Problem 1.

For points A and D (maximum points):

∂2 E
<0
∂ k2

Therefore, the effective mass has a negative sign.

For points B and C (minimum points):

∂2 E
>0
∂ k2

Therefore, the effective mass has a positive sign.

Problem 2.

E=E0−E 1 cos ⁡[α ( k−k 0 ) ]

The second derivative of E with respect to k is inversely proportional to the effective mass of the
particle (m¿¿ ¿)¿, that is:

1 d2 E 1
= ¿
h2 d k 2 m

Obtain the second derivative of the given expression for E:

dE
=0−E1 (−1 )( α ) sin[α ( k −k 0 ) ]⁡
dk

dE
=E1 α sin [α ( k −k 0 ) ] ⁡
dk

d2 E
=E 1 α ( α ) (−1 ) {−cos [ α ( k−k 0 ) ] }
d k2

d2 E 2
=E 1 α cos [ α ( k−k 0 ) ]
d k2

Apply the given limit, k =k 0 :

d2 E
2
dk k | 0
2
=E 1 α cos [ α ( k 0−k 0 ) ]

d2 E
2
dk k |
=E 1 α 2 cos ⁡(0)
0

d2 E
2
dk k |
=E 1 α
2

1 d2 E 1 d2 E
Since = ¿ , the expression can be transformed into:
h2 d k 2 m d k2

1 d2 E 1
( )2
h dk 2
=E 1 α 2 2
h ( )
 2
1 d 2 E E1 α
=
h2 d k 2 h2
Therefore,
2
1 E1α
= 2
m¿ h

The expression for the effective mass (m¿ ¿ is therefore:

¿ h2
m=
E1α 2
Problem 3.

Using the density of states equation:

3
¿ 2
(m¿ ¿ p )
gv ( E )=4 π √ E v −E ¿
h3
3
Ev
(m¿¿ p¿ ) 2
gT =4 π ∫ √ E v −E ∙ dE ¿
h3 E −kT v

let u=Ev −E
du=−dE
Substitute into the equation:
3
¿ 2 Ev
(m¿¿ p )
gT =4 π ∫ √u ∙−du ¿
h3 E v −kT

3 3 Ev

gT =4 π
h3
¿ 2
(m ¿ ¿ p ) (−u )
3
2
2

|
Ev −kT
¿

3
Ev
(m¿¿ p¿ ) 2 −2 3
gT =4 π
h 3
3
(( )
E v −E ) 2
| Ev −kT
¿

3
(m¿¿ p¿ ) 2 −2 2 2
gT =4 π
h 3
3
(( )[
E v −E v ) 3
− ( E v −E v −kT ) 3
¿ ]
3
¿ 2 2 2
(m¿¿ p ) −2
gT =4 π
h3 3 ( )[
( E v −E v ) −( Ev −Ev +kT ) 3 ¿
3
]
3
2
(m¿¿ p¿ ) 2 2
gT =4 π
h 3
3
( kT ) 3
¿ ()
 m ¿p
From Table B.4, =0.48 ,m 0=9.11 x 10−31 kg , h=6.625 x 10−34 J /s . Substitute the values:
m0

3
2 2
4 π [ 2 ( 0.48 ) ( 9.11 x 10−31 ) ] 2 eV J
gT =
(6.625 x 10−34 )3 ( 3 )[( 8.617 x 10
K
5
) (
( 300 K ) 1.6 x 10−19
eV )] 3

gT =6.29 x 10−24 m−3

Problem 4.

a. If the state is above the Fermi level, then kT =E−E F .Using the Fermi-Dirac
distribution/probability function:

1
f ( E )= E −E
(
1+ e kT
) F

Substitute kT =E−E F into the equation:

1
f ( E )=
( kTkT )
1+ e

1
f ( E )=
1+ e1

f ( E )=0.269

b. 5 kT =E−E F

1
f ( E )= E −E
(
1+ e kT
) F

Substitute 5 kT =E−E F into the equation:

1
f ( E )=
( 5kTkT )
1+ e

1
f ( E )=
1+ e5
 f ( E )=6.69 x 10−3

c. 10 kT =E−E F

1
f ( E )= E −E
(
1+ e kT
)F

Substitute 10 kT =E−E F into the equation:

1
f ( E )=
( 10kT
kT )
1+ e

1
f ( E )=
1+ e10

f ( E )=4.54 x 10−3
Problem 5.

EC

EF
1.12 eV

Energy ( E)
EV

a. In order to calculate the probability that an energy state at E=EC is occupied by an electron,
the Fermi-Dirac distribution/probability function can be used, that is:

1
f ( E )= E −E
(
1+ e kT
) F

Substitute E=EC into the function:

1
f ( E C )=
1+e
( E kT− E )
C F

EC −EF =0.3 eV
 1
f ( E C )= 0.3

1+e
[( −5
8.617 x10 ) ( 300 ) ]
f ( E C )=9.323 x 10−6

For the probability that an energy state E=EV is empty,

1
1−f ( EV ) =1− E −E
(
1+e kT
) V F

E −E
( kT )

[ ]
V F

1 1−e
1−f ( EV ) =1− E −E
∙ E −E
(
1+e kT
)V F
(
1−e kT
) V F

E −E
(
1−e kT
) V F

1−f ( EV ) =1− 2
E −E

1− e kT ]
[ ( ) V F

From the figure shown above, it can be seen that:

E F −EV =1.12−0.30

E F −EV =0.82 eV

or
EV −E F=−0.82 eV

Substitute EV −E F=−0.82 eV into the function 1−f ( EV ) :

−0.82

1−e
(( −5
8.617 x 10 ) ( 300 ) )
1−f ( EV ) =1− 2

1−[ e
(( −0.82
−5
8.617 x10 ) ( 300 ) )]
 2

1−[ e
The expression (( −0.82
−5
8.617 x10 ) ( 300 ) )] is approximately equal to 1, therefore:

=1−[ 1−e
1−f ( EV )
(( −0.82
−5
8.617 x 10 ) ( 300 ) )]
−0.82
( 0.0259 )
1−f ( EV ) =e

1−f ( EV ) =1.78 x 10−4

b. Since E F −EV =0.4 eV , therefore:

EC −EF =1.12−0.4

EC −EF =0.72

Calculate the probability that an energy state at E=EC is occupied by an electron using the
Fermi-Dirac distribution/probability function:
1
f ( E C )= E −E

1+e
( C
kT
F
)

Substitute EC −EF =0.72 into the function:

1
f ( E C )= 0.72

1+e
(( −5
8.617 x 10 ) ( 300 ) )

f ( E C )=8.45 x 10−3

For the probability that an energy state E=EV is empty,

1
1−f ( EV ) =1− E −E
(
1+e kT
) V F

E −E
( )
[ ]
V F

1 1−e kT
1−f ( EV ) =1− E −E
∙ E −E
(
1+e kT
) V F
(
1−e kT
) V F
 1−e
( E kT− E )
V F

1−f ( EV ) =1− 2
E −E

1−[ e kT ]
( ) V F

Substitute EV −E F=−0. 4 eV into the function 1−f ( EV ) :

−0.4

1−e
(( −5
8.617 x 10 ) ( 300 ) )
1−f ( EV ) =1− 2
−0.4

1− e [ ( 8.617 x10 −5) ( 300 ) ]

−0.4 2
The expression [
1− e ( 8.617 x 10−5) ( 300 ) ] is approximately equal to 1, therefore:
=1−[ 1−e
1−f ( EV )
(( −0.4
−5
8.617 x 10 ) ( 300 ) )]
−0. 4
( 0.0259 )
1−f ( EV ) =e

1−f ( EV ) =1. 96 x 10−7

Problem 6.

Using the Fermi-Dirac distribution/probability:

1
f ( E )= E −E
(
1+ e kT
) F

1
10−6 = 0.55

1+ e
(( −5
8.617 x10 ) T )

0.55

1+e
(( −5
8.617 x 10 ) T )= 1
10−6
 0.55

e
(( −5
8.617 x 10 ) T )=10 6

Take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation:

0.55

ln e
(( −5
8.617 x 10 ) T )=ln 10 6

0.55
(( 8.617 x 10−5 ) T ) ln e=6 ln10

Rearrange the equation:

0.55
=( 8.617 x 10−5 ) T
6 ln 10

T =46 1.99 K 462 K