Direct Noise Computation With A Lattice-Boltzmann Method PDF

22nd AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics 2016
Direct Noise Computation with a Lattice-Boltzmann Method

and Application to Industrial
The Next Generation CFDTest Cases
Ruddy Brionnaud, Giuseppe Trapani,

Miguel Chavez Modena, and David M. Holman.
Next Limit Technologies, Madrid, Spain
Lyon, France – June 1st 2016

Outline
1. Numerical Methodology
1. Lattice-Boltzmann Method
2. Turbulence modeling and near-wall treatment
3. Acoustics properties
4. Non-reflective boundaries
2. Aeroacoustics Test Cases

1. Duct flow through a thick orifice plate
2. Straight pipe jet noise
3. Landing gear noise: LAGOON
3. Summary
2
Outline

3. Summary
3
Numerical Methodology
Lattice Boltzmann method
→ Solves the Boltzmann transport equation:
Navier
Boltzmann Euler
Stokes
Streaming Collision
4
Navier
Boltzmann Euler
Stokes
f
Streaming Collision
→ The function f is a particle distribution function (PDF)

and depends on time, space, and velocity direction:
f = f(x,t,e)
u
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function
5
Navier
Boltzmann Euler
Stokes
f
Streaming Collision
→ The function f is a particle distribution function (PDF)

and depends on time, space, and velocity direction:
f = f(x,t,e)
u
→ Macroscopic variables are moments of the particle Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function
distribution function (f):
Density
Linear momentum
6
Lattice structure D3Q27
Lattice-Boltzmann Method
Central moment LBM
→ Collision operator relaxes PDF towards equilibrium. Two main formulation exist:
Relaxes PDF
Collision Relaxes moments

operator
7
Central moment LBM
Relaxes PDF

operator
→ The XFlow collision operator uses a multi-relaxation time implemented in central moment space [1]:
Raw moments Central moments
[1]
8
Central moment LBM
Relaxes PDF

operator
→ The XFlow collision operator uses a multi-relaxation time implemented in central moment space [1]:
Raw moments Central moments
• Higher accuracy
• Lower numerical dissipation
• Positive effective viscosity
• A-stable scheme
[1]
9
Outline

3. Summary
10
Turbulence and wall treatment
Wall-adapting local eddy viscosity
Wall-Adapting Local Eddy (WALE)

Three motivations to employ LES with LBM:
• LBM is inherently unsteady.
• The turbulence is inherently three-dimensional and isotropic which fits perfectly
the lattice structure.
• The strain rate tensor is locally available as the second-order moment with LBM, as
opposed to the Finite Volume Method which requires to access the neighbor cells
velocity to compute the spatial derivative. 11
Advanced wall treatment
→ The boundary layer is modelled by a generalized law of the wall [2] that takes into account for favorable
and adverse pressure gradients, curvature, and roughness.
[2] 12
Advanced wall treatment
→ The boundary layer is modelled by a generalized law of the wall [2] that takes into account for favorable
and adverse pressure gradients, curvature, and roughness.
[2] 13
Outline

3. Summary
14
Acoustics Properties
Unsteady CFD for Unsteady compressible CFD:

Steady CFD: Direct Noise Computation
mean aerodynamic field only
incompressible flows:
aerodynamic field only aerodynamic + acoustic fields
Turbulent field models

(synthetic turbulence, RANS
models)
Acoustic source models (Lighthill analogy, …)
Propagation model or solver (integral methods, linear acoustics solver

(FEM/BEM, linearized Euler equations solver (mean flow effect on
propagation)
Acoustics pressure field
15
Unsteady CFD for Unsteady compressible CFD:

Steady CFD: Direct Noise Computation
mean aerodynamic field only
incompressible flows:
aerodynamic field only aerodynamic + acoustic fields
Turbulent field models

(synthetic turbulence, RANS
models)
Acoustic source models (Lighthill analogy, …)
Propagation model or solver (integral methods, linear acoustics solver

(FEM/BEM, linearized Euler equations solver (mean flow effect on
propagation)
Acoustics pressure field
16
Bulk viscosity
→ The bulk viscosity is defined by the relation:
→ The bulk viscosity is usually neglected in the Navier-Stokes solvers under Stokes’ hypothesis.
→ The Lattice-Boltzmann method can include the bulk viscosity easily and without additional cost by
redefining feq. [3]
→ The bulk viscosity is important for applications including fluid compressibility, such as sound
propagation.
[3] 17
Outline

3. Summary
18
Non-reflective boundary conditions
Local One-Dimensional Inviscid (LODI)
→ Unsteady and compressible codes have to deal with the reflection of the pressure waves at inlet and
outlet boundaries. This can introduce spurious noise.
→ The Local One-Dimensional Inviscid (LODI) [4] equations are resolved at boundaries to prevent from
reflections:
→ Illustration of LODI effectiveness:
LODI = Off LODI = On

[4] 19
Outline

3. Summary
20
Orifice Duct
0.024
Fluid Boundary conditions Numerical settings

• Fluid = Air • Inlet velocity = 33.56 m/s • Lattice size = 0.5 mm
• Speed of sound = 340 m/s • Gauge pressure outlet = 0 Pa • Number of elements = 6.9M
• Bulk viscosity = Off • LODI = On • Physical time = 0.2 s
• Time step = 8.48e-7 s
• Sampling frequency = 1170 kHz
• Computation time = 25h on 7221cores
Orifice Duct
Instantaneous velocity field
22
Orifice Duct -1D
1D 2D
0D
Axial velocity PSD
23
Orifice Duct
Influence of LODI on spectrum: Influence of the bulk viscosity on spectrum:

• Removes spurious resonances • Provides the same spectrum on low
• Lowers amplitude of the main frequencies
peaks • Maintains spectrum on higher
frequencies (cut-off frequency
extended) 25
Orifice Duct
Instantaneous total pressure
Observations:
• Shear layer impingement on the orifice wall generates the
sound mechanism
• Waves travel periodically upstream from the orifice outlet
• Waves travel periodically downstream from the orifice outlet
26
Orifice Duct Band-pass filtered static pressure
Frequency band [10 kHz - 12.5 kHz]
Frequency band [4.5 kHz - 7 kHz] 27

Outline

3. Summary
28
Straight pipe jet noise
35 m/s
3.175 mm
1.672 m 6.35 mm
7.62 cm

• Fluid = Air • Inlet velocity = 35 m/s • Min. lattice size = 3.175 mm
• Speed of sound = 340 m/s • Gauge pressure outlet = 0 Pa • Number of elements = 114M
• Bulk viscosity = On • LODI = On • Physical time = 0.6 s
• Min. time step = 5.3e-6 s
29
• CPU time = 14,000 CPUh
Velocity Static pressure Vorticity
30
1 2
1 2
50 cm
50 cm
45º
3 31
Outline

3. Summary
32
LAGOON
20 m 20 m
21 m

• Fluid = Air • Inlet velocity = 78.99 m/s • Min. lattice size = 0.5 mm
• Bulk viscosity = Off • Periodicity on top/bottom and sides • Physical time = 0.34 s
• LODI = Off • Min. time step = 8.484e-7 s
33
LAGOON
0.35 m
2 mm
0.5 mm

34
LAGOON
0.8 m
4 mm
4 mm

35
LAGOON
1.85 m
8 mm

36
LAGOON
XFlow
Experimental PIV
37
Z = 0 – U averaged Z = 0 – V averaged
2
LAGOON
1
2 3
38
LAGOON
1
2
39
LAGOON
2
1
40
LAGOON
Line 5
41
LAGOON
Line 7
42
LAGOON
43
LAGOON
44
LAGOON
45
LAGOON
46
LAGOON
Observations on the bulk viscosity:

• Improves the spectrum for high frequencies
• Can compromise the numerical stability if the flow is not
correctly initialized
47
Outline

3. Summary
48
Summary & Future Work
• The Lattice-Boltzmann Method is an efficient CAA method for Direct Noise
Computation.
• It reduces pre-processing effort drastically and reduces the computational
cost by an order of magnitude compared to Navier-Stokes solvers.
• The use of non-reflective boundaries and the bulk viscosity is important to
achieve high accuracy results.
• XFlow demonstrated an excellent accuracy on three aeroacoustics case:
orifice duct, straight pipe jet, landing gear noise.
• The orifice duct noise mechanism has been identified with the shear layer
impingement on the orifice walls.
• The broadband noise induced by the straight pipe jet flow is captured as
well as the low frequency noise peak.
• The landing gear aerodynamics and near-field acoustics is captured
accurately. Far-field acoustics with a Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings
integration method is encouraging given the high quality of the results.
49
Thanks for your attention!
Ruddy Brionnaud
ruddy.brionnaud@nextlimit.com
www.xflowcfd.com

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22nd AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics 2016

Direct Noise Computation with a Lattice-Boltzmann Method

Ruddy Brionnaud, Giuseppe Trapani,

Next Limit Technologies, Madrid, Spain

Lyon, France – June 1st 2016

2. Turbulence modeling and near-wall treatment

2. Aeroacoustics Test Cases

2. Straight pipe jet noise

3. Landing gear noise: LAGOON

2. Turbulence modeling and near-wall treatment

2. Aeroacoustics Test Cases

2. Straight pipe jet noise

3. Landing gear noise: LAGOON

→ The function f is a particle distribution function (PDF)

→ The function f is a particle distribution function (PDF)

Collision Relaxes moments

Collision Relaxes moments

Collision Relaxes moments

2. Turbulence modeling and near-wall treatment

2. Aeroacoustics Test Cases

2. Straight pipe jet noise

3. Landing gear noise: LAGOON

Wall-Adapting Local Eddy (WALE)

2. Turbulence modeling and near-wall treatment

2. Aeroacoustics Test Cases

2. Straight pipe jet noise

3. Landing gear noise: LAGOON

Unsteady CFD for Unsteady compressible CFD:

Turbulent field models

Acoustic source models (Lighthill analogy, …)

Propagation model or solver (integral methods, linear acoustics solver

Acoustics pressure field

Unsteady CFD for Unsteady compressible CFD:

Turbulent field models

Acoustic source models (Lighthill analogy, …)

Propagation model or solver (integral methods, linear acoustics solver

Acoustics pressure field

→ The bulk viscosity is defined by the relation:

2. Turbulence modeling and near-wall treatment

2. Aeroacoustics Test Cases

2. Straight pipe jet noise

3. Landing gear noise: LAGOON

→ Illustration of LODI effectiveness:

LODI = Off LODI = On

2. Turbulence modeling and near-wall treatment

2. Aeroacoustics Test Cases

2. Straight pipe jet noise

3. Landing gear noise: LAGOON

Fluid Boundary conditions Numerical settings

Influence of LODI on spectrum: Influence of the bulk viscosity on spectrum:

Instantaneous total pressure

Frequency band [10 kHz - 12.5 kHz]

Frequency band [4.5 kHz - 7 kHz] 27

2. Turbulence modeling and near-wall treatment

2. Aeroacoustics Test Cases

2. Straight pipe jet noise

3. Landing gear noise: LAGOON

Fluid Boundary conditions Numerical settings

Velocity Static pressure Vorticity

2. Turbulence modeling and near-wall treatment

2. Aeroacoustics Test Cases

2. Straight pipe jet noise

3. Landing gear noise: LAGOON