Chapter 9 - General Concepts of Conduction - Steady Heat Conduction

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM
CHAPTER 9
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF CONDUCTION AND

STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION
1. General concepts of conduction
2. Steady heat conduction
1
Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
1. General concepts of conduction
• Temperature Field
• Temperature gradient
• Heat flux and Fourier’s Law
• Boundary conditions
2
• Temperature Field: the set of temperature values at all points in a given

space at a given instant
t  f x, y, z, 
Temperature field
Unsteady
Three dimensional T = f(x, y, z) T = f(x, y, z, τ)
Two dimensional
One dimensional
• Isothermal surface
Surface, at all points of which the temperature is the same
• Isothermal line
3
• Temperature gradient
Temperature gradient is the rate of change of temperature with displacement
in a given direction
n x
 t
gradt  n o t t
n n t
t
Temperature gradient in three coordinates x,y,z t t
t    t
gradt x  cos n, x  
n   x
t    t
gradt y  cos n, y  
n   y
t    t
gradt z  cos n, z  
n   z
4
• Heat flux and Fourier’s Law

Heat flux can be defined as the rate of heat energy transfer through a given surface
Fourier’s Law: “The heat flux (a heat rate per unit area) resulting from thermal
conduction is proportional to the magnitude of the temperature gradient and opposite
to it in sign”
T Q T
Q  F , (W) q    , (W / m2 ) t + 2 t
x F x
grad t t + t
q (W/m2): heat flux
t
T : gradient temperature of direction x q
x
t t
: thermal conductivity (W/mK)
“ – “ :expressed the heat transfer from high

t  2 t
temperature to low temperature
5
Heat flux in three dimensions Ox, Oy, Oz:

t
q x  
x
t
q y  
y
t
q z  
z

Vector of heat flux q

q  iq x  jq y  kq z
(i, j, k: unit vector on three dimensions coordinate x, y, z)
6
• Boundary conditions
 Geometry: the shape, dimensions of body
 Fluid: physical properties and thermodynamics properties of fluid
 Heat transfer conditions:
Specified temperature
boundary condition: known
Specified heat flux boundary
the temperatures of surfaces
conditions: known the heat Convection boundary Boundary conditions at
flux though out conditions on the two the interface of two
surfaces of a plane wall bodies in perfect contact
7
Generalized boundary condition
Symmetry boundary condition
Insulated boundary condition
Generalized boundary
condition
A plane wall with

insulation and specified
Thermal symmetry
temperature boundary
boundary condition at the
conditions
center plane of a plane
wall
8
• Heat conduction equation derivation:

 One dimension heat conduction equation derivation:
Consider in a thin element of thickness dx in a large plane wall, heat conduction in
one direction, negligible in other directions
Energy balance in a thin element during a small time interval dτ can be expressed:
Energy absorbed = Energy created
qgen=qAdx
qx qx+dx
x dx
rate of
rate of heat
-
rate of heat
+ =
rate of heat change of
conduction generation
conduction at energy
at x inside the
x + dx content of
element
the element
9
Energy:
rate of heat conduction at x  q x  F T
x
rate of heat generation inside the element  q v Fdx
T
rate of change of energy content of the element  cF dx

rate of heat conduction at x + dx:  q x  dx  F T 
x  x  dx
 T   T  
where:  F    dx 
 x 3 x  x  
qv = rate of heat generation in unit volume, W/m
c = specific heat, J/kg oC
 = density of the wall, kg/ m3
t t  t   t  
 F  q v Fdx  cF dx  F    dx 
x   x x  x  
  t  t
    q v  c
x  x  
10
 General heat conduction equation derivation:

Consider the heat conduction in rectangular coordinates (three dimensions)
dE
q x  q y  q z  q gen  q x  dx  q y  dy  q z  dz 
d
t  t   t  
q x  dydz q x dx       dx dydz
x  x x  x  
t  t   t  
q y  dxdz q ydy       dy dxdz
y  y y  y  
t  t   t  
q z  dxdy q z dz       dz dxdy
z  z z  z  
q gen  q v dxdydz dE t
 cdxdydz
d 
11
Three dimensional heat conduction through a rectangular volume element:
  t    t    t  t
            q v  c
x  x  y  y  z  z  
With thermal conductivity  = constant:
 2 t  2 t  2 t q v 1 t
 2 2 
x 2
y z  a 

a Thermal diffusivity of the material, m2/s
c
12
A differential volume element in cylindrical coordinates
x  r  cos 

y  r  sin 
z  z

 2 t 1 t 1  2 t  2 t q v 1 t
  2 2 2 
r 2
r r r  z  a 
A differential volume element in spherical coordinates
x  r  cos   sin 

y  r  sin   sin 
z  r  cos 

1 2   t   2 t q v 1 t
rt   2 1
 sin    2 2
1
 
r r 2
r sin      r sin   2
 a 
13
2. Steady heat conduction:
• Steady heat conduction in Plane Walls
• Steady heat conduction in Cylinders

Assume:
– constant thermal conductivity ,
– steady one dimensional heat conduction problem
14
2.1 Steady heat conduction in Plane Walls

2.1.1 One layer plane Wall:
– Thickness of wall:  (m),
– Thermal conductivity:  (W/mK),

t1
dt
One dimension heat conduction equation derivation qvao qra
d2t t2
2
0 t = C1.x + C2 dx
dx
Boundary condition:
x
at x=0 => t = t1 L
x= => t = t2
 t 2  t1 Temperature distribution in the wall

 t1  C 2 C1 
   t  t 2  t1   t1
x
t 2  C1.  C2 C2  t1 
15
Fourier’s law of heat conduction: heat flux q(W/m2):
dt t1  t 2 
q x    (W/m2)
dx x


Thermal resistance concept similar to electric resistant concept
qvao t1 R t2 qra
q
t1  t 2  R

:thermal resistant of the wall
R 
Area of wall F (m2), the rate of heat conduction through the wall Q (W)
Q  q.F  F.
t1  t 2 
(W)
R
16
• special case of variable thermal conductivity:  is depended on temperature t
  o 1  t 
where o : thermal conductivity at 0oC
: temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity
Heat flux can be defined:

o   2 2
 
q   t 2  t1   t 2  t1 
  (W/m2)
2 
Temperature distribution in the wall
2
1 1  2.q.x
t      t1   (oC)
    o
Simple way: average thermal conductivity avg is equal to the value at

average temperature tavg = (t1 + t2)/2
17
18
2.1.2 Multiplayer plane Walls

a. Multiplayer plane Walls in series:
Consider the heat transfer through a two layer plane wall subjected to convection
on both side
convection Q   q.F    F  t w  t f , W
tw  tf tw  tf
q  , W / m2
1 R
 t f 1  t1 t f 1  t1
q 1  1  t f 1  t1   1   R
 1 1
 1 t1  t 2 t1  t 2
q 1    t1  t 2      R
 1 1 1 1

q   2  t  t   t 2  t 3  t 2  t 3
  2 2 2 3 2  2 R 2

q    t  t   t 3  t f 2  t 3  t f 2
  2 2 3 f2
1 2 R 2 19
Steady heat transfer

q 1  q 1  q 1  q  2  q
Q tf1  tf 2
q   , W m2
F 1 1  2 1
  
1 1  2  2
 t f 1  t f 2  / R  k.t f 1  t f 2 
Heat transfer coefficient: k = 1/R
Vôùi 1
k  W (m 2 .K)
1 1  2 1
  
1 1  2  2
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
b. Multiplayer plane Walls in Parallel

Parallel arrangement of 2 layers
q1 R1
lôùp 1
t1 t2 q t1 t2
q2 R2
lôùp 2
Heat flux q:
t t t t
where:
q  q1  q 2  1 2  1 2
R1 R2 1 1 1 R1R 2
  
 1 1  t1  t 2  R R1 R 2 R1  R 2
q  t1  t 2    
 R1 R 2  R
Parallel arrangement of n layers
 1 1  n
q  t1  t n 1     t1  t n 1   t1  t n 1 
1 1 1
 .... 
 R1 R 2 Rn  i 1 R i R
27
c. Multilayer in combined series-parallel arrangements

Heat flux q:
q
t1  t 5  B
t1 F
R
Thermal resistant R q q
A t2 C E t4 t5
t3
R = RA + RBCD + RE + RFG
G
RBCD and RFG could be define as parallel arrangements D
1 1 1 1
    R BCD 1 2 3 4
R BCD RB RC RD
1 1 1
   R FG qB RB
R FG R F R G qF RF
q t1 RA qC RC RE t5
t2 t3 t4
qG RG
qD RD
28
2.2 Steady heat conduction in Cylinders

2.2.1 Steady heat conduction in one layer Cylinder
+ Consider a long cylindrical layer

+ Temperature of pipe depends on one
direction, t = t(r).
r1
+ Length L (m), r2 L
+ Inner radius r1 and outer radius r2

+ Thermal conductivity 
+ Temperature at inner radius r1: t = t1 ql
+ Temperature at outer radius r2: t = t2 t1 R t2
29
Fourier’s law of heat conduction:
Q r   F
dt
 
F  2rL m2
dr
r2 dr t2
Qr     dt
r1 2rL t1
ln  t 2  t1 
Qr r2
2L r1
2 L
Qr 
r2
 t1  t 2 
ln
r1
The rate of heat transfer through cylinder:
Q  Qr 
t1  t 2 
1 r2 (W)
ln
2 L r1
30
The heat flux per unit length qL (W/m),
Q = qL . L (W)
qL 
t1  t 2  
t1  t 2 
1 r R
ln 2
2 r1
Thermal resistant R
1 r2
R ln
2 r1
r
ln
t  t1 r1

t 2  t1 ln r2
r1 31
2.2.2 Steady heat conduction in multilayers Cylinder

Consider 2 layers cylinder
The heat flux per unit length qL (W/m),
t1  t 2 t2  t3
qL   (W/m)
1 r2 1 r3
ln ln
21 r1 2 2 r2 r1 r2
qL 
t1  t 3  r3 L
1 r 1 r
ln 2  ln 3
21 r1 2 2 r2
qL 
t1  t 3 
R1  R 2
ql
Thermal resistant R
t1 R1 t2 R2 t3
1 r 1 r
R1  ln 2 R2  ln 3
21 r1 2 2 r2
Q = qL . L (W) 32

qL r2
t1  t 2  ln
21 r1
qL r3
t2  t3  ln
2 2 r2
With n layer:
qL 
t1  t n 1  W / m 
1 r 1 r 1 r
ln 2  ln 3  ...  ln n 1
21 r1 2 2 r2 2 n rn
qL  
n
t1  t n 1 
i 1 R 1  R 2  ...  R i
1 ri 1
where R i  ln
2 i ri
33
Consider the heat transfer through a cylinder subjected to convection on both side
Convection in cylinder
Q   F    t w  t f ,
 2rL    t w  t f ,
tw  tf
 , W
1 (2Lr  )
Q tw  tf tw  tf
q   , W/m
L 1 ( 2  r   ) R
Steady heat transfer
q 1  q   q  2  q
34
Heat flux through cylinder:

t f 1  t1 t1  t 2 t 2  t f 2
q  
R 1 R R 2
tf1  tf 2

R 1  R   R  2

t f 1  t f 2  (W/m)
1 1 r2 1
 ln 
2r1  1 2 r1 2r2   2
The rate of heat transfer
Q  q.L (W)
35
36
37
Be healthy and stay safe

See you on the next chapter!
38

Chapter 9 - General Concepts of Conduction - Steady Heat Conduction

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 9 - General Concepts of Conduction - Steady Heat Conduction

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF CONDUCTION AND

1. General concepts of conduction

2. Steady heat conduction

1. General concepts of conduction

• Temperature Field: the set of temperature values at all points in a given

Three dimensional T = f(x, y, z) T = f(x, y, z, τ)

Temperature gradient in three coordinates x,y,z t t

• Heat flux and Fourier’s Law

“ – “ :expressed the heat transfer from high

Heat flux in three dimensions Ox, Oy, Oz:

Generalized boundary condition

Symmetry boundary condition

Insulated boundary condition

A plane wall with

• Heat conduction equation derivation:

 General heat conduction equation derivation:

Three dimensional heat conduction through a rectangular volume element:

With thermal conductivity  = constant:

A differential volume element in cylindrical coordinates

2. Steady heat conduction:

• Steady heat conduction in Plane Walls

• Steady heat conduction in Cylinders

– constant thermal conductivity ,

– steady one dimensional heat conduction problem

2.1 Steady heat conduction in Plane Walls

– Thermal conductivity:  (W/mK),

 t 2  t1 Temperature distribution in the wall

Fourier’s law of heat conduction: heat flux q(W/m2):

• special case of variable thermal conductivity:  is depended on temperature t

Heat flux can be defined:

Simple way: average thermal conductivity avg is equal to the value at

2.1.2 Multiplayer plane Walls

Steady heat transfer

Heat transfer coefficient: k = 1/R

b. Multiplayer plane Walls in Parallel

c. Multilayer in combined series-parallel arrangements

2.2 Steady heat conduction in Cylinders

+ Consider a long cylindrical layer

+ Inner radius r1 and outer radius r2

+ Temperature at outer radius r2: t = t2 t1 R t2

Fourier’s law of heat conduction:

The heat flux per unit length qL (W/m),

2.2.2 Steady heat conduction in multilayers Cylinder

Temperature distribution in the wall

Steady heat transfer

Heat flux through cylinder:

The rate of heat transfer

Be healthy and stay safe

You might also like