Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work

Work Done by a Constant Force

W =Fd cos θ
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Elastic Potential Energy
 1
U e= k ∆ x 2
2
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Kinetic Energy
 1
K= mv 2
2
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Gravitational Potential Energy (Local)
U g=mg h
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Gravitational Potential Energy (General)
 −GMm
U g=
r
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Mechanical Energy
E=K +U
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Conservation of Energy
 E 2= E 1
K 2 +U 2=K 1+U 1
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Work-Energy Theorem
 W nc =∆ Etotal
W nc =∆ K+ ∆ U + ∆ E i
Assume that ∆ E i=0 unless stated otherwise
W nc =∆ K+ ∆ U
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Three Ways to Solve for Work Done by Gravity
(gravity is not part of the system)
W =Fd cos θ
W =∆ U g
W =∆ K
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Conduction
The direct transfer of energy via molecular collisions
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Convection
The transfers of heat by the physical motion of a fluid
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Radiation
The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Specific Heat
 q=mc ∆T
Can only be used when a phase change does not occur
(isothermal process)
q >0
Heat Gained
q <0
Heat lost
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Heat of Transformation
The quantity of heat required to change the phase of 1 g of
substance
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
First Law of Thermodynamics
 ∆ U =q−W
Work done on a system: energy gained, -
Work done by a system: energy lost, +
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Adiabatic
 Q=0
∆ U =−W
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Constant Volume
 W =0
∆ U =q
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Isothermal
∆ U =0
Q=W
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Second Law of Thermodynamics
In any thermodynamic process that moves from one state of
equilibrium to another, the entropy of the system and
environment together will either increase or remain
unchanged
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Rest Mass Energy
E=mc 2
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Power
 W
P= =Fv
t
P=Fv cos θ
∆ E total
P=
t
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Linear momentum
 p=mv
⃗p=m⃗v
⃗ptotal=⃗p1 +⃗
p2 +…
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Principle of conservation of linear momentum
p2=⃗
⃗ p1
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Impulse-momentum theorem (unbalanced external
force)
 ∆ p=impulse
∆ p=F∗t
p2−⃗
⃗ p1=⃗F net ∆t
Uses Average Force
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Elastic Collisions
Bodies do not stick together; kinetic energy is conserved;
momentum is conserved
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Inelastic Collisions
Bodies stick together if completely inelastic; kinetic energy
is not conserved; momentum is conserved
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Conservative Forces
 A force is considered conservative if either the work done
by the force on an object moving from one point to another
depends only on the initial and final positions and is
independent of the particular path or the net work done by
the force on an object moving around any closed path is
zero
Gravitational force; elastic spring force; electric force
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Non-conservative Forces
Frictional force; air resistance; tension; normal force;
propulsion of a motor
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Center of Mass
 n

∑ mi x i
i=l
x cm
M total
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Center of Mass for Two Bodies
 m1 x 1 +m2 x 1
x cm =
m1 +m2
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Kinetic Energy
Bulk motion
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Potential Energy
Object’s position
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Gravitational Potential Energy
Object’s position in gravity
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Mechanical Energy
MCAT’s word for kinetic + potential energy
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Chemical Energy
Batteries, muscles, etc.
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Electrical Energy
Moving electrons
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Nuclear Energy
Energy in the nucleus, radioactivity, fission reactor
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Sound Energy
Pressure waves
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Light Energy
Electric, magnetic field waves
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Heat Energy
Random motion of particles
 Physics – Energy, Momentum and Work
Energy Efficiency Equation
 Energy ∈Desired Form
Efficieny= ×100
Energy ∈Original Form