Density

m
ρ=
V
Density of Water
kg g
ρwater =1000 3
=1
m c m3
Specific Gravity
ρ substance
gspecific =
ρwater

Apparent Weight Loss

ρfluid
m loss= ×100
ρobject

Fluid Pressure
F
P=
A
Intensity
P
I=
A
Gauge Pressure
Pgauge =P−Patmosphere

Hydrostatic Pressure at a Fixed Depth (Fluid at rest with uniform density)

P= ρgh
Absolute Pressure Due to Gravity below Surface
P=P o+ ρg h

Pressure of Horizontal Pipe

Δ P=QR
Poiseuille’s Law (Predict Flow Rates of Real Fluids)

π r4
Q= Δ P
8 ηL
Pascal’s Principal
 F1 F2
P= =
A1 A 2
A1 d 1= A2 d 2

W =F1 d 1=F 2 d 2

Buoyant Force (Archimedes Principle)

F buoyant =ρVg

Continuity Equation (Flow Rate of Specific Liquid)

Q= Av
Q=Volume of Flow Rate
Intensity of Flow Rate
I =ρQ= ρAv
Bernoulli’s Equation
1
p+ ρg h+ p v 2=constant
2
Elastic Modulus of a Solid
Stress
Modulus=
Strain
Wave Velocity
v=fλ
Wave Period
1
T=
f
Standing Waves both ends fixed or free
n λn
L= (n=1,2,3 , …)
2
Standing waves one end fixed and one end free
n λn
L= (n=1,3,5 , …)
4

Energy of one photon

E=hf
Thermal Linear Expansion
∆ L=αL ∆ T
Thermal Volume Expansion
∆ V =βV ∆ T
Force of Viscosity
Av
F viscous =η
d
Reynolds Number
lρv
ℜ=
η
Frequency Pendulum

1 g
f=
2π √ l
Frequency Spring

1 k
f=
2π √ m
Displacement and Force of Floating Object less than ρ fluid

With mass equal to its own mass and equal to F G

Displacement and Force of Submerged Object equal ρ fluid

With mass equal to its own mass plus equal to its own volume and equal to F G

Displacement and Force of Sunk Object greater than ρ fluid

With mass equal to its own volume and less than F G