Biology – Reproduction

What are the stages of cell division? Describe them:

G1: cell increases its organelles and cytoplasm
S: DNA replication
G2: Same as G1
M: The cell divides into two
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What are the steps to mitosis?
PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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What are the steps to meiosis?
PMATx2: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase
I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II
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How happens to the sister chromatids in phrophase I?
Two pairs of sister chromatids form tetrads during prophase
I
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What does crossing over lead to in phrophase I?
Genetic recombination
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What separates in metaphase I?
Homologous chromosomes separate during metaphase I
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What does not happen in meiosis II that happens in
mitosis?
No replication
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Where does meiosis occur?
Spermatogenesis and oogenesis
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What are the four stages of early development?
Describe them:
 Cleavage: Mitotic divisions
Implantation: Embryo implants during blastula stage
Gastrulation: Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
Neurulation: Germ layers develop a nervous system
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Describe what occurs in each stage of gastrulation:
 Ectoderm: Nervous system, epidermis, lens of eye, and
inner ear
Endoderm: lining of digestive tract, lungs, liver and
pancreas
Mesoderm: muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, gonads,
and kidney
 Biology – Reproduction
What is a morula?
A solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized
ovum, and from which a blastula is formed
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What is a blastula?
A hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres,
surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity called the
blastocoele formed during early stages of embryonic
development
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What is a blastocoele?
The inner fluid-filled cavity surrounded by the blastula
 Biology – Reproduction
Label the parts of the gastrula:
Biology – Reproduction