted into optical channels and several
optical channels built up the OTM signal. To distinguish between different types, the numbers
“n” and “m” are used:
“n” defines the number of optical channels or wavelengths and “m” refers to the OTU
bandwidth supported. “m” can have different digits for each bandwidth supported.
There are three special cases: OTM-0.m implies that only one single optical channel is
available. In this case no OSC is transmitted also!
OTM-nr.m describes a reduced functionality. In this case more than one optical channel are
transmitted, but no OSC.
A special case is the OTM-0.mvn. It supports a multi-lane optical signal which carries a divided
OTU signal on four lanes.
More details are given on page: OTM multiplexing structure!

OTM structure examples
OTM-0.1 r.1
OTM-4r.1
OTM-4 n.1
OTM-n.1
OTM-n.1
OTM- OTM-0.3v4
v4
OTM-0.3v4
OTM-0.3
OTM-0.2 OTM-4r.2
OTM-4r.2 n.2
OTM-n.2
OTM-n.2
OTM- OTM-0.4v4
v4
OTM-0.4v4
OTM-0.4
OTM-0.3 OTM-4r.3
OTM-4r.3 n.3
OTM-n.3
OTM-n.3
OTM-
OTM-0.4 OTM-4r.4
OTM-4r.4 n.4
OTM-n.4
OTM-n.4
OTM-
• OTU3 and OTU4
OTM-4r.12
OTM-4r.12 n.12
OTM-n.12
OTM-n.12
OTM- • 4 channels included
• No generation of OSC
OTM-4r.23
OTM-4r.23 n.23
OTM-n.23
OTM-n.23
OTM-
• No support of WDM
• One single OCh with OTM-4r.24
OTM-4r.24 n.24
OTM-n.24
OTM-n.24
OTM-
specified
data rate m=1, 2, 3, 4 OTM-4r.1234
OTM-4r.1234 n.1234
OTM-n.1234
OTM-n.1234
OTM-
• No generation of OSC
• Support of WDM
• Reduced functionality • OSC is generated
• Support of WDM • n ≥ 1 channels
• 4 OCh with different • Several combinations of
bandwidth allowed: data rates supported
e.g. OTM-4r.23 offers 10G
and 40G channels
In the OTM-0.m the “0” refers to a special case of reduced functionality: In this case no WDM
functionality is supported, therefore only a single optical channel is transmitted. So the value
“m” can only identify one single OTU level: OTU-1 to OTU-4.
The OTM-4r.m refers to the reduced functionality, so again no OSC is generated in this case.
WDM function is supported. The OTM in this example carries four optical channels. Any
mixture of different OTU levels is possible.
The OTM-n.m refers to the general and complete OTH signal. It supports WDM functionality to
carry several optical channels and the generation of the OSC. The number of channels
included in the OTM is given by value “n”. “m” refers to the OTU levels multiplexed in the
OTM.
In case of the OTM-0.mvn a multilane optical signal is supported. It is only available for OTUk
levels 3 and 4. This OTM carries four optical channels over which the OTUk is distributed in a
virtually concatenated manner. No OSC is created in this case.

OTM multiplexing structure
x4
OTM-0.mvn OPSMn4 OTLCG OTLC OTL4.n
Reduced functionality
x4
OPSMn3 OTLCG OTLC OTL3.n
4x1/4
OTM-0.m OPS0 OCCr OCh 4x1/4
OCCr OCh
OTU-4 ODU4 OPU4
l
i OCCr OCh
j
k OTU-3 ODU3 OPU3
OTM-nr.m OPSn OCG-nr.m OCCr OCh
P
λn OTU-2 ODU2 OPU2
P P λ
osc
OTU-1 ODU1 OPU1
Full functionality
OCC OCh
l
λ λ
i OCC OCh
OTM-n.m OTSn OMSn OCG-n.m j
k OCC OCh
P OCC OCh
osc
λ
OSC OOS 1 ≤ i+j+k+l ≤ n
Let us now look at the complete OTM multiplexing structure:

We have already heard that there are two versions: The reduced functionality without an
Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC) and the full functionality with OSC. Let’s start with full
functionality:
Each electrical OTUk is converted into an optical channel representing a single wavelength.
This optical channel is modulated onto an Optical Channel Carrier (OCC) and the overhead
associated to the OCh is filled into the Optical Overhead Signal (OOS). The OOS represents the
electrical version of the already mentioned Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC).
Several OCC are then multiplexed into an Optical Channel Group OCG-n.m. Where n
represents the number of optical channels or λ and m the OTU levels transported in the OCG.
To complete the structure the OMS and the OTS are created and the associated overheads are
filled into the OOS.
The OOS is than modulated onto the Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC) which is transmitted in
a separate wavelength.
To create the OTM-n.m signal, the Optical Transport Section and the Optical Supervisory
Channel are multiplexed.
Now we look at the structure with reduced functionality: The OTM-rn.m is created in the
same way as we have seen before, but with one difference: There is no OSC associated to that
signal and therefore no OTS and OMS are defined but the Optical Physical Section (OPS).

OTM multiplexing structure [cont.]
There is a special case defined if only one optical channel creates an OTM signal. This is
referred to as OTM-0.m. The “m” implies that again different levels of OTU signals can be
transmitted in that OTM.
The last type of OTM with reduced functionality, the OTM-0.mvn supports a multi-lane optical
signal on a single optical span with 3R regeneration at each end. In this case the OTU-3 or
OTU-4 traffic is separated into 4 signals, each building an Optical Channel Transport Lane
(OTL) which is modulated on an Optical Channel Transport Lane Carrier (OTLC).
All four OTLC are multiplexed into the Optical Transport Lane Carrier Group (OTLCG) which is
used to build the Optical Physical Section Multi Lane (OPSM) signal, which results then in the
OTM-0.mvn.

OTU multiplexing structure
ODU client
signals
OTU-4 ODU4 100GbEthernet
x1
ODU4
x80 x40 xn x10 x10 x2 CBR40G
ODU3 STM-256/OC-768
OTU-3 x1
40GbEthernet
10GbEthernet
ODU3 ODU2e
x3 FC1200
x32 x16 xn x4
CBR10G
ODU2
STM-64/OC-192
OTU-2 x1
CBRx
ODUflex
ODU2 GFP data
x8 x4 xn
CBR2G5
ODU1
STM-16/OC-48
OTU-1
x1
ODU0 1000BASE-X
ODU1
x2
HO ODU/OTU LO ODU
On the previous slides we discussed the OTM structure. We will now investigate how the OTUs
are created. We have already seen that client signals with a certain bandwidth do fit in the
appropriate ODUs. That client signals may be SDH or SONET traffic, Ethernet traffic or CBR
(constant bit rate) traffic.
To ensure a high flexibility several ODUs can be multiplexed into a higher level ODU.
Therefore low order ODUs are defined, representing non-multiplexed ODU traffic.
The ODUs containing a multiplexed signal and the OTU are referred to as high order. For the
different low order ODUs the multiplexing rates are shown here.
In addition to this ODU levels which have been defined in the first step, there are three
additional ODUs to provide the transport bandwidth for Ethernet traffic:
At the lowest level the ODU0 is optimized to transport gigabit Ethernet traffic (100BASE-X).
Two times ODU0 do fit into one high order ODU1. There is no OTU0 physical layer defined.
ODUflex offers flexible service-specific containers to use transport resources more efficiently.
The ODU2e is referred to as over-clocked OPU for bit transparent mapping of the 10 Gigabit
Ethernet traffic (10GBASE-R).
Please note that different mapping schemes such as Asynchronous Mapping Procedure (AMP),
Bit Synchronous Mapping Procedure (BMB), Generic Frame Procedure (GFP) and Generic
Mapping Procedure (GMP) are used to map the different payload traffic into the ODUs. These
are not described in this course!

OTH frame transmission
STS-48/STM-16
2.488 Gbit/s
0 125 time [µs]
SONET/SDH
STS-192, STM-64
9.953 Gbit/s
0 125 time [µs]
OPU1
2.488 Gbit/s
0 49 time [µs]
OPU2
9.953 Gbit/s
0 49 time [µs]
OTH
OPU3
39.813 Gbit/s
0 49 time [µs]
An important distinction between SONET/SDH and OTN lies in the transmission of the frames:
In SONET/SDH a single frame is transmitted every 125 micro seconds. Increased bandwidth is
obtained by sending larger and larger frames.
The OTN frames all contain a fixed number of bytes independent of the bandwidth of the
signal.
In OTN the OPU1 frame is transmitted every 49 micro seconds and provides a bandwidth of 2.5
Gbit/s.
An OPU2 provides 10 Gbit/s by sending approximately 4 frames every 49 micro seconds and
the OPU3 reaches the bandwidth of 40 Gbit/s by transmitting approximately 16 frames every
49 micro seconds.

OTH frame
column
byte
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 3824 3825 4080

1 FA … OTUk OH
2 OPUk
ODUk OH
payload area OTUk FEC
3
OH
4
row
The OTN frame consists of 4 rows with 4080 columns. Each cell represents one byte.
The first seven bytes within the frame contain the Frame Alignment signal (FA) to indicate a
new OTN frame.
The following bytes are used for the OTUk overhead. They include trail monitoring and alarm
information.
The bytes for the OTUk FEC are transported in row 1-4 and columns 3825 – 4080.
The ODUk overhead is transmitted in row 2-4 and columns 1-14. It contains information for
trail monitoring and alarming. Additionally bytes for TCM are transmitted here.
The OPUk overhead is transmitted in rows 1-4 and columns 15 and 16. In this overhead
information about the mapping of the client signal is transmitted.
The remaining bytes built the payload area, which covers rows 1-4 and columns 17-3824 to
transmit the client signal.
Detailed information of the FEC will be given later.

OTU OH I
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 3824 3825 4080
1 FA OH OTUk OH
2 OPUk
ODUk OH
Client signal OTUk FEC
3 OH
4
1 6 7 8 11 13 14
FAS SM GCC0 RES
MFAS
SM Section Monitoring
GCC0 General Communication Channel
between OTU termination points
RES Reserved for future standardization
FAS Frame Alignment Signal
MFAS MultiFrame Alignment Signal
some overhead signal span multi
OTUk/ODUk frames, for example,
TTI and PSI are overhead signals;
range: 0…255
Let’s investigate the frame alignment and the OTUk overhead.

The frame alignment is represented by the Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) to indicate the start
of the OTH frame and the Multi Frame Alignment Signal (MFAS). Some overhead signals span
more than one OTUk frames and the MFAS indicates the position within such a multiframe.
The OTUk OH consists of the Section Monitoring signal (SM) for fault and error detection and
the General Communication Channel 0 (GCC0) for communication between OTU termination
points.

OTU OH II
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 3824 3825 4080
1 FA OH OTUk OH
2 OPUk
ODUk OH
3 OH
4
1 6 7 8 11 13 14
FAS SM GCC0 RES
MFAS
8 9 10
TTI BIP-8
Frame: 0 TTI Trail Trace Identifier

SAPI BIP-8 Parity Checksum
16
DAPI
32 SAPI Source Access Point Identifier
Operator DAPI Destination Access Point Identifier
63 Specific
The section monitoring includes the Trail Trace Identifier (TTI) and the parity checksum (BIP-
8).
The TTI includes the Source Access Point Identifier (SAPI) and the Destination Access Point
Identifier (DAPI).

OTU OH III
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 3824 3825 4080
1 FA OH OTUk OH
2 OPUk
ODUk OH
3 OH
4
1 6 7 8 11 13 14
FAS SM GCC0 RES
MFAS
8 9 10
TTI BIP-8
1 5 6 8
BEI Backward Error Indication BEI/BIAE BDI IAE RES
BIAE Backward Incoming Alignment Error
BDI Backward Defect Indication
IAE Incoming Alignment Error
The remaining bytes are used mainly for indications in backward direction.

ODU OH I
1 3
4 5 7 8 10 11 13 14
TCM
FA OH OTUk OH RES DM ACT TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 RES
TCM3
OPUk TCM2 TCM1 PM EXP
ODUk OH
TCM
OH GCC1 GCC2 APS/PCC ACT APS/PCC
5 6 7 8
Prot Requested
RES Type Signal Bridged Reserved
Signal
APS Automatic Protection Switching

coordination channel; 8 APS channel
available for ODUk path and section
and 6 TCM level monitoring

DM Delay Measurements for ODUk path or tandem
connection
TCMACT Activation/deactivation control channel
TCM Tandem Connection Monitoring
PM Path Monitoring
EXP Experimental
GCC General Communication Channel (clear channel)
PCC Protection Communication Control channel
The ODU OH is the biggest overhead. It’s main task is to carry the monitoring information for
tandem connection monitoring and path monitoring. Information for Automatic Protection
Switching (APS) is transmitted in the APS and Protection Communication channel (PCC). The
Experimental Overhead (EXP) is not standardized and can be used freely.
There are two General Communication Channels at ODU level.
The delay measurement byte is used to measure the round trip delay of a path, not the one
way delay.
Up to eight levels of nested APS/PCC signals can be used for path, section and TCM
monitoring.

ODU OH II
1 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 13 14
TCM
FA OH OTUk OH RES DM ACT TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 RES
TCM3
OPUk TCM2 TCM1 PM EXP
ODUk OH
TCM
OH GCC1 GCC2 APS/PCC ACT APS/PCC
5 6 7 8
Prot Requested
RES Type Signal Bridged Reserved
Signal
PM&TCM1-6
TTI Trail Trace Identifier
TTI BIP-8 BIP-8 Parity Checksum
1 5 8
Frame: 0
SAPI BEI/BIAE BDI STAT
16
DAPI BEI Backward Error Indication
SAPI
32 Source Access Point Identifier BIAE Backward Incoming Alignment Error
Operator
DAPI BDI Backward Defect Indication
63 Specific Destination Access Point Identifier
STAT Path Monitoring Status, indicates
the presence of a maintenance
signal
The section monitoring includes the Trail Trace Identifier (TTI) and the parity checksum (BIP-
8).
The TTI includes the Source Access Point Identifier (SAPI) and the Destination Access Point
Identifier (DAPI).
The remaining bytes are used mainly for indications in backward direction.

OPU OH
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 3824 3825 4080
1 FA OH OTUk OH
2 OPUk
ODUk OH
3 OH
4
Mapping
specific
PSI
PSI Payload Structure Identifier

0 PT
1 CSF
2
PT Payload Type
CSF Client Fail Signal Mapping and
concatenation
specific
255
The OPU OH is used to distinguish different payload signals and offers justification control
depending on the payload type. The Payload Structure Identifier (PSI) contains the following
information: The Payload Type defines the mapping procedure used for the client signal. The
Client Fail signal provides information for local management in case of a signal fail status of
the incoming client signal.

3 OTH features

… what the function of Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM) is
… how Forward Error Correction (FEC) does work

Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM)
Network Network Network

operator A/1 operator B operator A/2
Client 1
Client 2
working
protecting
Protection Supervision
(TCM4)
NNI-NNI connection monitoring (TCM3/4)
UNI-UNI connection monitoring (TCM2)
verify QoS connection monitoring (TCM1)
end-to-end path connection monitoring
layer6 layer6 layer6 layer6 layer6

layer5 layer5 layer5 layer5 layer5
layer4 TCM4
layer4 layer4 TCM4
layer4 layer4
layer3 TCM3
layer3 TCM3
layer3 TCM3
layer3 layer3
layer2 TCM2
layer2 TCM2
layer2 TCM2
layer2 layer2
TCM1
layer1 TCM1
layer1 TCM1
layer1 TCM1
layer1 TCM1
layer1
Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM) enables the transmission of bytes for connection
monitoring within a network and across the boundaries of different network operators.
With up to six layers of TCM it is much more sophisticated than in SDH/SONET with one single
TCM layer.
Let’s look at the example network to explain the function of Tandem Connection Monitoring:
A client signal, e.g. an SDH signal is transmitted from client 1 to client 2 via the network
crossing several domains. The end-to-end path is monitored within SDH.
To verify the end-to-end quality of service (QoS) of the OTH signal, client 1 inserts the TCM1
information in the first layer. This information is transparently transmitted through the
network and terminated by client 2.
The interface between client and network is called User Network Interface (UNI). The UNI-to-
UNI connection between the two User Network Interfaces at each side of the network is
monitored by TCM2.
Inside a network, connections in-between different network elements can be monitored as
well. This is referred to as Network-to network interface connection monitoring.
In OTN the six independent connection monitoring layers offer many possibilities for
connection monitoring. Additionally several TCM layers can be nested and overlapping as you
can see in the example as well.
In case of network protection in the working and the protecting connection the monitoring can
be used for supervision.

Forward Error Correction (FEC)
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 3824 3825 4080

1 FA OH OTUk OH
2 OPUk
ODUk OH
3
OH
4
FEC functions FEC benefits

•Reed-Solomon RS •Reduction of 3R regenerators
•Identify transmission errors •Using higher bandwidth
•Correct transmission errors •Gain in power level
•Up to 32 bit errors correctable •Early warning tool
Forward Error Correction (FEC) is one big advantage of OTH.

Over row 1 to 3824 and line 1 to 4 a special coded parity check is created and transmitted in
the remaining bytes of the frame.
The Reed-Solomon (RS) coding is used to produce this redundant information. The termination
of the signal is using the FEC bytes to identify and correct transmission errors. Up to 32 bit
errors can be corrected in a frame.
Using FEC the number of errors due to noise and other optical phenomena is significantly
reduced. This leads to an improvement in signal quality offering the following benefits:
The spans between 3R regenerators can be reduced and therefore the number of regenerators
within the network.
Existing links can be used to transport traffic with higher bandwidth.
Corresponding to the expansion of a link a gain in the power level is reached.
The monitoring of the FEC enables early warning in case of increasing bit errors which result in
the weakening of a component in the link.

FEC details
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 3824 3825 4080
1
2
OH Client signal FEC
3
1 16 17 32 3824 3825 4080

1 OH FEC
1 239 255
OH FEC 1st sub-row
1 239 255
OH FEC 2nd sub-row
…
1 239 255
OH FEC 16th sub-row
The G.709 FEC separates the OTU frame into the 4 rows.
Each row is divided into 16 sub-rows in a byte interleaving manner.
For the first sub-row the 1st, 17th, 33rd and so on bytes are multiplexed. This leads to 239
data bytes. Over these data bytes the FEC parity check is calculated. Which leads to the
length of 255 bytes of a sub-row, according to the Reed-Solomon RS 255/239 definition.
The same principle is applied for all 16 sub-rows.
In each oft the 16 data streams, up to 8 faulty bytes can be corrected.
If no FEC is used, fixed stuff bytes (all-0s pattern) are transmitted inside the FEC data area.

4 OTH defects and maintenance signals

… which defects and maintenance signals are defined
in the electrical and optical layers
… how the maintenance signals are assembled
… how alarms are propagated in the OTN

Maintenance signals and defects overview
Maintenance
Defects
signals
optical layer electrical layer
ODU AIS, OCI, LCK TIM, DEG, PLM, BDI
OTU AIS TIM, DEG, LOF/LOM, BDI, OCI, LCK, IAE/BIAE
OCh FDI-P, FDI-O, OCI LOS-P, OCI
OMS FDI-P, FDI-O, PMI LOS-P, BDI-P, BDI-O, PMI
OTS PMI LOS-P, LOS-O, TIM, BDI-P, BDI-O, PMI
Example ! LOS-P, LOS-O

FDI-P, FDI-O
OTS OTS
BDI-P, BDI-O
OTS OTS
! BDI-P, BDI-O
This slide provides an overview about the most important maintenance signals and defects
transmitted in the OTN.
Maintenance signals indicate in downstream direction, that is from signal source to sink, that
a defect has been detected in upstream direction. In this situation no valid payload and
overhead is transmitted on the corresponding level of the signal.
Defects are assigned to failures monitored in the received signals. The detection of a defect
leads to a corresponding alarm and the transmission of the appropriate maintenance signal.
Let’s have a look at an example:
An OTH signal is transmitted between to nodes, from which the OTS function is shown only. An
interruption of the optical fiber leads to the defects loss of signal payload (LOS-P) and loss of
signal overhead (LOS-O). These defects raise the corresponding alarms at the OTS sink
function. As a consequent action the forward defect indication payload (FDI-P) and forward
defect indication overhead (FDI-O) maintenance signals are transmitted in downstream
direction.
And the backward defect indication payload (BDI-P) and overhead (BDI-O) is transmitted in the
upstream direction.
The corresponding alarms are raised here as well.
To simplify the pictures, only the necessary functions are shown and it is not distinguished
between termination and adaptation function!

AIS: Alarm indication signal ODU OTU
upstream defect
defect
OTU OTU
ODUk-AIS X
BDI-P ODU
OTU OTU
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 3824 3825 4080

1 FA OH OTUk OH
2
FTFL ODUk AIS
OTUk FEC
3
All-1s pattern
4
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 3824 3825 4080

1
2
OTUk AIS
3
Repeating PN-11 sequence
4
The alarm indication signal (AIS) is a signal sent downstream to indicate that an upstream
defect has been detected. It is used in the electrical layers OTU and ODU.
The example shows an equipment performing ODU cross-connection. In case of an upstream
defect, e.g. loss of payload signal, the OTU layer detects the resulting defect and inserts an
ODUk-AIS. This is transparently transmitted. In parallel the backward defect indication
payload is transmitted in backward direction.
The ODUk Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) is an all “1”s pattern in the entire ODUk signal,
excluding frame alignment overhead bytes, OTUk overhead (OTUK OH) and ODUk FTFL (Fault
Type and Fault Location reporting communication channel.
The OTUk Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) is a generic signal created by a mathematical function
called PN-11. It covers the whole frame.

BDI: Backward defect indication ODU OTU OMS OTS
ODU/OTU: BDI ! AIS

defect
ODUk-AIS
OTU OTU
BDI
OTU OTU
! BDI
OMS/OTS: BDI-P, BDI-O ! LOS-P, LOS-O

defect
FDI-P, FDI-O
OTS OTS
BDI-P, BDI-O
OTS OTS
! BDI-P, BDI-O
The backward defect indication (BDI) signal is transmitted upstream to indicate a failed status
in the downstream direction.
There are different types of backward defect indications: In the electrical ODU/OTU layer the
complete signal including overhead is contained in the frame. Therefore only one BDI value is
sufficient to cover fault in the overhead and payload.
In the OMS and OTS optical layers you have to consider the out-of-band optical supervisory
channel as well. Therefore two different types of BDI are available:
If the OTS or OMS does not receive a valid payload signal, it includes the BDI-P into the OTS
overhead bytes in the backward direction to inform the sender about the problem.
If the OTS or OMS does not receive a valid overhead signal, it includes the BDI-O into the OTS
overhead bytes in the backward direction to inform the sender about the problem.
The BDI can be understood as the RDI in SDH.

DEG: Degenerated defect ODU OTU
1 7 8 14 1516 17 3824
BIP8
1
2
OPUk
3
4
BIP8
Insertion
2nd following frame Extraction: BIP8
Computation: BIP8
Comparison
ODU/OTU: DEG bit errors ! DEG

bursty distribution
OTU OTU
BEI
OTU OTU
The defect degenerated signal (DEG) results from the signal quality supervision which monitors
the performance of a trail. It occurs at OTUk and ODUk layer. The example only shows the
OTU layer, but the principle is the same for the ODU layer.
To detect the degenerated signal defect, the BIP8 value which has been calculated at the trail
termination source is transmitted in the 2nd following frame. It is extracted from the
overhead and compared with the value computed at the trail termination sink. This leads to
the counting of blocks containing bit errors. In OTH a bursty distribution of errors is assumed.

FDI: Forward defect indication OCh OMS
! LOS-P ! FDI-P ! FDI-P

defect ! LOS-O ! FDI-O ! FDI-O
AIS
OTS OMS OMS OCh
FDI-P
FDI-O
X
OCh
OTS OMS OMS OCh
BDI-P BDI-P
BDI-O BDI-O
The forward defect indication (FDI) is a signal sent downstream to indicate that an upstream
defect has been detected. It is used in the optical layers OCh and OMS.
The example shows an equipment performing cross-connection on OCh layer. In case of an
upstream defect, e.g. line cut, the OTS layer detects the loss of signal payload and overhead
defects and inserts the FDI-P and FDI-O information. This is transmitted through the network.
In parallel the backward defect indications payload and overhead are transmitted in backward
direction.

IAE / BIAE: (Backward) Incoming alignment error OTU
ODU/OTU: IAE / BIAE
Performance monitoring: Performance monitoring:

Near-/far-end counter Near-/far-end counter
suppressed by IAE suppressed by IAE
frame slip ! IAE

detection
Frame IAE
slip OTU OTU
OTU OTU
! BIAE BIAE
Performance monitoring:
Far-end counter
suppressed by BIAE
The two defects incoming alignment error (IAE) and backward incoming alignment error (BIAE)
are set after the occurrence of a frame slip. This defects do not result in a fault but are used
to suppress the counting of performance data such as block errors. This defects are available
at OTU and ODU layer. After detecting the frame slip, the performance counters are
suppressed and the IAE signal is inserted in the OTUk OH. At the signal sink the IAE defect is
detected and the performance counters are suppressed here as well. In parallel the backward
incoming alignment error is transmitted to stop the far-end performance counter at the sink
of the signal in backward direction.

LCK: Locked ODU OTU
ODU/OTU: LCK
OTUk-LCK
signal generation
! LCK
LCK LCK AIS
OTU OTU ODU
X BDI
ODU
OTU OTU ODU
! BDI
The locked maintenance signal is generated on operator request in order to lock the signal
from user access. In the locked state the client signal is replaced by fixed data indicating the
locked state. This state enables the network operator to perform tests. The locked signal can
be generated in the sink and the source functions of the ODUk and OTUk layers.

LOF / LOM: Loss of frame / loss of multiframe OTU
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 3824 3825 4080

1 FA OH OTUk OH
2 OPUk
ODUk Client signal OTUk FEC
OH
3 OH
4
1 6 7
FAS
MFAS
ODU: LOF ODU: LOM

! LOF ! LOM
OOF OOM
AIS AIS
OTU OTU
BDI BDI
OTU OTU
For OTUk frame alignment the frame alignment signal (FAS) bytes in the OTUk overhead are
used. If the frame can not be found in 5 consecutive frames the out-of-frame (OOF) state is
entered. This leads to the loss of frame (LOF) defect.
Some overhead bytes are distributed over several consecutive frames, which built the so
called multiframe. To identify the part of the multiframe inside the OTUk frame, the
multiframe alignment signal (MFAS) is used. If the multiframe alignment signal does not follow
the correct sequence, the out of multiframe state (OOM) is entered. This leads to the loss of
multiframe (LOM) defect.
Both defects result in an AIS as a consequent action.

LOS: Loss of signal OCh OMS OTS
OTS: LOS ! LOS-P

defect ! LOS-O
osc
OTS
FDI-P
FDI-O
OTS
BDI-P
BDI-O
λ
OMS: LOS-P OCh: LOS-P

! LOS-P ! LOS-P
defect defect
OMS OCh
FDI-P AIS
OMS OCh
BDI-P BDI-P
In the OTH the loss of signal defect (LOS) occurs in two versions. Because the payload and
overhead of the OTM is transmitted via separate optical channels there is one LOS type
defined for each channel:
The loss of signal payload defect (LOS-P) is monitored at OTS, OMS and OCh layers. It occurs in
case of a transmitter failure at the OCh layer or an optical path break at the OCh, OMS or OTS
layer.
The loss of signal overhead defect (LOS-O) is monitored at OTS layer only. It occurs in case of
an OSC transmitter failure at the OTS layer or an OSC optical path break at the OTS layer.
In both cases the appropriate forward defect indications FDI-P or FDI-O and backward error
indications BDI-P or BDI-O are transmitted.

OCI: Open connection indication OCh ODU
No cross-connection
switched
LOS-P Suppresses
OCI LOS-P
OCh OCh
X OCI
OCh
OCh OCh
OCI
Supresses LOS-P
LOS-P OCI
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 3824
1 FA OH OTUk OH
2
ODUk OCI
3
Repeating “0110” pattern
4
The open connection indication (OCI) signal is transmitted, if there is no signal switched at the
connection function on optical channel or ODU layer. In the example only the optical channel
layer is shown, but the same principle applies to the ODU layer as well! The OCI is used to
show that there is no payload because of an administrative reason and not due to a fault. This
enables the sink function of the optical channel to overwrite an existing LOS-P and suppress
the consequent actions.
On optical layer the OCI signal is contained in the overhead information.
On electrical layer the OCI is a special signal contained in the ODUk.
The OCI can be compared with the unequipped signal in SDH.

PLM: Payload mismatch ODU
ODU: PLM Different mapping

type
! PLM
ATM mapping
CBR mapping ODU ODU
AIS
ATM mapping
CBR mapping
ODU ODU
AIS
! PLM
The payload type signal is defined in the OPUk overhead to indicate the composition of the
OPUk signal. In general different mapping types are specified there, such as CBR- or ATM-
mapping. If the extracted value does not fit to the interface, the payload mismatch alarm is
created. This leads to the transmission of an AIS alarm.

PMI: Payload missing indication OMS OTS
Example
! PMI
Missing LOS-P suppress
payload signal detection LOS-P related actions
OTS OTS
PMI
OTS OTS
The payload missing defect is used to monitor the optical payload signal at the source of the
OTS and OMS layer. It indicates when there is no incoming payload signal. This alarm is used at
the sink to suppress loss of payload signal and actions related to this alarm, such as FDI-P and
BDI-P
This example shows the OTS only, but the principle is the same at OMS layer.

TIM: Trail trace identifier mismatch ODU OTU OTS
ODU/OTU/OTS: TIM
Operator provided
trail trace identifier
TTI
Comparison
Extracted TTI
Operator provided
trail trace identifier
TTI
Miss-wired ! TIM
cross-connection
OTS OTS
AIS
BDI
OTS OTS
The trail trace identifier mismatch defect is raised, if the operator provided expected value of
the access point does not match the received value. This defect is used to prevent that a
wrong signal is transmitted in case of wrong connectivity or wrong wiring. The detection of
the trace identifier mismatch can be disabled.
In case of the TIM defect FDI and BDI signals are inserted.
This example shows the OTS only, but the principle is the same at the other layers.

Alarm propagation example
OTS: OMS: OCh: ODU:
LOS-P FDI-P FDI-P AIS
LOS-O FDI-O FDI-O
OMS: OCh: ODU:
FDI-P FDI-P AIS
FDI-O FDI-O
SDH CA OLA OLA X X OLA CA SDH

3R
OTS:
BDI-P
BDI-O
OMS: OMS:
BDI-P BDI-P
BDI-O BDI-O
OTU: OTU:
BDI BDI
ODU: ODU:
BDI BDI
OTS OTS OTS OTS OTS OTS

OMS OMS OMS
OTU/OCh OTU/OCh
ODU
Let’s look at the network example we have used before to understand how alarms are
propagated within the OTN.
We assume a cable break in-between the client access equipment at the left and the adjacent
optical line amplifier (OLA).
The optical line amplifier detects the loss of payload and loss of overhead alarm at the OTS
layer. As a consequent action it inserts the backward defect indication overhead and payload
into the OTS overhead in backward direction. This indication raises the corresponding alarm
at the OTS layer of the client access equipment.
In forward direction the OLA generates the forward defect indication payload and overhead at
the OMS layer. This indication triggers the corresponding alarm at the termination of the OMS
layer in the optical cross connect.
As a consequent action the backward defect indication overhead and payload is inserted into
the OMS overhead in backward direction. This indication raises the corresponding alarm at the
OMS layer of the client access equipment.
In forward direction the optical cross connect generates the forward defect indication payload
and overhead at the optical channel layer. This indication triggers the corresponding alarm at
the termination of the optical channel layer in the electrical ODU cross connect. At the optical
channel layer there is no backward error indication defined but at the corresponding electrical
OTU layer!
In forward direction the electrical ODU cross connect generates the alarm indication signal at
ODU layer. This indication triggers the corresponding alarm at the termination of the ODU
layer in the customer access equipment at the right.
It is 54followed
Page be the corresponding backward
All Rights Reservedindication.
© Alcatel-Lucent 2010
5 Summary

Layers
What I should know:
* Electrical layers:
i thin O T H OPU/ODU
Layers w
OTM MUX
OTU
* Optical layers:
OTH frame
OCh
OMS
OTS
FEC & TCM

Defects
The OTH consists of several layers:
The electrical layers Optical Payload Unit (OPU), Optical Data Unit (ODU) and Optical
Transport Unit (OTU).
The optical layers Optical Channel (OCh), Optical Multiplex Section (OMS) and Optical
Transport Section (OTS).

Layers
What I should know: * OTM-
OTM-n.m
n: number of channels
u l tip l e x i n g m: bandwidth
O TM m
OTM MUX
* OTM-
OTM-0.m
single optical channel
OTH frame
no OSC
* OTM-
OTM-nr.m
FEC & TCM

reduced functionality
no OSC
* OTM-
OTM-0.mvn
Defects
multilane, no OSC
During the OTM multiplexing process the OTM signal is created. It appears in different types:
The general OTM-n.m signal, with “n” indicating the number of channels and “m” the
bandwidth.
The other 3 types have reduced functionality:
OTM-0.m carries one single optical channel without an OSC.
OTM-nr.m carries several optical channels but no OSC.
OTM-0.mvn describes a multilane signal which does not have an OSC as well.

Layers
What I should know:
* 4x4080 byte
O T H f ra m e * Frame Alignment
OTM MUX
(FA)
* OTUk OH
OTH frame
* OTUk FEC
* OPUk OH
* Payload area
FEC & TCM

Defects
The OTH frame is a structure consisting of 4 x 4080 byte. It carries the frame alignment signal
(FA), the OTUk overhead, the OTUk forward error correction information, the OPUk overhead
and the payload.

Layers
What I should know:
& F EC * TCM:
TCM connection monitoring
OTM MUX
6 TCM layers
nested, overlapping
OTH frame
* FEC:
identify bit errors
TCM & FEC
correct up to 32 bit
errors per frame
Defects
Two advantages of the OTH are the tandem connection monitoring (TCM) with up to 6 layers
which can be nested and overlapping and the forward error correction (FEC) to identify bit
errors and correct up to 32 bit per frame.

Layers
What I should know:
* Defects
BDI, DEG, IAE,
Defects & ls
OTM MUX
g n a BIAE, LCK, LOF,

an c e s i
mainten LOM, LOS, OCI,
OTH frame
PMI, TIM
* Maintenance signals:
AIS, FDI, LCK,
FEC & TCM
OCI, PMI
Defects
There are several defects monitored in the OTH. They indicate the absence of the signal due
to a fault and appear on different layers.
Maintenance signals are included in the signal to indicate in forward direction that a fault had
been detected and therefore no valid data are transmitted at the corresponding layers.

6 Assessment
Instructions
To complete this course successfully you will have to answer
at least 80% of the questions correctly.
You have three attempts.
Select the Continue button below to start.
Chapter 6: Assessment
To complete the course you are invited to a short quiz.
It will help you to reflect on the content of the course and to evaluate your personal learning
success.
To complete this course successfully you will have to answer a least 80% of the questions
correctly.
You have 3 attempts to pass the test.
Select the Continue button below to start.

Congratulations you have finished the training
OTH introduction!
Your feedback is appreciated!
Please feel free to Email your comments to:
cwdteam@alcatel-lucent.com
Thank you!


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Welcome to the Training Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction.

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

Alcatel-Lucent and MainStreet are trademarks of Alcatel-Lucent.

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

All rights reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

Technical support hotline

If you have technical questions about running

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

Select the “Train your brain” option

You can leave the training at any time

One question will be

Click on the appropriate

You may be given feedback

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

By the end of the course, you will be able to:

• Explain the OTN network concept

The course provides an introduction to the Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH). By

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

This training Optical Transport Hierarchy introduction contains five parts:

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

You will learn in this chapter…

Chapter 1: Optical Transport Network (OTN)

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

Framework for OTN Terms and definitions

Jitter and Wander

Equipment functional Equipment

Management OTN linear protection

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

Electro-optical Optical Data Unit Connection

Optical Transport Unit Monitoring

The electro-optical layer is composed of three functional layers:

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

The optical layer is composed of three functional layers:

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

CA OLA OLA X X OLA CA

OTS OTS OTS OTS OTS OTS

OMS OMS OMS

Legend Optical cross connect/ADM

You will learn in this chapter…

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

OH Client signal OPU

OH TCM OPU ODU

OH OTU FEC OTU

… OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh

OTS OH OTS OTS

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

OTU k OTU1 2.5 Gbit/s STM-16/OC-48

OTU2 10 Gbit/s STM-64/OC-192

OTU4 100 Gbit/s 100GbEthernet

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction

OTU OTU OTU OTU OTU OTU OTU

OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh OCh

TOP54048W Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) introduction