THE RESILIENCE LIFE OF FILIPINO

SEAFERERS FACING AN OCCURENCE

CATASTROPHE AT SEA

Mitch M. Ferguson , Jeorge Bernard Advincula ,John Carlo M. Razon ,Sean C.

Reymond ,Sherwin B. Garcia, and Terista A. Cruz

College of Maritime Education

Research Development and Innovation Center
Our Lady of Fatima University

Terista A. Cruz

November 2020
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Endorsement

This thesis entitled: “THE RESILIENCE LIFE OF FILIPINO SEAFERERS FACING AN

OCCURENCE CATASTROPHE AT SEA” prepared by Mitch M. Ferguson, Jeorge Bernard
Advincula,John Carlo M. Razon, Sean C. Reymond, Sherwin B. Garcia of BSMarE 3y1-
1B, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Marine
Engineering has been examined and now recommended for Oral Examination.

This is to certify that Mitch M. Ferguson et al. are ready for the Oral Examination.

Terista A. Cruz, MME

Adviser

This is to certify that the thesis; “THE RESILIENCE LIFE OF FILIPINO SEAFERERS
FACING AN OCCURENCE CATASTROPHE AT SEA” prepared and submitted by by Mitch M.
Ferguson, Jeorge Bernard Advincula,John Carlo M. Razon, Sean C. Reymond, Sherwin
B. Garcia of BSMarE 3y1-1B, has been examined by the panel of examiners with a grade of
_____.

Name of Chairman, Title

Chairman

Name of panel, Title Name of panel, Title

Member Member

Capt. Eutiquio R. Reyes Jr. MM

Dean , CME

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Certificate of Originality

We hereby declare that this thesis is our own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and
belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material to
which to a substantial extent has been accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of a
university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the
text.

We also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our work, even though
we may have received assistance from others on style, presentation and language expression.

Mitch M. Ferguson
Principal Investigator

Members:
Jeorge Bernard Advincula
John Carlo M. Razon
Sean C. Reymond
Sherwin B. Garcia

Terista A. Cruz, MME

Research Adviser

Date Signed:
September 30, 2020

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Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Statement of the problem
1.2 Significance of the Study
1.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.2 Variable Discussion
2.3 Literature Review
2.3.1 Local Literature
2.3.2 Foreign Literature
2.3.3 Local Studies
2.3.4 Foreign Studies

Problem Statements and Hypotheses

2.4 Research Paradigm/Simulacrum
3.0 Research Methods
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Research Locale
3.3 Population and Sampling/Key Information Selection
3.4 Research Ethics
3.5 Research Instruments
3.6 Data Collection
3.7 Data Analysis
4.0 Results
5.0 Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Acknowledgement
References
Appendices
 Letters of Permission
 Consent and/or assent form
 Research Instrument(s)
 Research tally/ Interview text
 Certificates
 Correspondence
 Terminologies
 About the researchers

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Abstract

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Introduction
The Maritime Industry are trends all over the world which deals with the ongoing of ships
and vessels as well as the movement of vessels and goods on the waters. It also entails the custom
and excise duties imposed on goods coming in and out as well as transporting. Also, oil and gas
transportation, the buying and selling is being controlled by the maritime sector. The maritime
industry is a boundless industry as it creates lots of job opportunities in fact over millions of
opportunities for people with a salary and working benefits as well. Life of being a seafarer is a
no joke where they leave, they’re family out of poverty and travel all over the world to work in
often unregulated conditions, with people they don’t know and who may not speak their
language. At sea for weeks at a time, theirs is a bleak world where no national laws rule, piracy
still exists, and rogue waves can wash away life and limb and being prone on accidents in the
vessels. As the maritime continues to evolve and embrace the challenges, and benefits of
becoming a digital industry. Maritime industry became exponential growth with the contribution
of Filipino seafarers to the industry also in the economy of the Philippines. 

Filipino seafarers or Filipino sailors, are seamen, sailors, or seafarers from the Philippines.

Although, in general, the term "Filipino seamen" may include personnel from the Philippine
Navy or the Philippine Marine Corps, it specifically refers to overseas Filipinos who are "sea-
based migrant Filipino workers. The Filipino seafarers have contributed $5.87 billion remittances
in 2017, up by 21.4 percent from $4.84 billion in 2012. There were 442,820 seafarers deployed in
2016, 28 percent higher than 347, 150 seafarers deployed in 2010. In shipbuilding, Philippines
was the fourth largest ship producer in the world based on gross tons in 2016. Philippines has
locally manufactured 2, 161 vessels in 2017, up 61 percent from 1, 354 in 2011.For cargo
shipping, Philippines recorded $2.28 billion worth of transport services in exports and $4.8
billion worth of transport services in imports in 2017. But the outsize contribution that Filipino
seafarers make to both global trade and the

Philippine economy is shrinking fast, with smaller crews and cutthroat competition from other
maritime nations among a host of pressures driving a sharp decline in the number of Filipinos
working at sea. Despite effort and contribution of Filipino seafarer in the industry we cannot
ignore their hard work and resilient life at sea. Because of this many outside company preferring
a Filipino seafarer work for their company here’s a reason. It’s their nature, Filipinos have natural
mariner's instincts and always work cheerfully despite their months of separation from their
families. They never show that they are homesick. While on shore leave, instead of going to the
nearest bars to waste their earnings, they prefer to spend their time more at Internet cafes, writing
e-mails or chatting online with their loved ones in the Philippines. Their Dedication and
Discipline, Filipino seafarers work with dedication and are very disciplined. They are also very
conscious about their conduct especially while on shore leave.

Ship owners often resort to contract substitution, an unlawful practice where a worker's
previously signed labor contract is replaced with a new one, usually on joining the ship. Number
of years of service in the shipping company is hardly considered and they can also be easily
discharged. A Hard-Working Filipino seafarer have more stamina and work physically more on
board the ships. Often, they develop back injuries or hernia from heavy lifting. A Flexible
Filipino seafarer, willingly perform duties that are not part of their contracts and ship owners take
advantage of that. They are subjected to excessive working hours or are ill-treated.

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As Filipino seafarers they are reliable and loyal, and they are fluent in English have good
command over English language and have good communication skills. They are Highly
trainable and Adapt to changing Environment were Filipino seafarers easily adapt to new
technologies and to the changing environment. They can do Problem-solving capability were
Everyone including the captain, display ingenuity in dealing with problems, say for example,
technical glitches compounded by lack of spare parts. So, ship owners do not find it necessary to
stock up spares in the ships. Also, the attitude of Filipino seafarer, The Philippine Islands were
a Spanish colony from 16th century. Mixed colonial influences have enabled Filipino seafarers to
make friends easily with foreigners and their combined Asian and Hispanic cultures have turned
them into the most lighthearted workers. They easily get along with fellow crew members and
value the seafarer’s life at sea. Filipino seafarer also follows and respect the laws of maritime
industry and lastly, they are Patience and Tolerance despite racial discrimination on board
ships, Filipino seafarers continue to work with patience and tolerance.

Every person and profession have its own story and being a seafarer is not an exemption. Filipino
seafarer refers to OFW or overseas Filipino worker who are sea based migrant workers. Currently
this day when hearing someone saying that they are seafarer the first impression of the people
think that they have a lot of benefits or the most common impression is that have bigger salary
onboard. But behind those impression on the seafarer that they are tasked to work in vast ocean
away from their love ones and far from their homes. No matter how hardship they are still in
position of doing their responsibility well in the sea. Today, seafarer is often looked up as one of
the country’s hero, who provides remittances from the dollars they earn.

These remittances help domestic consumption and a major ingredient in the Philippines to drive a
sustainable growth. Working as a seaman do not just rely on a hero being a father or a hero to his
fellow countrymen, but also a hero to the people they serve for. In short, Filipino seafarers are not
only a hero for themselves, nor their family but also a hero for the whole country. Being a seaman
is never an easy job. If family problems arise, seafarers can’t just go home and leave their
responsibilities in the ship behind. In time, they learned how to be strong and balance personal
and professional life.

Lacks and improper way of training might cause our life endangered and also the crewmembers
of the vessel involved. Some issues also might affect the life of seafarer were having an unsettled
life styles, hectic life, onboard politics, lack of social life, being away from they’re family, having
personal or family problems, health issue and rise of maritime piracy. This are the main reason
why lot of certificates, trainings and drills to lessen the involvement of the crewmates on
accidents and loss of life. SOLAS is one of the important conventions which the objectives are to
specify minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships, compatible
with their safety. This will make us determine how permanence our self on being the ones
experiencing the life at sea.

This research aims to determine the different disaster on board and aware of how seafarer
anticipate those disaster and establish the seafarers efficiency also the awareness and decision
making when facing a catastrophe on board vessel With the compliance of SOLAS to be able
present the skills of a seafarer to anticipate the tragedy events that can affect our life at sea.

The ocean is the most dangerous workplace on the planet knowing that there is different
inevitable natural disaster, this research shows, what are the appropriate that must be done by
Seafarers when facing occurrence catastrophe onboard. How can a seafarer prevent or minimize
the possibility of this events on board vessel? and Why does a seafarer need to comply on getting

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certification of SOLAS? We the researchers aim to find a scientifically method answers on how
the seafarer’s faced an occurrence catastrophe at sea.

Statement of the problem

The seafarers must be coordinate hand in hand with each other and anticipate problem in
work especially when facing natural catastrophe event for a safer navigation and safety of
crewmates on board vessel
The objective of the include the following
1. to develop their resiliency and awareness among maritime students when facing a natural
catastrophe at sea
2. to know their level of awareness and resiliency of maritime students when facing a natural
catastrophe event at sea
3. to know how competent a maritime student to manage their work while facing a natural
catastrophe
at sea
Research questions
1. What are the appropriate that must be done by Seafarers when facing occurrence
catastrophe onboard.

2. How can a seafarer prevent problem and anticipate occurrence catastrophe at sea

3.Why does a seafarer needs to comply on getting certification of SOLAS?

Significance of the study

THE INSTITUTIONS: the study will be added to help institutions by giving information and data
about the level of their awareness and resiliency in maritime students in our institutions.
THE FUTURE MARITIME STUDENTS RESEARCHERS: the study will be set of bases as
source and as establishment of another study by the information that will be attained by the
researchers that can help them make further studies in line with what study imply.
THE FUTURE MARITINE STUDENTS: The idea of the study is to assist the future maritime
students to give them knowledge and information about how aware and resilient a Filipino
Seafarer after experiencing tragedy event.
THE MARITIME STUDENTS: the idea of study is to assist the maritime students of how
significance to manage own behavior and resiliency when facing tragedy event before onboarding
a vessel

Scope and Limitation of the study

This research study focuses on the resilience life of Filipino seafarers when facing an
occurrence catastrophe at sea. The study will be conducted in Manila City only because it gives
more time and convenience to the researchers to gather information. Most of the respondents live
in the area of Manila City. A survey design was used for this study where the researchers made a
questionnaire containing a question about ‘The resilience life of Filipino seafarers when facing an
occurrence catastrophe at sea’.

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CHAPTER 2
Review and Related Literature

The importance of Review of literature

This contains related literature and studies from foreign and local sources. It includes
different information, ideas and events. Even the finished research studies that are very helpful in
getting important and relevant information that is related to the current study.

Review of literature

In maritime history is the broad overall subject that includes fishing, international
maritime law, whaling, naval history, the history of the ship, ship design, shipbuilding, the
history of navigation, the history of various maritime are related in science. (Hatten Dorf, 2009).
The life at sea can be named a state of exception and according to professionals a professional
seafarer might involve membership of an alternative society or reality. In other words, a ship is,
in short, an extreme and an abnormal place to be it is almost impossible to find a corresponding
society elsewhere. A ship is therefore in its character an exceptional or an unparalleled place,
and the experience the seafarers obtain after the actual performance of the contract periods on
board might be unique.

When I refer to a ship's abnormal qualities I first and foremost relate this to the following
components, it is floating and constantly in motion it is populated by relatively few people

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mostly men who are replaced from time to time; there is highly limited space on board and the
division of labor and the social organization is rigid and hierarchical. All these elements
considered one at a time are, of course, not enough to reveal a merchantman's exceptional
character small and hierarchical working organizations, for instance, are rather common
throughout the world. The potential for unparalleled experiences will, however, occur when these
attributes are taken together. In other words, it is the combination of these factors which might
nourish or generate certain unique experiences.

This study we the maritime students of Our Lady of Fatima University we learn about
how resilient a seafarer when facing occurrence catastrophe at sea. Most seafarer are prone to
this incident especially while navigating at their first time experiencing this kind of disasters.
Every seafarer is competitive when it comes to work because being seafarer are a multi purposed
work when it comes to vessel. So that’s why seafarer is in demand professional, mostly is very
arrogant in choosing this job to make their life easy but too dangerous to.

Foreign
The aviation industry is a good example of putting resilience into practice. The aviation
industry is much safer than it was 30 years ago because of its specialized resilience training. The
maritime industry is significantly safer also, but still has some way to go to match the
achievements of the aviation industry.
Captain Vandenborn considers seafarers to have reduced levels of expertise compared with the
past. This has been caused by reduced manning, rapid promotions, and general decline of
numbers of seafarers available in the industry. Although seafarers undergo a great deal of
training, and Captain Vandenborn is not in favor of adding more audits or assessments, the way
that they are trained needs to change.
Maritime organizations should attempt to improve their organizational resilience and examples of
how to do this are Enhanced training regimes focused on realism, Emphasis on experience as a
means to attain expertise, making changes to how an organization functions which are known to
improve resilience
The difference between being merely competent and being expert is that in an emergency you
will instinctively know what to do without having to think about it. Like a grandmaster in chess,
you see the overall picture instead of the individual components. This can only be achieved by
experience and training. Expertise is affected by a number of factors, including, Quality of
training (variations between STCW accredited institutions), Experience (accelerated promotions),
Team efficiency (aggressive captains may stifle initiative)
 Drills onboard ships
Captain Vandenborn said that he really would like drills on board ships to be more realistic. Of
course, that does not mean starting a fire in order to have a realistic fire drill, but to ensure that
crew are actually practicing going into confined spaces wearing fire suits and not just put them on
and off in the safety of the fire station. Similarly, when seafarers are sent for firefighting refresher
training ashore, making sure that the training school is giving them realistic training.
Furthermore, it is important to prepare emergency rosters based on the actual experience of
people, not just on rank. It is always the master in overall command, then it is always the chief
mate who is in the primary attack team, it is always the second mate who is in the back-up team
or in the boundary cooling team. This is of course easier to do, but it might not be the best person
for each job. Maybe the bosun could be considered. This would help to avoid routine drills
becoming routine. Full use of equipment required in real incident, use of smoke or other means to
replicate real conditions, Junior officers required to step up into senior roles, Conditions should

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be difficult to promote problem solving and thinking under pressure, Casualties should form part
of the exercise
Abandon ship drills are potentially very hazardous and sadly enough lifeboats appear to have
taken more lives than they have saved. Hardware differences between lifeboats and davits do not
make it any easier for seafarers. Captain Vandenborn said that when carrying out ship risk
reviews, surveyors frequently find drill reports to be copy/pasted. Seafarers do not always
understand that this is for their own safety and not just for the sake of compliance.
Important elements for lifeboat training are. Slow time walk through pre-exercise, promoting a
shared mental model, Emphasis on the safe sequence of events, Empowerment of participants to
report deviations from the plan/sequence
Some organizations have wall mounted models of release gear inside accommodation as training
aids. The launching of a lifeboat should take place with fewest number of embarked personnel as
possible
With regard to navigation drills, simulators can help because you can do more scenario-based
training without any risk of mishaps, but even on board of ship’s crew can have more realistic
drills. Navigational officers can be trained what to do in case of ECDIS malfunctions, if the GPS
is off-track or if the gyro is giving the wrong heading. All equipment and emergency modes need
to be exercised; procedures should be practiced until instinctual while junior officers should be
trained to allow them to step up into senior roles.
A last point on organizational resilience. It is not just the seafarer that needs to be resilient or
needs to be expert on board a ship, it is the organization as well. A company needs to have the
right and efficient processes in place. Fatigue is not just an issue from a seafarer’s perspective,
but equally ashore.
In conclusion, in order to improve the resilience of seafarers and have less risk for incidents, there
is need for better and more realistic training, development of ‘expertise’ and changes to an
organization’s resilience.

Local

One of the most familiar ship accidents in is the MV Doña Paz in (December 1987) this
passenger vessel had an estimated death toll of 4,386 people and only 24 survivors, it was the
deadliest peacetime maritime disaster in history. The MV Doña Paz was a Philippine-registered
passenger ferry that sank after colliding with the oil tanker MT Vector on December 20, 1987.
Doña Paz was traveling from Leyte island to the Philippine capital of Manila. The vessel was
seriously overcrowded, with at least 2000 passengers not listed on the manifest. In addition, it
was claimed that the ship carried no radio and that the life-jackets were locked away. But official
blame was directed at the MT Vector, which was found to be unseaworthy and operating without
a license, lookout or qualified master.

Doña Paz was sailing the route to Manila, Tacloban, Catbalogan, Manila and vice versa, making
trips twice a week. Then in December 20, 1987, at 06:30, Philippine Standard Time, the Doña
Paz left from Tacloban City, Leyte, to City of Manila. With a stopover at Catbalogan City,
Samar. The vessel was due in Manila at 04:00 the following day, and it was reported that it last
made radio contact at around 20:00. However, subsequent reports indicated that the Doña Paz had
no radio so they think that somethings happen. At around 22:30, Philippine Standard Time, the
ferry was situated at Dumali Point along the Tablas Strait, near Marinduque. A survivor later said
that the weather at sea that night was clear, but the sea was choppy. While most of the passengers
slept, the Doña Paz collided with MT Vector, an oil tanker en route from Bataan to Masbate. The
Vector was carrying 8,800 US barrels (1,050,000 l; 280,000 US gal; 230,000 imp gal) of gasoline
and other petroleum products owned by Caltex Philippines.

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According to the Vector's cargo crew the gasoline was ignited and caused a fire on the ship that
spread onto the Doña Paz. Survivors recalled sensing the crash and an explosion, causing panic
on the vessel. One of them, a passenger named Paquito Osabel, recounted that the flames spread
rapidly throughout the ship and that the sea all around the ship itself was on fire. Another thing is
another survivor claimed that the lights onboard had gone out minutes after the collision, that
there were no life vests to be found on the Doña Paz, and that all of the crewmen were running
around in panic with the other passengers and that none of the crew gave any orders nor made any
attempt to organize the passengers. It was later said that the life jacket lockers had been locked.
The survivors were forced to jump off the ship and swim among charred bodies in flaming waters
around the ship. The Doña Paz sank within two hours of the collision, while the Vector sank
within four hours. Both ships sank in about 545 meters (1,788 ft) of water in the shark-infested
Tablas Strait.

One of the most significant challenges onboard, especially to those who work hard for the first
time on sea is homesickness. It is a state of mind when individual is far away from love ones,
they tend to be lonely, (Bail 2012). Murray Bail said homesickness is one element of the
loneliness associated with cabin crew while working. Psychologist say that if being away from
home is a regular part of people’s job, a feeling of disconnectedness with the world can creep into
an individual’s mind, and lead to further problems of fear, anxiety and stress. Another study on
homesickness by Keys (2010) noted, Homesickness is the anxiety, depression or feelings one
experiences, caused by the separation from the home environment when you are on board. For
adults, homesickness may occur when travelling. And, working on a ship can irritate those
feelings about life way back home. Consider the length or long of time away from home with
contracts of 4, 6, 8, and 10 months. We’re not just talking about missing friends, family or other
relatives, but also about the other comforts at home from sleeping in your own bed to favorite
foods and drinks.
In other issue, Hardworking can cause another problem that Filipino seafarer may encounter
onboard. In line for being a hardworking of Filipino seafarers, they encountered some problems
such as fatigue. According to Smith, Allen et al., (2009) Fatigue is caused by poor quality sleep
or insufficient sleep due primarily to a worker’s living environment, off-duty personnel choices
and medical conditions. There are huge potential consequences of fatigue at sea in terms of both
ship operations such as accidents, collision risk, poorer performance, economic cost and
environmental damage and the individual seafarer.

Meanwhile, separation from partner and family has been found to be one of the most significant
causes of stress for seafarers, with separation from the family one of the most important ‘stress’
factors influencing a decision to reduce planned sea service. Drawing on the in-depth interviews
with partner of seafarers in the United Kingdom. China and India, this paper focuses on the
impact of seafaring on family life, with particular attention given to the effects of differing
conditions of service and the range of company support available to seafarers and their partners.
The paper concludes that the negative consequences of seafaring can be minimized by such
policies as shorter trips, continuous employment (rather than employment by voyage) and
opportunities for partners and families to sail.

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Research Methodology

The Thesis of “The Resilience Life of Filipino Seafarers Facing an Occurrence

Catastrophe at Sea” is a quantitative approach this research uses a descriptive method to describe
aspect of population. The researchers used a primary data collection system in a form of survey
questionnaire that are filled by seafarers who have an experience of working onboard vessel. The
researchers also look for a data that present basis for making a questionnaire to determine the
efficiency and behavior of seafarer when facing a tragedy event on sea.
3.1 Research Design
Quantitative approach was used by researchers to determine the level of. A survey
design was used for this study where the researchers made a set of questions about the
awareness and resiliency life of Seafarer.
3.2 Research Locale
The study was conducted at in, Manila City. Most of the respondents are live in
the area of Manila City. The survey questionnaire was given to the Seafarer as
respondents of the study.
3.3 Population and Sampling
A Non-Probability Sampling Technique was established in this study specially the
purposive sampling. Purposive sampling as a technique wherein the researcher’s uses
good judgment and appropriate strategy in selecting the subjects who will meet best the
purposes of his study. The researchers intended to determine the level of awareness and
resilience in The Resilience life of Filipino Seafarers facing an occurrence catastrophe at
sea, 40 Seafarer are selected as a respondent of the study at in Manila City.
3.4 Research Ethics
The researchers are concern in selecting and using subjects is treating the
respondents ethically and responsibly. The guidelines in conducting a research was
guided by legal and ethical principle that centers the welfare of all respondent in the
approval research study. The researchers are obliged to follow research ethics in order to
construct and ethical research study. An informed consent was given to the respondents
of this study indicating the confidentiality of the study. All the information entrusted to
the researchers was used for the study purpose only.
3.5 Research Instrument
In gathering the data that are relevant to the study, we designed an interview
schedule as one of the data collections instruments for this study, they need to answer the
survey form for their response. The interview questions were aimed at eliciting relevant
information about the experience of the life of Filipino Seafarer having occurrence
catastrophe at sea.
3.6 Data Collection
After selecting a specific Seafarers for the study, researchers collected data from
survey in relation to the subject matter. Aside from the above, researchers also collect
data from the respondents who answered the questionnaire prepared by researchers and
the data from questionnaire is online collecting information.

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3.7 Data Analysis

The Data Analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical and logical
Techniques to describe and illustrates, condense and recap, and evaluate data.
Frequency- It refers to the number of observations belonging to class interval (it is
reflection of tally)
The researchers focused on the questions that need to be answered, “
“The Resilience life of Filipino Seafarers facing an occurrence catastrophe at sea” and the
demographic profile of the respondents.

Percentage:
P=n/N ×100%
P = Percentage
N = Population
n = Sample size

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CHAPTER 4

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