Electronic Communication

EEE 359

Presented by-সঞ্চয় বড়ুয়া

Lecturer, Department of EEE
CHITTAGONG UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY (CUET)

Prepared By-
Md. Manjurul Gani
© Md.Manjurul Gani
Assistant Professor,
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EEE, CUET
Textbook’
 1. Communication Systems (4th Edition)-- by
Simon Haykin

 2. Modern Digital and Analog Communication

Systems (3rd Edition)—by B.P. Lathi

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 Communication

It involves:
1. Sending
2. Receiving and
3. Information processing (Electronic means).
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 Modes of communication
There are 02 basic modes of communication
1. Broadcasting
a. Single transmitter and numerous receivers
b. Signals flow in one direction.
c. Example: Radio, Television.

2. Point to point communication

a. A single transmitter and a receiver.
b. Bidirectional flow of signal. (Transmitter and receiver at each side)
c. Example: Earth station and a satellite, Remote control and
a robot. © Md.Manjurul Gani 4
 Block Diagram communication system

Destination

Information
source Output
transducer

Input
transducer Transmitter Channel Receiver

Distortion
and
Noise
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Information source: The source originates a message, such as human
voice, a television picture or data.

Input transducer: If the data is nonelectrical, it must be converted to an

electrical (known as message signal or baseband signal) form by input
transducer

Transmitter: The transmitter modifies the baseband signal for efficient

transmission.

Channel: The channel is a medium, such as wire, coaxial cable, optical

fiber or radio link through which the message signal is sent.

Distortion and Noise: When the signal passes through the channel it
attenuates the signal as well as distorts the waveform. Besides the
attenuation and distortion the signal is also contaminated by undesirable
signal (noise) which is added to©itMd.Manjurul
duringGaniits journey towards the receiver.
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Receiver: It receives the baseband signal/modified signal from the
channel and process it to extract the message signal.

Output transducer: The output of the receiver is fed to the output

transducer , which convert electrical signal to its original form.

Destination: It is the unit to which the message is communicated.

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 Modulation
Sometimes the message signal/baseband signal is not suitable for direct
transmission. So, it needs some kind of modification for efficient
transmission. This process is known as modulation, which is done by
transmitter.

A carrier is a high frequency sinusoidal signal. One of its parameters

(amplitude, frequency or phase) of the carried signal is varied
(modulated) in proportion to the baseband signal. Accordingly we have-
1. Amplitude modulation (AM)
2. Frequency modulation (FM)
3. Phase modulation (PM)

At the receiver, the modulated signal must pass through a reverse process
called demodulation in order to reconstruct the baseband signal.
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 Carrier Message

AM FM

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 Need for Modulation
Two important reasons for using Modulation:

1. Antenna length: For efficient radiation, the antenna should have to

have length quarter-wavelength of the frequency used. For many
baseband signals, the wavelengths are too large for reasonable
antenna length.
For example: To transmit a baseband signal of 15 KHz (λ=20000m),
the required antenna length is 5000m !!!! Which is impracticable.
But to transmit a signal of 1MHz (λ=300m), the required length is
75m.

So, generally a high frequency modulated signal is used for

efficient transmission.

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2. Simultaneous Transmission of several signal: Let, several radio
stations broadcasting baseband signal directly with out modulation. So,
interference will occur with each other because all the signal occupy
more or less the same bandwidth. Thus, it would be possible to
broadcast from one radio station at a time. But this is wasteful because
channel bandwidth may be larger than that of the signal. One way to
solve this problem is to use modulation. We can use different carrier
signal for © Md.Manjurul Gani 12
modulation purpose, thus translating the message signal to a different
frequency range. If the carrier are chosen sufficiently far apart in
frequency, the modulated signal will not interfere with each other.
This method of transmitting several signal simultaneously is known
as Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDMA).
At the receiver, one can use a suitable band-pass filter to select the
desired station or signal.

Power

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Signals in the Modulation Process
Following are the three types of signals in the modulation process.

Message or Modulating Signal: The signal which contains a message to

be transmitted, is called as a message signal. It is a baseband signal,
which has to undergo the process of modulation, to get transmitted.
Hence, it is also called as the modulating signal.

Carrier Signal: The high frequency signal, which has a certain

amplitude, frequency and phase but contains no information is called
as a carrier signal. It is an empty signal and is used to carry the signal to
the receiver after modulation.

Modulated Signal: The resultant signal after the process of modulation

is called as a modulated signal. This signal is a combination of
modulating signal and carrier signal.
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 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
Channel distorts the signal and noise is added with the signal
during its journey toward the destination.
SNR is the ratio of signal power to noise power.
Noise level increases with the distance from the channel

Rate of Communication (C)

It is the rate of information transmission per second that is the
maximum number of binary symbols (bits) that can be
transmitted per second with a probability of error close to zero.
It is also known as channel©capacity.
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 Channel Bandwidth (B)
The bandwidth of a channel is the range of frequencies that
can transmit with reasonable fidelity.

Example:
If a channel can transmit with reasonable fidelity a signal
whose frequency component occupy a range from 0 (DC) up
to a maximum 5 KHz, the channel bandwidth B is 5KHz.

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 Interrelation among SNR, B and C
The two primary communication resources are the Bandwidth and the
Signal Power (transmitted power). These fundamentals parameters
control the rate and quality of information transmission.

1. The rate of communication (C) is directly proportional to

bandwidth (B): If a channel of bandwidth B can transmit N pulses
per second, then to transmit KN pulses per second we need a channel
of bandwidth of KB.

2. Quality of information transmission increases with increase of signal

power (i.e. SNR): Increasing the signal power reduces the effect of
channel noise and information is received more accurately. A larger
SNR also allows transmission over a longer distance.
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3. Bandwidth and signal power are exchangeable: To maintain the
given rate and accuracy of information transmission, we can trade S
for B, and vice versa. Thus one can reduce B if one is willing to
increase S, or one can reduce S if one is willing to increase B.

4. The Shannon’s equation:

𝑪 = 𝑩𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑺𝑵𝑹 𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒔/𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅

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