Professional Documents
Culture Documents
.ODQ@SHNML@XCHEEDQEQNLNSGDQjQLV@QDUDQRHNMR
$-&+(2'
3G@MJXNTENQBGNNRHMF!NVDQR6HKJHMR
6GDM)NGM!NVDQR
jQRSDRS@AKHRGDCNTQBNLO@MXGDCHCRNHMSGDADKHDESG@S
HL@FHM@SHUDCDRHFMHMMNU@SHUDDMFHMDDQHMF@MC@CU@MBDC
SDBGMNKNFXVDQDJDXRSG@SBNTKCTMKNBJSGDDMINXLDMSNE@TCHN
HMSGDGNLD
'HRADKHDEHRNMDSG@SVDBNMSHMTDSNRG@QD@MCHS
HMROHQDRDUDQXOQNCTBSVDCDRHFM
B@MADTRDCSN
q /K@X@TCHNCHQDBSKXEQNLH3TMDR UH@DHSGDQ@B@AKDNQVHQDKDRR
MDSVNQJBNMMDBSHNM
q /K@X@TCHNRSNQDCNMNQRSQD@LDCSNXNTQBNLOTSDQUH@42!
q "NMMDBS@MCKHRSDMSN@MDWSDQM@K@TCHNRNTQBDRTBG@R@35NQ
@ONQS@AKDLTRHBOK@XDQ
3GHRL@MT@KVHKKSDKKXNTDUDQXSGHMFXNTMDDCSNJMNVSNFDSSGD
LNRSEQNLXNTQ
(SADFHMRAXCDRBQHAHMFSGDBNMSDMSRNE
B@QSNM
$-&+(2'
@TCHNRNTQBDBNMMDBSHSSN 47HMOTSRNBJDS
/NVDQB@AKD TRHMFDHSGDQ@M@M@KNFTDB@AKDSDQLHM@SDCVHSG@
1DLNSDBNMSQNK LHMHI@BJOKTFNQ@CHFHS@KB@AKDSDQLHM@SDCVHSG
#NBTLDMSO@BJBNMS@HMHMF@0THBJ2S@QS&THCD @LHMH3NR+HMJNOSHB@KOKTF
VHKK@TSNL@SHB@KKX
V@QQ@MSXHMENQL@SHNM@MCRS@STSNQXR@EDSXV@QMHMFR
HCDMSHEXSGDSXODNEB@AKDTRDC@MCBNMjFTQDSGD
47HMOTSRNBJDS@OOQNOQH@SDKX
$MUHQNMLDMS@K(MENQL@SHNM
3GHROQNCTBSBNLOKHDRVHSGHMSDQM@SHNM@KCHQDBSHUDR -NSD HR@AKDSNOK@XRSDQDNCHFHS@K@TCHN@S
HMBKTCHMFATSMNSKHLHSDCSNSGD1DRSQHBSHNMNE TOSNAHSJ'YQDRNKTSHNM
(SHRMNSBNLO@SHAKD
'@Y@QCNTR2TARS@MBDR1N'2HMDKDBSQHB@K@MC VHSGRTQQNTMCRNTMCDMBNCDC
BG@MMDK
DKDBSQNMHBDPTHOLDMSSGD1DFHRSQ@SHNM$U@KT@SHNM CHFHS@K@TCHN
TSGNQHR@SHNM@MCQDRSQHBSHNMNE"'DLHB@KR1$ "'
@MCSGDCHRONR@KNE6@RSD$KDBSQHB@K@MC$KDBSQNMHB ,@HMR(MOTS
$PTHOLDMS6$$$
"NMRTKSXNTQKNB@KV@RSD "NMMDBS SN@L@HMRNTSKDSRNBJDSTRHMFSGD
CHRONR@K@TSGNQHSXENQFTHC@MBDNMGNVOQNODQKXSN RTOOKHDCL@HMRB@AKD
6GDMjQRSBNMMDBSDCSN
QDBXBKDNQCHRONRDNESGHROQNCTBS
L@HMRONVDQ VHKK@TSNL@SHB@KKXONVDQTOVHSGHSR
HMCHB@SNQOTKRHMFQDC
"NMMDBSHMFSNXNTQ
-NSD3GDS@AKDHM2DBSHNMCDRBQHADR@KK
HMCHB@SNQBNKNTQR@MCSGDHQLD@MHMFR
8NTB@MBNMMDBSSNXNTQ AX
q4RHMF HQ/K@XSNRSQD@LVHQDKDRRKXEQNLH3TMDR
q4RHMF HQ/K@XSNRSQD@LVHQDKDRRKXEQNL@MH/NC
SNTBGH/GNMDNQH/@C
q4RHMFSGDQD@QO@MDKLNTMSDCBNMMDBSHNMRNBJDSR
#H@FQ@LHKKTRSQ@SDR eRQD@QO@MDKBNMMDBSHNM
RNBJDSR
HQ/K@X"NMMDBSHNM
HR@AKDSNOK@X@TCHNEQNLH3TMDRDHSGDQVHQDKDRRKX
NQUH@@VHQDC$SGDQMDSBNMMDBSHNMTRHMF HQ/K@X
RSQD@LHMFSDBGMNKNFX
6GDMBNMMDBSDCSNSGDR@LD
MDSVNQJ@R@BNLOTSDQQTMMHMFH3TMDR B@M
@OOD@Q@R@MNTSOTSNOSHNMHMSGDONOTOLDMT@S
SGDANSSNLNESGDH3TMDRVHMCNV
2DD2DBSHNM
ENQHMENQL@SHNMNMBNMjFTQHMF SNINHMXNTQGNLD
MDSVNQJ@MCNMBNMjFTQHMFH3TMDRSNOK@XSGQNTFG
-NSD/KD@RDDMRTQDXNTG@UDHMRS@KKDCSGDK@SDRS
UDQRHNMNEH3TMDR
-NSD RS@MC@QC$SGDQMDSB@AKDHRQDPTHQDCHEXNT
VHRGSNBNMMDBSXNTQ SN@M$SGDQMDSMDSVNQJ
RVDKK@RRSQD@LHMF@TCHNEQNLH3TMDR HQ/K@X@KRN
L@JDRHSONRRHAKDSNRSQD@L@TCHNCHQDBSKXSN
EQNL@MH/NCH/GNMDNQH/@C
MXH/NCH/GNMDNQ
H/@C@OOKHB@SHNMSG@SHMBNQONQ@SDR@UNKTLDBNMSQNK
VHKKG@UD@M@CCHSHNM@KHBNMSG@SDM@AKDRRDKDBSHNMNE #H@FQ@L
@U@HK@AKDQDLNSDROD@JDQRENQOK@XA@BJ
MX HQOK@X A@BJO@MDK
CDUHBDVHSGHMVHQDKDRRQ@MFDVHKKADHMBKTCDCHMSGD
RDKDBSHNMKHRS
42!(MOTS
(EXNTVHRGSNKHRSDMSN@TCHNDHSGDQRSNQDCNQ
RSQD@LDCNMXNTQ,@B/"TRHMF 42!HMOTS
BNMMDBSHSTRHMF@42!B@AKDEQNL@RO@QD,@B/"
42!RNBJDS
$-&+(2'
B@MADNODQ@SDCDHSGDQEQNLSGDBNMSQNKRNMHSR
ANCXHKKTRSQ@SDCHM#H@FQ@LNQEQNLSGDQDLNSD
BNMSQNK
(ESGDQDLNSDBNMSQNKHRSNADTRDCSGD
A@SSDQXHMRTK@SHMFS@ALTRSjQRSADQDLNUDC
3GHR
HRHKKTRSQ@SDCHM#H@FQ@L
#H@FQ@LHKKTRSQ@SDRSGD
QDLNSDBNMSQNKJDXETMBSHNMR
2VHSBGHMF.M@MC.EE
(M@CCHSHNMSNMNQL@KNODQ@SHMFLNCD G@RANSG
2S@MCAX@MC2KDDOLNCDR
(M2S@MCAXLNCD
@KK ETMBSHNMR@QDRVHSBGDCNEE@MCSGDONVDQ
BNMRTLOSHNMLHMHLHRDC
(M2KDDOLNCDSGD
VHQDKDRRETMBSHNMQDL@HMRBNMMDBSDCSNSGDMDSVNQJ
3GD HMCHB@SNQHKKTLHM@SDRCHLQDCHM2KDDOLNCD #H@FQ@L
@MCVHKKSTQMNEEHM2S@MCAXLNCD
BNMSQNKRDWOK@HMDC
B@MNMKXADRVHSBGDCNMEQNL2S@MCAXLNCDAX
OQDRRHMFSGD 2S@MCAXATSSNM
B@MADRVHSBGDCNMEQNL2KDDOLNCDAXSGD
ENKKNVHMF@BSHNMR
q/QDRRHMFSGD 2S@MCAXATSSNM
q/QDRRHMFQDLNSDBNMSQNK2S@MCAXJDX
-NSD(ESGD HQ/K@XHMOTSG@RMNSADDMRDSTOSGD
HMCHB@SNQVHKKl@RG8DKKNV
-NSD3GDS@AKDHM2DBSHNMCDRBQHADR@KKSGD
HMCHB@SNQBNKNTQR@MCSGDHQLD@MHMFR
-NSD(SHRMNSONRRHAKDSNRVHSBG HMSN2S@MCAX
LNCDEQNLSGDQDLNSDBNMSQNK
-NSD3GD VHKK@TSNL@SHB@KKXDMSDQ2KDDOLNCD
HEKDESHM@BSHUDENQLNQDSG@MLHMTSDR
#H@FQ@L
QDLNSDBNMSQNKDWOK@HMDC
$-&+(2'
#H@FQ@LHKKTRSQ@SDR eRBNMMDBSHUHSX
6HSG RVHSBGDCNMEQNL2S@MCAXNQ2KDDO
q8NTB@MBNMMDBSSN@VHQDCNQVHQDKDRRMDSVNQJ
@MCKHRSDMSNXNTQH3TMDR@TCHNUH@ HQ/K@X
q8NTB@MKHRSDMSNNSGDQCHFHS@KNQ@M@KNFTD@TCHN
RNTQBDRUH@SGD 47HMOTS
q8NTB@MKHRSDMSN@TCHNRSNQDCNQRSQD@LDCNMXNTQ
BNLOTSDQUH@42!
-NSD2DD2DBSHNMENQLNQDNMTRHMF 42!
HMOTS
q8NTB@MTRDSGDQDLNSDBNMSQNK5NKTLDJDXRNQ
eR5NKTLDATSSNMRSNBNMSQNKUNKTLD
q8NTB@MTRDSGDQDLNSDBNMSQNK(MOTSJDXNQ eR
2S@MCAXATSSNMRDPTDMSH@KKXSNRDKDBSBNMMDBSDC
HMOTSR
-NSD3GDQDHR@RGNQSCDK@XVGDM HMOTSR@QD
RVHSBGDC
3GHRHR@BNMRDPTDMBDNESGDMDDCSN
QDDRS@AKHRG42!NQ-DSVNQJBNLLTMHB@SHNM
0(18
CITRSHMFSGDRNTMCNE
TSNL@SHB(MOTS2VHSBGHMF
(MRNLDBHQBTLRS@MBDR VHKK@TSNL@SHB@KKXRVHSBG
(MCHB@SNQ"NKNTQ ,D@MHMF (MOTS2DKDBSDC
SNHSR HQ/K@XHMOTSNQRVHSBGNMEQNL2KDDOLNCD
.EE 2S@MCAX -
q(EH3TMDRRSQD@LDC@TCHNHROQDRDMSNMSGD HQ/K@X
HMOTSVGDMSGD42!NQ 47HKH@QXHMOTSHRRDKDBSDC #HL1DC 2KDDO -
ATSMN@TCHNOK@XHMFSGD HQ/K@XHMOTSVHKK /TKRHMF1DC /NVDQHMFTO -
@TSNL@SHB@KKXADRDKDBSDC
%K@RG1DCSVHBD 1DRDSRS@QSDC -
q(EH3TMDRRSQD@LDC@TCHNHROQDRDMSNMSGD &QDDM .M 42!
HQ/K@XHMOTSVGDM HRHM2KDDOLNCDHSVHKK
@TSNL@SHB@KKXRVHSBGNM@MCOK@XSGDRSQD@LDC %@RSk@RGHMF&QDDM 5NKTLD@CITRSLDMS 42!
@TCHN
.Q@MFD .M TW
q6GDM G@RADDM(M2KDDOLNCDENQLNQDSG@M
%@RSk@RGHMF.Q@MFD 5NKTLD@CITRSLDMS TW
NMDLHMTSD@MC@M@TCHNRHFM@KHRCDSDBSDC
SGQNTFGSGD 47HMOTSHSVHKK@TSNL@SHB@KKXRVHSBG
2KNVk@RGHMF.Q@MFD #HFHS@K@TCHNKNBJDQQNQ TW
NM@MCOK@XSGD 47HMOTS@TCHN
/TQOKD .M HQ/K@X
3GD (MCHB@SNQ
%@RSk@RGHMFOTQOKD 5NKTLD@CITRSLDMS HQ/K@X
3GD HMCHB@SNQHKKTLHM@SDRHM@Q@MFDNEBNKNTQR 2KNVk@RGHMFOTQOKD -NMDSVNQJBNMMDBSDC HQ/K@X
SNHMCHB@SDCHEEDQDMSNODQ@SHNM@KBNMCHSHNMR
3@AKD
CDRBQHADRSGDBNKNTQR@MCSGDHQLD@MHMFR
%@RSk@RGHMF1DC (MU@KHCNODQ@SHNM MX
2KNVk@RGHMF8DKKNV 6HQDKDRRRDSTOLNCD -
6GHSD %HQLV@QDTOC@SD -
%K@RGHMFVGHSD %HQLV@QDDQQNQ -
3@AKD
(MCHB@SNQBNKNTQ@MCLD@MHMF
$-&+(2'
BNMkFTQHMFH3TMDR
3GHRVHKKS@JDTOSNLHMTSDR
HMRS@KK@M CDRJSNOHBNM
#NTAKDBKHBJNMSGD
HBNMSNADFHMSGDTOC@SDOQNBDRR
(ESGDOQNBDRR
(MNQCDQSNOK@XXNTQH3TMDRLTRHBNMXNTQ TRHMF
-NSD(E E@HKRSNBNMMDBSSNXNTQGNLDVHQDKDRR G@RMNSADDMQTMADENQD@CH@KNFTDANWVHKK
HQ/K@XXNTQ LTRSINHMSGDR@LDMDSVNQJ@RSGD
MDSVNQJSGDLNRSKHJDKXE@TKSHR@MHMBNQQDBSKX QDPTDRSSG@SSGDKNB@SHNMNESGD42!#QHUDQ@KRN
BNLOTSDQNMVGHBGH3TMDRHRHMRS@KKDC@MCQTMMHMF
DMSDQDCMDSVNQJO@RRVNQC
%NKKNVSGDQDRDS HMRS@KKDCAXSGDTOC@SDQHRRODBHkDCSGDCDE@TKS
MDSVNQJ@CCQDRRHMFHRRDSSN#'"/VGHBGLD@MR
HMRSQTBSHNMRHM2DBSHNM@MCADFHMSGDMDSVNQJ KNB@SHNMHR";/QNFQ@L%HKDR;!NVDQR6HKJHMR;
SG@SNMBDHSG@RINHMDCSGDVHQDKDRRMDSVNQJHSVHKK
RDSTOOQNBDCTQD@F@HM
/QNFQ@LLDQ;
.MBDSGDKNB@SHNMNESGD42!
MNSQDPTHQD@MXETQSGDQBNMjFTQ@SHNM
8NTVHKKMDDC
CQHUDQG@RADDMRODBHkDCSGDkQLV@QDTOC@SD
SNJMNVXNTQGNLDVHQDKDRRMDSVNQJM@LD@MC
OQNBDRRVHKKBNMSHMTD
O@RRVNQCADENQDXNTRS@QS
"NMkFTQHMFH3TMDR
.MBDSGDjQLV@QDTOC@SDHRBNLOKDSD eR
2DSTOXNTQ VHSGXNTQH.2CDUHBD 6HSG BNMMDBSDCSNXNTQGNLDMDSVNQJVHQDCNQ HMCHB@SNQVHKKHKKTLHM@SDCHLQDC@MCSGDTMHSVHKK
H/NCSNTBGH/@CNQH/GNMD VHQDKDRRXNTB@MBNMjFTQDH3TMDRSNTRDHS@R@M QDSTQMSNMNQL@KNODQ@SHNM
NTSOTSCDUHBD
"NMjFTQDH3TMDRAXRDKDBSHMF HM
SGDCDUHBDRLDMT@SSGDANSSNLQHFGSG@MCBNQMDQ -NSD4OC@SDC kQLV@QDL@XHMBNQONQ@SD
q&DSSGD!NVDQR6HKJHMR HQ/K@X2DSTO OO
NESGDH3TMDRCHROK@X
H3TMDRVHKKMNVOK@XSGQNTFG MDVED@STQDR
#NVMKN@CSGDLNRSQDBDMSNVMDQR
EQNLSGD OO2SNQDNQAXUHRHSHMF
SGD
L@MT@KENQSGDK@SDRSHMENQL@SHNM
VVV
ANVDQRVHKJHMR
BNLRDSTO@OO
,TKSHOKD TMHSRB@MADBNMMDBSDCSNSGDVHQDKDRR
q%NKKNVSGDNMRBQDDMHMRSQTBSHNMR
MDSVNQJ@MCTRDCSNOQNUHCD@TCHNHMRDO@Q@SD
QNNLR
$@BGVHKKAD@U@HK@AKDHMSGDH3TMDRCDUHBDR
2DSTOVHSG,@BNQ/" LDMTHCDMSHjDCAXDHSGDQSGDM@LDRRODBHjDCHMSGD
RDSTOO@FDNQAXCDE@TKSSGDK@RSSGQDDCHFHSRNESGDHQ
q&DSSGD!NVDQR6HKJHMR HQ/K@X2DSTO OOEQNL RDQH@KMTLADQR
SGD,@B OO2SNQD,@BTRDQRNMKXNQAXUHRHSHMF
VVV
ANVDQRVHKJHMR
BNLRDSTO@OO
4RHMF42!(MOTS
q%NKKNVSGDNMRBQDDMHMRSQTBSHNMR
3GD42!HMOTSDM@AKDRXNTSNBNMMDBSXNTQ SN
@,@B/"HMNQCDQSNOK@XHSRRSNQDCNQRSQD@LDC
2DSSHMFTO TRHMF@VHQDC @TCHN
BNMMDBSHNM
/K@XHMF TCHNUH@42!
3NRDSTO SNINHMXNTQVHQDKDRRMDSVNQJXNT
RGNTKCjQRSBNMMDBSHSOGXRHB@KKXSNSGD,@B/"TRHMF 6GDM HRBNMMDBSDCSN@,@B/"UH@42!@MC
@M$SGDQMDSB@AKD
8NTVHKKMDDCSNDMRTQDSG@SXNTQ HSR42!HMOTSHRRDKDBSDCSGDBNLOTSDQVHKKHCDMSHEX
,@B/"VHQDKDRRB@O@AHKHSHDR@QDCHR@AKDC
.MBD @R@MNTSOTSNMKX@TCHNCDUHBD
2ODBHEXHMF HM
BNMMDBSDCXNTB@MAQNVRDSNSGD RDSTOO@FD
SGD,@B/"@TCHNBNMSQNKO@MDKVHKK@KKNVHSSNOK@X
%NKKNVSGDRSDORCDRBQHADCADKNV
@TCHNC@S@DHSGDQRSNQDCKNB@KKXNMSGDBNLOTSDQ
NQRSQD@LDCUH@@MDSVNQJNQSGDHMSDQMDS
eR
-NSD B@M@KRNTRD@VHQDCMDSVNQJENQ HMCHB@SNQVHKKHKKTLHM@SDFQDDMVGDMSGD42!HMOTSHR
HQ/K@XRSQD@LHMF
RDKDBSDC
$-&+(2'
G@R@OHMGNKDQDRDSATSSNMKNB@SDCNMHSRQD@Q
BNMMDBSHNMO@MDK
3GDQDRDSATSSNMHRHKKTRSQ@SDCHM
#H@FQ@L
3NQDSTQMSGD MDSVNQJRDSSHMFR HQ/K@X
HMOTSSNSGDE@BSNQXCDE@TKSRDMRTQDSGDONVDQB@AKD
HRBNMMDBSDC@MCONVDQSGD NM
/QDRR@MCGNKC
SGDQDRDSATSSNMENQRDBNMCR
3GDHMCHB@SNQVHKK
k@RGQDCSVHBD
"KD@MHMF
4RD@BKNSGDRAQTRGNQC@LOBKNSGSNBKD@MSGD
FQHKKDBKNSG
6HODNSGDQRTQE@BDRVHSG@BKD@MKHMSEQDD
BKNSG
(EXNTVHRGSNTRD@BKD@MHMF@FDMS@OOKXHS
NMSNSGDBKD@MHMFBKNSGMNSCHQDBSKXNMSN
3DRS
@RL@KK@QD@jQRS@RRNLDBKD@MHMFOQNCTBSRL@X
C@L@FDRNLDNESGDRTQE@BDR
UNHCOQNCTBSRSG@S
@QD@AQ@RHUDNQBNMS@HM@BHC@KJ@KHNQ@MSHA@BSDQH@K
@FDMSR
3QNTAKDRGNNSHMF
(EXNTMDDCGDKOSQNTAKDRGNNSHMF@RODBHjBOQNAKDL
NQG@UD@PTDRSHNMXNTCKHJD@MRVDQDCOKD@RD
BNMRTKS eRRTOONQSRDBSHNMNESGD!NVDQR6HKJHMR
VDARHSDVVV
ANVDQRVHKJHMR
BNL
#H@FQ@L
E@BSNQXQDRDS
$-&+(2'
,NCDK
#DRBQHOSHNM 6HQDKDRR,TRHB2XRSDL
#HFHS@K2HFM@K/QNBDRRHMF#2/
'HFG0T@KHSX"K@RR#@LOKHjDQ
2VHSBGLNCDONVDQRTOOKX
42!RSQD@LHMFEQNL/",@B
%KNVONQS¥
1DLNSDBNMSQNK
WLL HM,HCQ@MFD
WLL HM2TAVNNEDQ
%QDPTDMBXQDRONMRD 'YlJ'YC!NMQDEDQDMBD@WHR
%QDPTDMBXQ@MFD C!@S'Y@MCJ'Y
LOKHjDQONVDQNTSOTS W6SVDDSDQ
W6LHCQ@MFD
W6RTAVNNEDQ
1@SDCONVDQBNMRTLOSHNM 6
2S@MCAXONVDQBNMRTLOSHNM 6
.ODQ@SHMFSDLODQ@STQD 3GHROQNCTBSHRNMKXCDRHFMDCSNVNQJ@S@M@LAHDMS
SDLODQ@STQDNETOSN¦"
'DHFGS LL
6HCSG LL
#DOSG LL
-DSVDHFGS JF
$MBKNRTQD &K@RRjKDC !2
&QHKKDR !K@BJBKNSG