What is the nomenclature for the prefix of a carboxylic acid?

Carboxy-

What is the nomenclature for the suffix of a carboxylic acid?

-oic acid

What is the nomenclature for the prefix of an anyhdride?

Alkanoyloxy- or carbonyl-

What is the nomenclature for the suffix of an anyhdride?

anhydride

What is the nomenclature for the prefix of an ester?

Alkoxycarbonyl-

What is the nomenclature for the suffix of an ester?

-oate

What is the nomenclature for the prefix of an amide?

Carbomoyl-

What is the nomenclature for the suffix of an amide?

-amide

What is the nomenclature for the prefix of an aldehyde?

Oxo-

What is the nomenclature for the suffix of an aldehyde?

-al

What is the nomenclature for the prefix of a ketone?

Oxo- or Keto-

What is the nomenclature for the suffix of a ketone?

-one

What is the nomenclature for the prefix of an alcohol?

Hydroxy-

What is the nomenclature for the suffix of an alcohol?

-ol

What is the bond type of a single bond?

One σ bond

What is the hybridization of a single bond?

sp3

What is the bond angle of a single bond?

109.5°

What are the bond types of a double bond?

One σ and one π bonds

What is the hybridization of a double bond?

sp2

What is the bond angle of a double bond?

120°

What are the bond types of a triple bond?

One σ and two π bonds

What is the hybridization of a triple bond?

sp

What is the bond angle of a triple bond?

180°

Structural Isomer

Same molecular formula, different connectivity

Stereoisomer

Same molecular formula, same connectivity

Conformational Isomer

A stereoisomer that change due to rotation

Configuarational Isomer

A stereoisomer that requires a bond to break in interconvertion

Enantiomer

A configuarational isomer that is a mirror image and nonsuperimposable; have opposite

stereochemistry at the chiral carbon; same chemical and physical properties except for rotation of
plane-polarized light and reactions in a chiral environment

Diastereomer

A configurational isomer that have the same molecular formula but are not mirror images; differ
at some, but not all, chiral centers; have different chemical and physical properties

Cis-trans

Subtype of diastereomers in which groups differ in position about an immovable bond (such as a
double bond or in a cycloalkane)
Z Configuration (cis)

An alkane that has the highest-priority substituents are on the same side of the double bond

E Configuration (trans)

An alkane that has the highest-priority substituents are on opposite sides of the double bond

What is the conformation of the cyclic hydrocarbon displayed below?

Puckered

What is the conformation of the cyclic hydrocarbon displayed below?

Envelope

What is the conformation of the cyclic hydrocarbon displayed below?

Chair

What is the conformation of the cyclic hydrocarbon displayed below?

Boat

What is the conformation of the cyclic hydrocarbon displayed below?

Twist Boat
What is the name of the branched substituent displayed below?

t-butyl

What is the name of the branched substituent displayed below?

neopentyl

What is the name of the branched substituent displayed below?

isopropyl

What is the name of the branched substituent displayed below?

sec-butyl

What is the name of the branched substituent displayed below?

CH3
H2
H3 C C C
H

isobutyl
What is the process shown below? Which is preferred? Why?

Cyclic Strain; Equatorial is preferred to reduce nonbonding strain

What is the type of conformation isomer of the structure below?

Gauche

What is the type of conformation isomer of the structure below?

H CH3

CH3
H H
H

Eclipsed

What is the type of conformation isomer of the structure below?

Totally eclipsed

What do cyclic strains come from?

Angle strain
Torsional strain
Nonbonded strain

Angle Strain

Stretch or compress angles from normal size

Torsional Strain

From eclipsing conformations

Nonbonded Strain

From interactions with substituents on nonadjacent carbons. In cyclohexane, the largest

substituent usually takes equatorial position to reduce nonbonded strain

Determine each stereocenter below:

S Counter-clockwise R-Clockwise