Introduction to the Theory

of Ferromagnetism

Ising model for ferromagnets

Curie-Weiss equation and Curie-Weiss law.

Ferromagnetic transition in the Ising model. Curie
temperature. Order parameter
 Curie-Weiss equation and
Curie-Weiss law
Nearest neighbor approximation

 J  0, for the nearest neighbors,

J ij  
0, otherwise.
Magnetization of the system of magnetic moments
in the frame of nearest neighbor approximation

N ˆ z NB x
M 
V V

x  ˆ z  ˆ z  B
1  x  1
 Curie-Weiss equation and
Curie-Weiss law
Recall the Hamiltonian of the Ising model in the mean-field
approximation N
Hˆ  E0  heff  ˆ iz
i 1

The value σ𝑧 for arbitrary magnetic moment can be

obtained in terms of single magnetic moment located in the
effective field
Hamiltonian for the single magnetic moment located in the
effective field
Hˆ   heff ˆ z

ˆ z 

Tr ˆ z e  H T
ˆ
  Tr  ˆ e   e
z
heff ˆ z T
heff T
e
 heff T
 heff 
 tanh  
Tr e   Hˆ T
 Tr  e  eheff ˆ z T heff T
e
 heff T
 T 
 Curie-Weiss equation and
Curie-Weiss law
The expression for effective field

heff  h   ˆ z  h  x

Curie-Weiss equation
 h  x 
x  tanh  
 T 

 h  x  h  x
At high temperatures T h  x tanh  
 T  T
h  x
x
T
 Curie-Weiss equation and
Curie-Weiss law
Finally, we obtain the following equations
h B H
x 
T  T 
N  B x N  2B H
M 
V V T 
Curie-Weiss law
M N  2B 1
 
H V T 

θ is called the Curie temperature

 Ferromagnetic transition in the Ising
model
At zero magnetic field the Curie-Weiss equation takes
the following form  
x  tanh  x 
 T
 Order parameter
Order parameter
ˆ iz
x  ˆ iz 
B
x0
NO order

x  0  ˆ iz  0
Ordering

Limiting case x  1
Summary
• Curie-Weiss equation
 h  x 
x  tanh  
 T 
• Curie-Weiss law
N  2B 1

V T 
• Curie temperature θ is the temperature of ferromagnetic
transition
• At Curie temperature the phase transition into ferromagnetic
state occurs
• The order parameter x is the mean magnetic moment
of atom. It characterizes the degree of ordering of magnetic
moments in the sample