roin beria nato Toloraia

k i n e m a t i k a

Tbilisi 2009
uak (UDC) 531.1
b_524

redaqtorisagan

roin berias da nato Toloraias wigni `kinematika~

gankuTvnilia sabunebismetyvelo fakultetis bakalavriatis I
kursis studentebisaTvis. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi fizikis swavleba TiTqmis
Cavardnilia mravali obieqturi da subieqturi mizezebis gamo,
am wignis gamocema droul da sasargeblo movlenad SeiZleba
iqnas miCneuli. masSi martivad aris mocemuli yvela
kinematikuri sididis ganmarteba da fizikuri azri, moyvanilia
is minimaluri maTemaTikuri aparati, romelic aucilebelia
fizikuri mosazrebebis analizurad formulirebisTvis,
amdenad students, romelsac saskolo programa maTematikaSi
aTvisebuli aqvs saSualo doneze, ar unda gauWirdes wignSi
ganxiluli sakiTxebis gageba da gamoyeneba Teoriul Tu
praqtikul amocanebSi. wignis Rirsebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos is
faqtic, rom masSi mocemulia fizikuri sidideebis erTeulebi,
romlebic gamoiyeneboda saqarTveloSi mravali saukuniT adre
da romelTa sizuste dResac gancvifrebas iwvevs.

redaqtori: fizika_maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori vladimer kircxalia.

recenzenti: fizika_maTematikis doqtori,

profesori oTar guguCia.

recenzenti: fizika_maTematikis doqtori,

profesori rezo gulua.

ISDBN 978 9941_0_1924-1

 s a r C e v i

Sesavali. .......................................................................................................................................... 5

nawili I

kinematika

$1. zogadi cnebebi. ................................................................................................................. 7

$2. fizikuri sidideebi da maTi gazomva. ..................................................... 14
$3. funqcia. funqciis mocemis xerxebi. funqciis zRvari
da warmoebuli. gansazRvruli integrali .......................................... 28
$4. skalarebi da veqtorebi. ....................................................................................... 39
$5. wiris simrude. ................................................................................................................. 48
$6. moZaobis kinematikuri gantolebebi da traeqtoria. ............... 53
$7. wrfivi moZaobis siCqare. ...................................................................................... 55
$8. mrudwiruli moZraobis siCqare. ................................................................... 60
$9. siCqaris radialuri da brunviTi
mdgenelebi. kuTxuri siCqare. ............................................................... 63
$10. aCqareba. ............................................................................................................................... 68
$11. aCqarebis mxebi da normaluri mdgenelebi. ..................................... 71
$12. aCqarebis radialuri da transversaluri mdgenelebi. ...... 75
$13. moZraobis kerZo saxeebi ..................................................................................... 78
$14. kuTxuri siCqare da aCqareba rogorc veqtorebi. .................... 85
$15. inerciuli sistemebi da inerciis principi. ................................ 87
$16. erTi inerciuli sistemidan meoreze gadasvla
da galileis gardaqmnis formulebi. .......................................... 90
$17. klasikuri meqanikis fardobiTobis principi. .............................. 97

nawili II

kinematika da fardobiTobis specialuri Teoria

$18. fardobiTobis principi klasikur

meqanikaSi da eTeris problema. .......................................................... 101
$19. moZravi garemos optika da eTeris problema. ............................ 117
$20. lorencis gardaqmnis formulebi. ......................................................... 128
$21. sigrZis gardaqnmis formula. ..................................................................... 136
$22. drois Sualedis gardaqmnis formula. ............................................ 140
$23. erTdroulobis fardobiToba. ................................................................... 144
$24. siCqareTa Sekrebis relativisturi kanoni. ................................. 146
$25. relativisturi aCqareba. ................................................................................. 149
 Sesavali
yelafers, rac samyaroSi realurad arsebobs mecniereba
materias uwodebs. materia Cveni cnobierebisgan damoukideblad
arsebobs da igi moqmedebs, an SeuZlia imoqmedos Cveni SegrZ-
nebis organoebze.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs Soris fizika bunebis Sem-
swavleli erT-erTi ZiriTadi mecnierebaa da Seiswavlis mate-
riis Tvisebebs, mis cvlilebas, materiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
movlenebis kanonzomierebebs da kavSirs am movlenebs Soris,
amdenad cdilobs gasces pasuxi kiTxvas: ras warmoadgens sam-
yaro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT da ra kanonzomierebebs emor-
Cileba masSi mimdinare procesebi?
fizikis mier dadgenili kanonebi zogadi xasiaTisaa. qimia,
biologia, astronomia da sxva sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi
Seiswavlian movlenebis garkveul jgufes da ayalibeben kerZo
saxis cnebebsa da kanonebs, xolo fizika am kanonebze dayrd-
nobiT, maT safuZvelze Rebulobs zogad cnebebsa da kanonebs,
riTac udidesi wvlili Seaqvs samyaros Sesaxeb erTiani Sexe-
dulebebis formirebaSi.
kidev ufro gamoikveTa fizikis ZiriTadi roli mecnierebis
ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, roca sul ufro metad vuRr-
mavdebiT bunebis aqamde ucnob kanonzomierebebsa da Tvisebebs,
rac samyaros Sesaxeb manam arsebuli warmodgenebis Zireul
Secvlas iwvevs. swored Tanamedrove fizikis monacemTa bazaze
xdeba Cvens garSemo arsebuli obieqturi realobis, samyaros
aRqmis Tanamedrove, axali msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibeba.
zemoT aRniSnulis TvalsaCino magaliTs drois, sivrcisa
da materiis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgenebis ganviTareba war-
madgens, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom ainStainis mier fardo-
biTobis Teoriis Camoyalibebam gamoiwvia niutoniseuli univer-
saluri droisa da absoluturi sivrcis uaryofa da, aseve,
klasikuri fizikis ZiriTadi debulebebis Secvla, ramac dros-
Tan, sivrcesTan da materiasTan mimarTebaSi axali msoflm-
xedvelobis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba.
Cven, jerjerobiT ganvixilavT Cveulebrivi materiis, anu
nivTierebis ZiriTad Tvisebebs da mis moZraobas. nivTierebis
yovel nawils, e.i. sxeuls warmovadgenT, rogorc nivTier
wertilTa erTobliobas, rameTu klasikuri fizikis sazRvrebSi
iTvleba, rom sxeuli yovelTvis SeiZleba warmovadginoT

5
rogorc nivTier wertilTa erToblioba. nivTieris garda arse-
bobs materiis meore forma – veli, romlis agebuleba da Tvis-
ebebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba nivTierebis agebulebisa da
Tvisebebisagan.
materiis ZiriTadi Tviseba misi cvalebadobaa. materiis
yovelgvar cvlilebas bunebrivi movlena ewodeba. sivrceSi
sxeulis mdebareobis cvlileba drois mimdinareobis mixedviT
meqanikur moZraobas warmoadgens. sxeulTa meqanikur moZraobas,
anu materiis mdebareobis meqanikur cvlilebas Cven
yoveldRiur cxovre-baSi vakvirdebiT, ramac ganapiroba is, rom
bunebis movlenebs Soris yvelaze metad swored sxeulTa
meqanikuri miZraobaa Seswavlili.

fizikis nawils, romelic meqanikur moZraobas da mis gamomwvev

mizezebs Seiswavlis, meqanika ewodeba.

meqanikis Semadgeneli nawilebia: kinematika, dinamika da sta

tika. kinematika Seiswavlis sxeulTa meqanikur miZraobas am
moZraobis gamomwvevi mizezebis gareSe, dinamika Seiswavlis
sxeulTa meqanikur mZraobas im mizezebTan erTad, romlebic
moZraobis ama Tu im xasiaTs ganapirobeben, xolo statika Seis-
wavlis sxeulTa wonasworobas da maTi wonasworobis pirobebs.
Cveni mizania warmodgenil naSromSi ganvixiloT sxeulTa
meqanikuri moZraoba maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis gareSe, rac kine-
matikis sagans warmoadgens. naSromi dayofilia or nawilad.
pirvel nawilSi ganxilulia klasikuri kinematikis sakiTxebi,
xolo meore nawilSi warmodgenilia fardobiTobis
specialuri Teoriis kinematika da misi Sedegebi.

6
 nawili I

kinematika

$1. zogadi cnebebi. imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros sxeulis

mdebareoba sivrceSi aucilebelia mivuTiToT sxeuli, an sxe-
ulTa jgufi, romlis mimarT ganixileba sxeulis mdebareoba
sivrceSi. es imiTaa gamowveuli, rom TviT wertilebs an sivr-
cis nawilebs ar axasiaTebT raime erTmaneTisagan ganmasxva-
vebeli niSnebi, romelTa saSualebiT SevZlebT maT garCevas.
Tu ar mivuTiTebT aTvlis sxeuls an sxeulTa jgufs, maSin
sivrceSi wertilis an sxeulis mdebareobis miTiTeba yovelg-
var azrsaa moklebuli.
erTi da igive sxeulis moZraobas sxvadasxva sxeulis mi-
marT SeiZleba gaaCndes sxvadasxva xasiaTi. magaliTad, Tu a
sxeuli Cvens mimarT uZravia, xolo b da c sxeulebi moZ-
raoben erTi da igive mimarTulebiT erTnairi mudmivi siCqa-
reebiT, maSin c sxeuli moZraobs mudmivi siCqariT a sxeulis
mimarT, xolo uZravia b sxeulis mimarT. amitom, sxeulis
moZraobis aRsawerad aucilebelia SevTanxmdeT imaze, Tu
romeli sxeulis an sxeulTa jgufis mimarT ganixileba
aRniSnuli sxeulis moZraoba.

sxeuls an sxeulTa jgufs, romlis mimarTac ganixileba

sivrceSi sxeulis mdebareoba, aTvlis sxeuli an aTvlis
sxeulTa sistema ewodeba.

aTvlis sxvadasxva sxeulis an sistemis mimarT erTi da igive

wertili SeiZleba iyos uZravi, moZraobdes wrfivad da
Tanabrad, asrulebdes mrudwirul moZraobas da a.S. aTvlis
sistemad SeiZleba SeirCes nebismieri sxeuli an sxeulTa jgufi.
sivrceSi sxeulis moZraobis aRsawerad aucilebelia am
sxeulis mdebareobis gansazRvra, magram yvela sxeuls gaaCnia
zoma da amitom misi sxvadasxva wertili sivrcis sxvadasxva
adgilasaa ganlagebuli. zogadad, sxeulis mdebareobis gan-
sazRvra sivrceSi sakmaod rTulia, miTumetes, Tu sxeulis
sxvadasxva nawili erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli saxis moZra-
obas asrulebs. mocemuli naSromis farglebSi Cven ar CavuRr-

7
mavdebiT nivTierebis Tvisebebs, amitom ganvixilavT absolutu-
rad myari sxeulis1 moZraobis SemTxvevas da am sxeuls warmo-
vadgenT, rogorc materialur wertilTa erTobliobas.
myari sxeulis moZraobis umartives saxes gadataniTi moZ-
raoba warmoadgens.

gadataniTi moZraoba ewodeba is-

B eT moZraobas, rodesac sxeulis
B
nebismieri ori wertilis
SemaerTebeli monakveTi sxeulis
moZraobisas Tavisi Tavis
B 
A paraleluri rCeba (nax.1.1).
A
gadataniTi moZraobis dros
sxeulis yvela wertili erTna-
A iri formisa da sigrZis gzas
gadis. amitom absoluturad mya-
nax.1.1 ri sxeulis gadataniTi moZra-
obis Sesaswavlad sakmarisia misi
nebismieri erTi wertilis moZraobis Seswavla.
absoluturad myari sxeulis moZraobis erT-erTi kerZo
saxea brunviTi moZraoba,

roca sxeulis yoveli wertili

B brunavs wrewirze, romelTa
centrebi eTsa da imave wrfeze
A aris ganlagebuli,

amasTan, es wrfe SeiZleba

kveTdes mocemul sxeuls, exebo-
des mas erT wertilSi an sxeul-
is gareT mdebareobdes (nax.1.2).
zogadad sxeulis nebismieri
miZraoba SeiZleba or moZraobad
nax.1.2 _ gadataniT da brunviT moZra-
obad daiSalos.
zogjer sxeulTa moZraobis ganxilvisas SesaZlebelia maTi
xazovani zomebis ugulvebel-yofa. es dasaSvebia im SemTxvevaSi,

1 iseT idealur sxeuls, romlis wertilebs Soris manZilis Secvla

SeuZlebelia, absoluturad myari sxeuli ewodeba.

8
roca sxeulis zoma gaci-lebiT naklebia im zomebTan
SedarebiT, romlebTanac saqme gvaqvs mocemuli amocanis
pirobebSi.
magaliTad, dedamiwis zomebis ugulvebelyofa SesaZlebe-
lia, Tu ganvixilavT dedamiwis miZraobas Tavis orbitaze mzis
garSemo. aseve SesaZlebelia avtomobilis zomebis ugulvebel-
yofa, Tu ganvixilavT avtomobilis moZraobas or dasaxlebul
punqts Soris da a.S.

sxeuls, romlis xazovani zomebis ugulvebelyofa SesaZlebe-

lia mocemuli amocanis pirobebSi, materialuri (nivTieri)
wertili ewodeba.

maTematikuri wertilisagan gansxvavebiT materialur wer-

tils gaaCnia masa da igulisxmeba, rom gansaxilveli sxeulis
masa mTlinad Tavmoyrilia mocemul wertilSi. materialuri
wertilis sivrceSi mdebareobisa da moZraobis Seswavla aseve
moiTxovs aTvlis saxeulis an sistemis Semotanas.
aTvlis sistemis arCevis Se-
mdeg materialuri wertilis
O A X mdebareobis gansazRvris
x sakiTxi ganixileba. aRniSnuli
nax.1.3 sakiTxis ganxilva daviwyoT
martivi SemTxveviT, roca
materialuri A wertili moZraobs wrfeze (nax.1.3) da is
yovelTvis am wrfeze mdebareobs.
materialuri A wertilis wrfeze mdebareobis
gansasazRvrad saWiroa am wrfeze avirCioT raime O wertili,
romelic iqneba aTvlis sistemis saTave, an aTvlis wertili da
wrfeze A wertilis mdebareoba ganvsazRvroT misi
saSualebiT.
wrfe da masze arCeuli O wertili aTvlis sistemas
warmoadgens. A wertilis O wertilis mimarT mdebareobis
gansazRvrisTvis sakmarisia OA manZilis gansazRvra da imis
dadgena Tu O wertilis romel mxaresaa ganlagebuli A
wertili. mivmarToT OA monakveTis gaswvriv OX ricxviTi
RerZi, xolo OA manZili CavTvaloT dadebiTad Tu A
wertili O wertilidan isris mxaresaa (nax.1.3), xolo
uaryofiTad, Tu sapirispiro mxaresaa. OA manZils vuwodoT
materialuri A wertilis x koordinati. rogorc vxedavT,

9
aTvlis sistemis Semotanis Semdeg wrfeze nebismieri wertilis
mdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis sakmarisia saTanado niSniT
aRebuli OA maZilis anu x koordinatis codna. amitom
amboben, rom wrfeze moZraoba erTganzomilebiania.
ganvsazRvroT materialuri A wertilis mdebareoba sibrt-
yeze (nax.1.4). cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSi A wertilis mdeba-
reobis gansasazRvravad erTi OX ricxviTi RerZi masze aRe-
buli O saTaviT ar aris sakmarisi. marTlac, Cven SegviZlia
ganvsazRvroT manZili A wer-
tilis a proeqciasa da O
Y wertils Soris da gamovT-
b Ax, y  valoT Sesabamisi niSniT aRe-
buli Oa manZili, anu x ko-
ordinati, magram es ar gan-
sazRvravs calsaxad A werti-
y
lis mdebareobas XOY sibrt-
yeze, radgan A da a wer-
tilebze gavlebul wrfeze
a mdebare nebismier wertils da
O x X TviT a wertilsac, igive x
koordinati Seesabameba.
nax.1.4
maSasadame, x koordina-
tis garda saWiroa kidev damatebiT sxva sidide imisaTvis, rom
calsaxad ganisazRvros A wertilis mdebareoba XOY sibr-
tyeze. aseTi sididis Semotana sxvadasxva wesiT aris SesaZ-
lebeli. magaliTad, O wertilze gavavloT OX ricxviTi Rer-
Zis marTobi wrfe, SevarCioT romelime mimarTuleba, romelsac
movniSnavT isriT da mas OY RerZi vuwodoT. davuSvaT A
wertilidan RerZze marTobi da ganvsazRvroT A wertilis b
proeqcia OY RerZze. Ob manZils aRebuls saTanado niSniT
vuwodoT A wertilis y koordinati. OX da OY RerZebi maTi
gadakveTis O wertiliT aTvlis sistemas warmoadgens da Tu
cnobilia x da y koordinatebi, maSin A wertilis mdebare-
oba XOY sibrtyeze calsaxadaa gansazRvruli. OX da OY
erTierTmarTobuli RerZebis sistemas, dekartis organzomile-
bian marTkuTxa koordinatTa sistemas, xolo x da y sidide-
ebs dekartis koordinatebs uwodeben.

10
 meore wesi, romliTac SesaZlebelia A wertilis sibrt-
yeze mdebareobis calsaxad gansazRvra SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
ganvixiloT OA monakveTis r sigrZe da OA monakveTsa da OX
RerZs Soris  kuTxe (nax.1.5). es ori sidide calsaxad
gansazRvravs A wertilis mdebareobas sibrtyeze, Tu
mivuTiTebT  kuTxis niSans. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi A da A1
wertilebs erTnairi r da  koordinatebi eqneba. Cveulebriv
Tvlian, rom  kuTxe dadebiTia, Tu igi gazomilia OX
RerZidan saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT,
xolo uaryofiTia, Tu igi gasazomilia OX RerZidan saaTis
isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT. r yovelTvis arauaryofiTi

Ar ,  

r b Ax, y 


O  X y r
r
 a
A1 r , 
O x X
nax.1.5 nax.1.6

sididea, anu r  0 , xolo  icvleba 0    2 sazRvrebSi. r

da  koordinatebs polaruli koordinatebi ewodeba da isini
iseve xSirad gamoiyeneba wertilis sibrtyeze mdebareobis
gansazRvrisaTvis, rogorc dekartis x da y koordinatebi.
kavSiri dekartis koordinatebsa da polarul koordinatebs
Soris martivad gamoisaxeba (nax.1.6):
y
r  x2  y2 ,   arctg ,
x (1.1)
x  r cos  , y  r sin  .
sibrtyeze wertilis koordinatebis gansazRvra sxva wesi-
Tac aris SesaZlebeli, magram rogori koordinatebic ar unda

11
 gamoviyenoT, yovel SemTxvevaSi
Z saWiroa ori damoukidebeli
koordinati da amitom amboben,
Ax, y, z  rom sibrtye organzomilebiania.
da bolos, ganvsazRvroT A
wertilis mdebareoba sivrceSi.
z am SemTxvevaSic wertilis mdeba-
reoba SeiZleba sxvadasxva wesiT
O ganisazRvros. Cveulebriv, am Sem-
y Y TxvevaSi irCeven sivrceSi O
X saTaves da mas ukavSireben koor-
x Ax, y  dinatTa sistemas. nax.1.7-ze moce-
nax.1.7.a
mulia a) dekartis samganzomile-
biani marTkuTxa koordinatTa
sistema; b) cilindrul koor-
Z dinatTa sistema; g) sferuli
A ,  , z  koordinatTa sistema.
ganvixiloT dekartis marT-
kuTxa koordinatTa sistema
z (nax.1.7.a). am SemTxvevaSi aTvlis
sistemis O O saTavidan gavavloT
O urTierTmarTobi sami OX , OY
Y da OZ RerZi da A wertilis
X 
 mdebareoba ganvsazRvroT sami x ,
Ax, y  y da z koordinatiT, romlebic
nax.1.7.b A wertilidan Sesabamis RerZeb-
ze daSvebul marTobTa RerZebis
gadakveTis wertilebidan O
Z
Ar ,  ,   saTavemde gavlebuli
monakveTebis sigrZeebia, saTanado
niSniT. cxadia, rom sami x , y da
 r z koordinati calsaxad
gansazRv-ravs A wertilis
mdebareobas sivrceSi. aseve
O
calsaxad ganisa-zRvreba A
Y
X  wertilis mdebareoba sivrceSi

Ax, y  cilindrul koordinat-Ta
sistemaSi  ,  da z (nax.1.7.b) da
nax.1.7.g sferul koordina-tTa sistemaSi
r ,  da  (nax.1.7.g) sidideebiT.

12
 naxazidan Cans, rom dekartis marTkuTxa koordinatTa
sistemidan cilindrul koordinatTa sistemaze gadasvlis da
ukugadasvlis formulebi Semdegnairad moicema:
y
  x 2  y 2 ,   arctg , z  z,
x (1.2)
x   cos  , y   sin  , z  z.
dekartul koordinatTa sistemidan sferul koordinatTa
sistemaze gadasvlis da ukugadasvlis formulebi:
y x2  y2
r  x2  y2  z2 ,   arctg ,   arctg ,
x z (1.3)
x  r cos  sin  , y  r sin  sin  , z  r cos  .
koordinatTa sistemis SerCeva xdeba konkretuli amocanis
gaTvaliswinebiT. rogorc vxedavT, sivrceSi wertilis mdeba-
reobis calsaxad gansazRvrisaTvis koordinatTa sistemis arCe-
isagan damoukideblad saWiroa sami ricxvi (koordinati),
romelTagan erTs mainc unda hqondes sigrZis ganzomileba,
amitom amboben, rom sivrce samganzomilebiania.
bunebis yvela movlena da maT Soris wertilis
mdebareobiscvlileba, anu moZraoba sadRac (sad?) da odesRac
(rodis?) xdeba, anu bunebis yvela movlena sivrceSi da droSi
mim-inareobs. sivrce da dro materiis arsebobis ganuyofeli
for-ebia, amitom bunebrivi mivlenis aRsawerad aucilebelia
aseve drois aTvla. iseve, rogorc sivrceSi sxeulis
mdebareobis gansazRvris SemTxvevaSi, drois momentis
gansazRvra moiTxovs drois sawyisi momentis arCevas. drois am
moments nulovani dro ewodeba. imis Semdeg, rac arCeulia
drois sawyisi momenti, drois sxva momentebis
gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa vicodeT Tu ra dro gavida drois
sawyisi momentidan drois gansaxilvel momentamde. drois
sawyisi momentidan drois gansaxilvel momentamde gavlil
dros t asoTi aRniSnaven da Tvlian dros dadebiTad, Tu
gansaxilveli drois momenti sawyisi momentis Semdegaa da
uaryofiTad, Tu gansaxilveli drois momenti sawyis
momentamdea. t sidide savsebiT sakmarisia drois momen-is
calsaxad ganszRvrisaTvis Tu arCeulia drois sawyisi mo-enti,
amitom amboben, rom dro erTganzomilebiania. sivrcis
wertilebis msgavsad drois momentebi arafriT gansxvavdebian

13
erTmaneTisagan, amitom drois sawyisi momentis arCeva nebis-
ierad xdeba.
$2. fizikuri sidideebi da maTi gazomva. sanam
gadavidodeT materialuri wertilis moZraobis damaxasiaTebel
kanonzomierebebze, mokled SevexoT fizikuri sidideebis
erTeulebsa da maTi gazomvis xerxs.

yvelaferi, rac raodenobrivad icvleba sidides warmoadgens.

sidideebs, romlebic fizikur movlenebs axasiaTeben an

materiis Tvisebebs gansazRvraven fizikuri sidideebi
ewodebaT.

magaliTad, manZili, dro, moculoba, masa, Zala, simZlavre,

eleqtronuli muxti da sxv. _ fizikuri sidideebia.
fizikis kanonebi amyarebs raodenobriv kavSirs fizikur
sidideebs Soris. aseT Tanafardobebis dasadgenad
aucilebelia SegveZlos sxvadasxva fizikuri sidideebis
gazomva. raime fizikuri sididis gazomva niSnavs mis Sedarebas
igive sididis erTeulad miRebul mniSvnelobasTan. amrigad,

fizikuri sididis gazomva niSnavs ganvsazRvroT ramdenjer

moTavsdeba mocemul fizikur sidideSi Sesabamisi fizikuri
sididis erTeuli.

istoriulad sxvadasxva qveyanaSi fizikuri sidideebis

gasazomad gansxvavebuli erTeulebi gamoiyeneboda. magaliTad,
Suasaukuneebis inglisSi manZilis sazom erTeulebad miRebuli
iyo mili, iardi, futi da diumi; farTobis sazom erTeulad
akri; masis sazom erTeulad girvanqa, uncia da a.S.
sxva qveynebis msgavsad fizikuri sidideebis zomad
saqarTveloSic sxvadasxva erTeulebi gamoiyeneboda,
magaliTad, drois sazom erTeulad: weliwadi, dRe da Rame,
Jami, wentilia, wuTi, kesi, masi, ardi, meyi, vawe, blisi da nvini;
sigrZis sazom erTeulebad: goji, gojeuli, mtkaveli, terfi,
wyrTa, mxari, stadioni, utevani, biji, eji da a.S. maT Soris
zogi adgilobrivi erTeuli iyo, xolo zogi _ sxva qveynebTan
urTierTobis Sedegad Semovida.
es erTeulebi sulxan-saba orbelianis `leqsikoni
qarTulSi~ Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli: weliwadi _ hqonan

14
weliwadsa erTsa Tveni aTormetni, Svideulni ormocda
aTormetni, dReni samassamocdaxuTni da Jamni eqvsni; dRe da
Rame _ ese dRe da Rame ars Jami ocdaoTxi, wentilia
oTxm(e)ocda (a)Teqvsmeti, wami _ Svidas oci; Jami _ aqvs Jamsa
erTsa wami sameoci da wamsa erTsa wuTi sameoci; aqvs Jamsa
erTsa wentilia oTxi; wentilia _ aqvs erTsa wentilias(a) wami
aTxuTmeti, romel erTisa Jamisa wamni sameocni iq(m)nebian.
aramed pirvelad visme JamTasa erTi Jami xuT wentilad yofila
da erTi wentilia aTormet wamad.
aseve sainteresoa drois erTeulebi, romlebic wina
erTeulebis mesamocediT ganisazRvrebian da drois Zalze
mcire erTeulebs warmoadgenen.
aqvs Jamsa erTsa wami sameoci; xoli erTsa wamsa _ wuTi
sameoci; wuTsa erTsa _ kesi sameoci; erTsa kessa _ masi
sameoci; erTsa massa _ ardi sameoci; erTsa ardsa _ meyi
sameoci; erTsa meysa _ weni sameoci; erTsa wensa _ vawe
sameoci; erTsa vawesa _ blisi sameoci; erTsa blissa _ nvini
sameoci. ese ars cismzomelobaTa ricxvi xarisxTani.
es erTeulebi imdenad mcirea (magaliTad, meyi 10 8 wamisa,
xolo blisi 10 12 wamis rigisaa), rom gakvirvebas iwvevs
Tundac XVII-XVIII saukuneSi (sulxan-saba orbelianis
moRvaweobis periodSi (1658-1727w.w) drois aseTi mcire
erTeulebis arseboba, rameTu ucnobia am sidideebis
praqtikuli saWiroeba mecnierebis ganviTarebis im etapze.
sigrZis sazomi erTeulebi: goji _ TiTis nawevari, TiTTa
wina saxsari; gojeuli _ ese ars orTave cerT gojebi SeyriT
sig(r)Zeze(d); mtkaveli _ ceri da neki gaWimuli, cer da nek-
gaSlili; terfi _ ferÃis guli; wyrTa _ wyrTa ars idayvTagan
TiTis wveramde, naxevaradali; mÃari _ oTxi wyrTa erTi mÃari
ars vidre orTave xelTa srulad gawvdena; stadioni _ utevani;
utevani _ ars stadioni, romelsac somexni asparezs uwodeben,
xolo laTinni da ellelni stadis, romeli asormocda sami
biji iqmnebis, igive asi mÃari; biji _ biji da nabiji
ganiyofebian: nabiji aris erTis(a) ferÃis(a) gardadgma, xolo
biji meoris(a) gardanacvleba, romeli zomiT iqmnebis xuTi
terfi; eji _ sami mili erTi eji ars. erTi eji ars sami aTasi
biji, romelsa frangni leRas (lea) uwodeben, e.i. mili aTasi
bijia.
aseve farTod gamoiyeneboda saqarTveloSi masis
erTeulebi, rogorebicaa litra, kerati, drakani, talanti,

15
qanqari da sxv. litra _ pirvel JamTa litra umcires iyvnes,
vidre awindeli. viTarca ars aw Cveuleba hromaelTa, egre iyo
pirvelad yovelTagan, rameTu esreT iyo pirvelTa litraTa
wonani: oTxi qrTilis marcvali (qrTili _ Semodgomis naTesi,
qeri _ gazafxulis naTesi) erTi keratia, romel ars rqis
gurka; eqvsi kerati erTi gramaa; oTxi grama erTi drahkania;
ocdaoTxi grama erTi unkiaa; ocdaTeqvsmeti drahkani
naxevarlitra iqneba; samocdaTormeti drahkani erTi litraa;
ocdaxuTi litra erTi talantia, romel ars qanqari.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli sazomi erTeulebis
arseboba mniSvnelovnad aferxebda mecnierebis ganviTarebas da
xels uSlida qveynebs Soris vaWrobas, amitom 1889 wels
mowveul iqna saerTaSoriso generaluri konferencia,
romelmac yvela qveynisTvis daadgina erTiani sazomi
erTeulebi. kerZod, am konferenciaze daadgines sigrZis, masis,
Zalis da drois saerTaSoriso erTeulebi. sigrZisa da
masisTvis damzadda erTeulTa nimuSebi, romelTac sigrZis da
masis sazomi erTeulebi, metris da kilogramis prototipebi,
an etalonebi ewodeba.
1963 wlamde meqanikuri sidideebisTvis miRebuli iyo sami
erTeulTa metruli sistema.
1. absoluturi fizikuri sistema (CGS), romelSic ZiriTad
erTeulebad miiRes santimetri, grami da wami;
2. absolituri praqtikuli sistema (MKS), ZiriTadi
erTeulebiT metri, kilogrami da wami;
3. meqanikuri sistema (MKGS), ZiriTadi erTeulebiT metri,
kilogram _ Zala da wami.
1963 wlidan upiratesoba mieniWa erTeulTa saerTaSoriso
sistemas (SI), romelic agebulia eqvsi ZiriTadi erTeulis
bazaze: sigrZe _ metri(m), masa _ kilogrami(kg), dro _ wami(wm),
denis Zala _ amperi(a), temperatura _ kelvini(kel) da
sinaTlis Zala _ kandeli(kd).
pirvelad sigrZis sazomi erTeuli metri ganisazRvra 1791
wels parizSi mimdinare konferenciaze, rogorc parizze
1
gamavali dedamiwis meridianis nawili. damzadda
40 000 000
metris nimuSi _ `arqivuli metri~. masis erTeulad ki miRebul
iqna kilogrami da is ganisazRvra, rogorc erTi kuburi
decimetri qimiurad sufTa wylis masa 4 0 C temperaturaze.
Sesabamisad damzadda misi nimuSi _ `arqivuli kilogrami~.

16
 zoma-wonis saerTaSoriso biuros SekveTiT im droisTvis
SesaZlebeli sizustiT damzadda arqivuli metrisa da
kilogramis aslebi da generalurma konferenciam 1889 wels
daamtkica isini, rogorc metrisa da kilogramis saerTaSoriso
etalonebi.
drois erTeulad miRebul iqna wami da is ganisazRvra,
1
rogorc saSualo dRe-Ramis nawili. dRe-Rame ki aris
86 400
drois Sualedi or momdevno SuadRes Soris. sinamdvileSi
dRe-Ramis xangrZlivoba mcire cvlilebas ganicdis, amitom
drois erTeulis, wamis gansazRvra mogvianebiT dazustda da
is ganisazRvra, rogorc 1900 wlis 0 ianvris 12 saaTisaTvis
1
efimeriduli) 1 , drois tropikuli weliwadis
31 556 925.9747
nawili, romelic wina gansazRvrebidan mcired gansxvavdeba.
mogvianebiT metri da wamis gansazRvrebebi kidev ufro
dazustda da isini Semdegnairad ganisazRvra:

metri aris manZili, romelic Seesabameba kripton-86-is 2 P10 da

5d 3 energetikul doneebs Soris gadasvlisas gamosxivebuli
1 650 763.73 talRis sigrZes.

wami aris drois Sualedi, romelic Seesabameba cezium-133

atomis ZiriTadi mdgomareobis zenazi struqturis
energetikul doneebs Soris rezonansuli gadasvlisas
gamosxivebuli talRis 9 192 631 770 rxevas.

erTeulis gansazRvrisas udidesi mniSvneloba gaaCnia imas

Tu ramdenad stabiluria mocemuli sididis etaloni. zemoT
moyvanili gansazRvrebebi sakmaod zustad adgens metrisa da
wamis mniSvnelobebs da moyvanili gansazRvrebebis
stabilurobis Semowmeba 10 12 rigis sizustiT aris
SesaZlebeli. aRniSnuli gansazRvrebebi 1967 wels XIII
generalur konferenciaze daadgines.
xSirad mcire da didi sidideebis gasazomad SemoRebulia
sxvadasxva fizikuri sidideebis ZiriTadi erTeulebis jeradi
da wiladi sidideebi, romelTa dasaxeleba I cxrilSia
moyvanili.

17
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1
) e.i. 1899 wlis 31 dekembris 12 saaTi. TariRis zustad miTiTeba imiTaa
gamowveuli, rom tropikuli weliwadi mcirdeba yovel 100 weliwadSi
daaxloebiT 0,5 wamiT.

cxrili I.

dasaxeleba fardoba saerTaSoriso qarTuli

ZiriTad aRniSvna aRniSvna
erTeulebTan
piko 1012 p pk
nano 109 n n
mikro 106 mk mk
mili 103 m m
santi 102 c s
deci 101 d d
deka 10 da da
heqto 102 h h
kilo 103 k k
mega 106 m mg
giga 109 g g
tera 1012 t t

magaliTad, sigrZis sazomi ZiriTadi erTeulia metri, xolo

misi jeradi da wiladi sidideebia:
1 pkm(pikometri) = 1012 m(metri),
1 mm(milimetri) = 103 m
1 sm(santimetri) = 102 m
1 km(kilometri) = 103 m da a.S.
drois Sualedi sazomi ZiriTadi erTeulia wami, xolo misi
jeradi da wiladi sidideebia:
1 pkwm(pikowami) = 1012 wm(wami),
1 nwm(nanowami) = 109 wm,
1 mkwm(mikrowami) = 106 wm
1 gwm(gigawami) = 109 wm da a.S.
garda am sidideebisa gamoiyeneba sxva erTeulebic,
magaliTad, astronomiaSi manZilis erTeuli sinaTlis weli(sw)
_ manZili, romelsac gadis sinaTlis sxivi vakuumSi erTi wlis

18
ganmavlobaSi (sinaTlis siCqare vakuumSi c  310 8 m/wm) da
1sw= 9.46728 10 15 m, sigrZis astronomiuli erTeuli(ae) - manZili,
romelic mzidan dedamiwaze saSualo daSorebis tolia da
1ae= 149.6 10 9 m, atomis da birTvis fizikaSi SemoRebulia atomis
0
rigis sidide, atomuri zomis erTeuli 1 A (angstremi)= 10 10 m,
birTvis radiusis rigis sidide, birTvuli zomis erTeuli
1 fm (fermi)= 10 15 m, atomis da birTvis masa 10 20 kilogramis(kg)
rigisaa da atomisa da birTvis masas zomaven e.w. masis atomur
erTeulebSi (mae), romelic naxSirbadis atomis C 12 izotopis
1
nawils Seadgens, 1mae= 1.66 10 27 kg da sxv.
12
zemoT moyvanili erTeulebi, romlebic gamoiyeneboda
inglisSi SI sistemis ZiriTad erTeulebTan Semdeg kavSirSia:
1mili=1523,986metri(m);
1iardi=0,91439m;
1futi=0,3048m;
1diumi=0,0254m;
1akri=4050m 2 ;
1girvanqa=0,453593kg;
1uncia= 0,031103kg.
gavarkvioT Tu rogor xdeba fizikuri sidideebis gazomva
da ra sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli es procedura. gazomvis
praqtikuli xerxebis ganxilva da Seswavla unda moxdes
praqtikuli da laboratoriuli muSaobis dros, Cven SevexebiT
mxolod gazomvebis zogierT principul sakiTxs.
vTqvaT, saWiroa raime sxeulis sigrZis an or A da B
wertils Soris manZilis gazomva (nax.2.1). amisaTvis pirvel

A B
a b

nax.2.1
rigSi unda avirCioT sigrZis etaloni, e.i. iseTi sxeuli,

19
romlis a da b wertilebs Soris manZili miiReba sigrZis
erTeulad. Cveulebriv, etalons aqvs brtyeli Reros forma
(saxazavi, Stangenfargali, sazomi lenti da sxv.). gansaxilvel
sxeuls etaloni SevaxoT ise, rom etalonis a wertili
Tanxvdes sxeulis A wertils. Tu etalonis b wertili
daemTxva B wertils, maSin vityviT, rom sxeulis AB sigrZe
erTi erTeulis tolia. roca b wertili ar emTxveva B
wertils, Tu AB sigrZe metia etalonis sigrZeze, maSin
ramdenjerme gadazomaven etalons A da B wertilebs Soris,
xolo Tu AB sigrZe naklebia etalonis sigrZeze, yofen eta-
lons nawilebad da AB manZils etalonis nawilis saSualebiT
(Tu etaloni metria mas yofen decimetrad, santimetrad,
milimetrad da a.S.) zomaven. sigrZis gazomva niSnavs gasazomi
sxeulis sigrZis Sedarebas etalonis sigrZesTan, amitom
gazomvis Sedegad miRebuli mTeli an wiladi ricxvi, romelic
gviCvenebs ramdenjer metia gasazomi manZili etalonis
sigrZeze, sigrZis mniSvnelobas warmoadgens.
etaloni iseTi masalisagan unda damzaddes, rom gareSe
zemoqmedebis Sedegad man ar ganicados SesamCnevi cvlileba.
cxadia, rom etaloni unda damzaddes myari nivTierebisgan.
pirveli etaloni damzadda Senadnobisagan, romelic 10%
iridiumisa da 90% platinisagan Sedgeboda.
rogor gavigoT arCeuli etalonis sigrZe icvleba Tu ara?
amisaTvis, cxadia, saWiroa etalonis sigrZis gazomva, magram es
procedura TviTon moiTxovs axali etalonis arCevas, romlis
sigrZe ucvleli iqneba. axali etalonis sigrZis ucvlelobaze
saubari ki SesaZlebelia misi sigrZis sxva, axal etalonTan
SedarebiT da a.S. rogorc vxedavT, sigrZis gazomva sakmaod
rTul operacias warmoadgens. Cven mas detalebSi ar
CavuRrmavdebiT, ubralod aRvniSnavT imas, rom ama Tu im
sididis cvlilebis an ucvlelobis Sesaxeb saubari yovelgvar
azrsaa moklebuli, Tu ar aRvniSnavT imas, romeli meore
sididis mimarT ganixileba es cvlileba Tu ucvleloba. aseve
ar SeiZleba saubari erTi calke aRebuli sxeulis sigrZis
cvlilebaze, amitom imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT sigrZis
ucvleloba, saWiroa minimum ori sxeulis ganxilva.

Tu ori etaloni iseTi Tvisebisaa, rom maTi sigrZeebi

nebismier mdgomareobaSi Sedarebisas tolia, vityviT, rom maTi
sigrZe ucvlelia.

20
 aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom absoluturad ucvleli
sigrZis sxeulebi bunebaSi ar arseboben, magram ama Tu im
miaxloebaSi yovelTvis SesaZlebelia aseTi etalonebis
damzadeba.
yovelive zemoT Tqmuli sigrZis gazomvis sirTulesTan
dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas drois gazomvis Sesaxebac. dro
izomeba qronometris saSualebiT, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia is, rom masSi mimdinareobs ganmeorebadi
procesi da drois Sualedi yovel momdevno ganmeorebas Soris
miRebulia erTeulad. principulad ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas,
Tu romel ganmeorebad process avirCevT drois gasazomad.
aseT procesad SeiZleba avirCioT dedamiwis brunva mzis
garSemo, qanqaris rxeva, qviSis Camoyra qviSis saaTSi da sxv.
drois etalonis arCevis Semdeg drois Sualedis gazomva
xdeba drois Sualedis sawyisi da bolo momentebis Tanxvdenis
dadgeniT drois etalonis saTanado momentebTan. Tu es
momentebi Tanxvdebian erTmaneTs, vityviT, rom drois gasazomi
Sualedi erTeulis tolia, xolo Tu ar Tanxvdebian, maSin
unda moviqceT monakveTis sigrZis gazomvis analogiurad. Tu
gasazomi drois Sualedi metia etalonze, maSin etalons
ramdenimejer gadazomaven, xolo Tu gasazomi drois Sualedi
naklebia etalonze, maSin etalons yofen nawilebad
(magaliTad, wami iyofa miliwamad, mikrowamad, nanowamad da
a.S.) da am nawilebis saSualebiT axdenen drois Sualedis
gazomvas.
am SemTxvevaSic ismis sakiTxi qronometris yovel or
ganmeorebas Soris drois Sualedebis tolobis Sesaxeb.
Sualedebs Soris toloba saWiroa imisaTvis, rom qronometrma
(magaliTad saaTma) SesZlos Tavisi daniSnulebis Sesruleba.
magram imis Semowmeba, rom saaTis mier naCvenebi drois
Sualedebi tolia, moiTxovs maT gazomvas, anu Sedarebas meore
saaTis CvenebasTan; amitom, am SemTxvevaSic meore saaTis gareSe
saaTis sisworeze saubari uazrobaa. Cven ver davsvamT kiTxvas
imis Sesaxeb, moZraobs Tu ara saaTis isari Tanabrad, sanam ar
iqneba aRniSnuli romel saaTTan xdeba am saaTis Sedareba.
iseve rogorc sigrZis SemTxvevaSi, aqac saWiroa ori saaTis
gamoyeneba. Tu ori saaTi erT da imave dros gviCvenebs, rogor
pirobebSic ar unda vamyofoT isini, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
maTi isrebi Tanabrad moZraoben erTmaneTis mimarT.

21
 sigrZisgan gansxvavebiT, drois Sualedis gazomvis
SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba kidev erTi damatebiTi sakiTxi: Tu
saaTebi daSorebulia erTmaneTisagan, maTi Cvenebis
erTdrouloba moiTxovs damatebiT gansazRvras. marTlac, ra
unda vigulisxmoT imaSi, rom erTi movlena erT adgilas,
xolo meore movlena sxva adgilas moxda erTdroulad? ras
niSnavs sxvadasxva adgilas moTavsebuli saaTebis
erTdrouloba?
sxvadasxva adgilas momxdari movlenebis erTdrouloba
mniSvnelovani cnebaa da mis gareSe ar SeiZleba iseTi
ZiriTadi cnebebis gansazRvreba, rogorebicaa, magaliTad
sxeulis siCqare da aCqareba. marTlac, vTqvaT, materialuri
wertili moZraobs sivrcis romelime A wertilidan B
wertilamde. Cveulebriv, materialuri wertilis siCqaris
gasagebad saWiroa A da B wertilebs Soris manZilis gayofa
drois Sualedze, romelic dasWirda mas A wertilidan B
wertilSi misvlisTvis, A wertilidan moZraobis dawyebis
momenti CvenTvis cnobilia A wertilSi moTavsebuli saaTis
saSualebiT, magram rogor gavarkvioT B wertilSi misvlis
momenti masSi ganlagebuli saaTis meSveobiT, anu rogor
gavigoT, rom B wertilSi moTavsebuli saaTi gviCvenebs igive
dros, rasac A wertilSi mdebare saaTi?
amis dadgena SeuZlebelia, sanam ar iqneba gansazRvruli,
Tu ras niSnavs sxvadasxva adgilas momxdari movlenebis
erTdrouloba. klasikuri da relativistuli fizikis
Sexedulebebi am sakiTxSi gansxvavebulia. klasikuri fizikis
sazRvrebSi, erTdroulobis cneba imdenad TavisTavad cxadia
da naTeli, rom ar moiTxoveba misi zusti gansazRvra, e.i. ar
aris aucilebeli imis garkveva, Tu ra fizikuri operaciebia
saWiro imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros sxvadasxva adgilas
momxdari ori movlenis erTdrouloba. klasikuri fizika
Tvlida, rom arsebobs erTdroulobis aprioruli cneba da
rogori eqsperimentuli meTodic unda gamoviyenoT misi
gansazRvrisTvis, yovelTvis unda miviRoT erTi da igive
Sedegi.
relativisturi fizika Tvlis, rom erTdroulobis
erTaderTi gansazRvreba, romelic akmayofilebs fizikis yvela
saWiro moTxovnas, aris erTdroulobis gansazRvreba sinaTlis
siCqaris saSualebiT. ainStainis gansazRvrebiT, Tu A
wertilidan masSi ganTavsebuli saaTis Cvenebis mixedviT t 1

22
momentSi B wertilisken igzavneba myisieri sinaTlis signali,
romelic B wertils aRwevs masSi ganTavsebuli saaTis
mixedviT t  momentSi da myisierad irekleba misgan A
wertilisken, romelsac aRwevs masSi ganTavsebuli saaTis
mixedviT t 2 momentSi, Cven vityviT, rom es saaTebi erT da imave
dros gviCveneben, Tu
t t
t  1 2 . (2.1)
2
aseTnairad gasworebul saaTebze amboben, rom isini
sinqronizebuli arian (nax.2.2).

A C B

t1
t
t2
nax.2.2

klasikuri fizika uSvebs signalis usasrulod didi

siCqariT gadacemas, amdenad SesaZlebelia drois sinqronizeba
usasrulo siCqaris signalis saSualebiT, amitom (2.1)
formulis Tanaxmad t  , t1 da t 2 droebi erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba,
rac drois absoluturobas niSnavs.
fizikuri movlenebis ganxilvis dros saWiroa sxvadasxva
fizikuri sidideebis SemoReba da maT Soris kavSiris
damyareba. yoveli axali fizikuri sidide ukavSirdeba sxva
sidideebs formuliT (analizurad), romlis Semowmeba xdeba
eqsperimentulad, an eqsperimentuli kanoniT. aseTi kavSiri
fizikur sidideebs Soris gviCvenebs, rom yoveli fizikuri
sidide SeiZleba gamovsaxoT ramdenime winaswar arCeuli
fizikuri sididiT.
sidideebs, romelTa saSualebiT gamoisaxeba yoveli
fizikuri sidide, ZiriTadi sidideebi, xolo danarCen
sidideebs, romlebic gamoisaxebian ZiriTadi sidideebis
saSualebiT, warmoebuli sidideebi ewodeba. ZiriTadi
sidideebi warmoebuli sidideebisagan imiT gansxvavdebian, rom
maTi gamosaxva sxva sidideebiT ar SeiZleba da isini mxolod
etalonebis saSualebiT ganisazRvrebian.
gamosaxulebas, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu rogoraa
gansaxilveli sididis erTeuli damokidebuli ZiriTadi
sidideebis erTeulebze, mocemuli sididis ganzomileba

23
ewodeba da kvadratul frCxilebSi Casmuli sididis
simboloTi aRiniSneba. magaliTad, sigrZis ganzomileba l  ,
drois t  , masis m , siCqaris   da a. S.
ramdeni fizikuri sidide unda avirCioT ZiriTad
sidideebad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra kavSiri arsebobs
fizikur sidideebs Soris. istoriulad ZiriTadad fizikur
sidideebad SemoRebul iqna sigrZe, dro da masa, rac savsebiT
sakmarisia meqanikis farglebSi da Cven mxolod am ZiriTadi
erTeulebiT SemovifarglebiT. es sidideebi warmoadgenen
materialuri samyaros Sinaarsisa da formis _ materiis,
droisa da sivrcis damaxasiaTebel fizikur sidideebs da am
sami ZiriTadi sididisagan Semdgar sistemas erTeulTa
absoluturi sistema ewodeba.
sxvadasxva fizikuri sidideebis ganzomilebis dasadgenad
fizikuri formula gamoiyeneba.

formulas, romelic erTmaneTTan fi-

zikur sidideebs akavSirebs fizikuri
b formula ewodeba.

1m fizikuri sidideebis gazomvis ori

xerxi arsebobs, pirdapiri da iribi.
1m a ganvixiloT gazomvis xerxebi markuT-
nax.2.3 xedis farTobis gazomvis magaliTze
(nax.2.3).
Tu marTkuTxedis farTobs gavzomavT sigrZis erTeulad
miRebuli 1m gverdis mqone kvadratis farTobis saSualebiT,
maSin aseTi gazomva pirdapiri gazomva iqneba.
zogadad,

gazomvas, rodesac mocemuli fizikuri sididis mniSvnelobas

uSualod vadarebT Sesabamisi fizikuri sididis erTeuls,
pirdapiri gazomva ewodeba.

marTkuTxedis farTobis gazomva SesaZlebelia sxva

xerxiTac uSualod farTobis gazomvis gareSe. amisaTvis
sakmarisia gavzomoT pirdapiri gazomvis xerxiT misi a da b
sigane, xolo Semdeg gadavamravloT isini erTmaneTze.
maTematikurad es Semdegi formuliT gamoisaxeba:
s  ab (2.2)

24
gazomvas, rodesac izomeba mocemul sididesTan dakavSirebuli
sxva sidideebi, xolo gasazomi fizikuri sidide gamoiTvleba
formulis saSualebiT, iribi gazomva ewodeba.

cxadia, rom marTkuTxedis FfarTobis gazomva (2.2)

formulis saSualebiT iribi gazomvis magaliTs warmoadgens.
fizikur sidideTa iribi gazomvis xerxi fizikaSi xSirad
gamoiyeneba, radgan zogierTi fizikuri sididis pirdapiri
gazomva zogjer SeuZlebelia. pirdapiri gazomvis meTodi
mxolod maSin gamoiyeneba, rodesac cnobilia fizikuri
sididis gazomvis xerxi da amasTan maTi gazomva SesaZlebelia.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, udidesi mniSvneloba gaaCnia
fizikuri sidideebis erTeulTa SerCevas, raSic, cxadia,
zogadad ver viqnebiT Tavisufali, magram unda vecadoT iseTi
erTeulebis SerCevas, romelic ar gamoiwvevs fizikuri
formulebisa da gamoTvlebis garTulebas. amitom, axali
erTeulebis SerCevisas aucilebelia iseTi meTodiT
xelmZRvaneloba, romelic erTis mxriv mogvcems fizikuri
erTeulebis SerCevis kanonzomierebas, xolo meores mxriv,
gaamartivebs fizikur formulebsa da gamoTvlebs. aRmoCnda,
rom yvelaze xelsayrelia axali fizikuri erTeulebis
dasadgenad fizikuri formulebis gamoyeneba. ganvixiloT
aRniSnuli meTodi farTobis erTeulis dadgenis magaliTze.
vTqvaT, unda davadginoT zedapiris farTobis erTeuli da
misi ganzomileba (2.2) formulis gamoyenebiT. amisaTvis
CavweroT (2.2) formula da a da b sidideebis nacvlad masSi
CavsvaT SI sistemis sigrZis erTeuli 1 m, miviRebT:
s=ab=1m.1m. (2.3)
SevasruloT gamravleba, amisaTvis ricxvebi gadavamravloT
erTmaneTze, xolo standartuli ganzomilebebi erTmaneTze,
miviRebT:
[s ] =1m 2 (2.4)
miRebuli Sedegi SI sistemaSi farTobis erTeuls
warmoadgens. aq m 2 simbolo gviCvenebs, rom farTobis erTeuli
miRebulia metris metrze gamravlebiT da mas farTobis
erTeuli – kvadratuli metri ewodeba.
ganxiluli magaliTis saSualebiT SeiZleba davadginoT
fizikuri sidideebis erTeulebisa da ganzomilebebis dadgenis
erTiani wesi, romelsac SemdgomSi axali fizikuri sidideebis

25
SemoRebisas maTi ganzomilebebis dasadgenad gamoviyenebT.
fizikuri formulis gamoyenebiT axali fizikuri sididis
erTeulisa da ganzomilebis dasadgenad saWiroa:
1. SevarCioT formula, romelic Seicavs im fizikur
sidides, romlis ganzomilebis sidide da ganzomileba
unda davadginoT. cxadia, rom es formula unda
Seicavdes sxva sidideebs, romelTa erTeulebi ukve
cnobilia;
2. CavsvaT formulaSi yvela sxva sididis nacvlad iseTi
ricxvebi da maTi ganzomilebebi, rom maTze
algebruli moqmedebebis Sedegad miviRoT axali
sididis erTeuli;
3. miRebuli Sedegi CavTvaloT saZiebeli fizikuri
sididis erTeulad, xolo ganzomilebebze moqmedebis
Sedegi fizikuri sididis ganzomilebad.
aRniSnuli wesi Cvens mier gamoyenebul iqneba axali
fizikuri sidideebis erTeulTa da ganzomilebaTa dasadgenad.
fizikis procesebis Seswavlisas xSir SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvaqvs erTmaneTis proporciul fizikur sidideebTan. rogorc
maTematikidan cnobilia, a da b cvladebs Soris pirdapir
proporciuli damokidebuleba SeiZleba Caiweros Semdegi
saxiT:
b b
b1 : b2  a1 : a 2 , an 1  2 , (2.5)
a1 a 2
radgan b icvleba imdenjer ramdenjerac a , maTi fardobiT
miRebuli sidide mudmivi iqneba da is SeiZleba aRvniSnoT
raime k asoTi, maSin (2.5) Tanafardoba SeiZleba gamovsaxoT
Semdegi formuliT:
b
k, (2.6)
a
sadac, rogorc aRvniSneT k  const, anu
b  ka. (2.7)
Tu a da b sidideebi erTmaneTis ukuproporciulia, maSin
maT Soris damokidebuleba Semdegi formuliT gamoisaxeba:
1
bk . (1.2.5)
a
cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSic k  const.

26
k mudviv mamravls, romelic mocemulia proporciuli
damokidebulebis gamomxatvel formulebSi, proporciulobis
koeficienti ewodeba.

k proporciulobis koeficienti fizikur formulaSi

yovelTvis axasiaTebs materiis gansazRvrul Tvisebas, am
ganxiluli procesis gansakuTrebul Taviseburebas, amdenad
proporciulobis koeficientebi, yovel formulaSi atarebs
Tavis fizikur azrs da amitom isini sxvadasxva asoTi
aRiniSneba.
proprciulobis koeficientis ricxviTi mniSvneloba
damokidebulia formulaSi Semavali fizikuri sidideebis
erTeulTa SerCevaze. fizikuri sidideebis erTeulTa
SerCevazea, aseve, damokidebuli proprciulobis koeficientis
ganzomilebac.
aqve aRvniSnoT, rom proprciulobis koeficienti fizikur
formulaSi inarCunebs mudmiv mniSvnelobas mxolod
gansazRvrul pirobebSi da is SeiZleba Seicvalos am
pirobebis Secvlisas. fizikur formulebSi proprciulobis
koeficientis fizikuri azrisa da im pirobebis dadgenas, roca
is inarCunebs mudmiv mniSvnelobas, fizikaSi mniSvnelovani
adgili ukavia. swored proprciulobis koeficienti da misi
fizikuri azri, romelic ama Tu im fizikur kanonzomierebas
gamosaxavs, gamoiyenaba axali fizikuri sidideebis
gansazRvrebisaTvis.

27
$3. funqcia. funqciis mocemis xerxebi. funqciis
zRvari da warmoebuli. gansazRvruli integrali.
vTqvaT, mocemulia raime niSniT gaerTianebuli obieqtebis
erToblioba, magaliTad wrfeze wertilTa erToblioba, mzis
sistemis planetaTa erToblioba, qarTuli anbanis asoebis
erToblioba da a.S.

erTnairi niSnis an Tvisebebis mixedviT gaerTianebul sidideTa

an saganTa erTobliobas simravle, xolo am simravlis
Semadgenel obieqtebs _ misi elementebi ewodeba

simravleebs laTinuri anbanis didi asoebiT

A, B, C , D,..., xolo simravlis elementebs laTinuri anbanis mcire
asoebiT a, b, c, d ,... aRniSnaven. simravle mocemulia, Tu nebismier
obieqtze SeiZleba iTqvas warmoadgens Tu ara igi am simravlis
elements. simravlisa da misi elementebis magaliTad fizikaSi
gamodgeba materialuri wertilis traeqtoria. materialuri
wertili sivrceSi Tavisi moZraobisas Semowers wirs,
romelsac traeqtoria an gavlili gza ewodeba. traeqtoria _
im wertilTa erTobliobas anu simravles warmoadgens,
romelSic mocemuli materialuri wertili erTxel mainc
imyofeboda.
vTqvaT mocemulia ori X da Y simravle. maT elementebs
Soris SeiZleba damyardes sxvadasxva saxis Sesabamisoba,
romlebsac f , g , h,... asoebiT aRniSnaven.

X da Y simravleebs Soris Sesabamisobas, roca X simravlis

yovel elements Y simravlis erTaderTi da sruliad
gansazRvruli elementi Seesabameba, funqcia ewodeba.

funqciis Casawerad, romelic amyarebs Sesabamisobas X da

Y simravlis x da y elementebs Soris raime f wesiT,
miRebulia aRniSvna y  f (x), sadac x  X da y  Y . x -s
uwodeben damoukidebel cvlads anu arguments, xolo y  f (x) -s
funqciis mniSvnelobas.
X simravlesD f funqciis gansazRvris are ewodeba da is
D( f ) simboloTi aRiniSneba.

28
 Y simravlis yvela im elementTa qvesimravles, romlebic
X simravlis erT elements mainc Seesabamebian, f funqciis
mniSvnelobaTa simravle an cvlilebis are ewodeba da E ( f )
simboloTi aRiniSneba.
f
f funqcias, romlisTvisac X  Y , sadac X  D( f ) da
Y  E ( f ) D f  simravlis E  f  simravleze asaxva ewodeba.
amrigad, funqcia aris erTi simravlis asaxva meore
simravleze.
fizikaSi gamoiyeneba ricxviTi da veqtoruli funqciebi.

funqcias, romlis gansazRvris are da mniSvelobaTa simravle

ricxviTi simravleebia, ricxviTi funqcia ewodeba.

magaliTad, wrfeze A wertilis x mdebareobis

damokidebuleba t drosTan, anu f Sesabamisoba
x  f1 (t ) (3.1)
ricxviT funqcias warmoadgens.

funqcias, romlis gansazRvris are ricxviTi simravlea, xolo

mniSvnelobaTa simravle veqtoruli sidideTa simravlea,
veqtoruli funqcia ewodeba.

magaliTad, Tu materialuri wertilis drois nebismier t

momentSi sivrcis A( x, y, z ) wertilSi mdebareoba moicema
 
r  F (t ) (3.2)

damokidebulebiT, maSin F funqcia veqtorul funqcias
warmoadgens.
gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad funqcia iTvleba mocemulad, Tu
cnobilia funqciis gansazRvris are da Sesabamisobis wesi.
amasTan, am wesis mocemis xerxi SezRuduli ar aris.
ganvixiloT funqciis mocemis sami yvelaze gavrcelebuli
xerxi: cxriluri, grafikuli da analizuri.

cxriluri xerxi. bunebis movlenaTa Seswavlis dros xSirad

saqme gvaqvs iseT cvladebTan, romelTa Soris arsebul
damokidebulebas adgenen cdis safuZvelze. aseT SemTxvevaSi
cdaTa Sedegebis mixedviT adgenen cxrils, romelSic

29
mocemulia argumentis sxvadasvxamniSvnelobebis Sesabamisi
funqciis mniSvnelobebi, magaliTad temperaturis droze
damokidebuleba yovel erT saaTSi:

cxrili II
Ddro(sT) 9 00 10 00 1100 12 00 1300 14 00
temperatura ( 0 C ) 10 12 13 14 14 12

funqciis mocemis aseT xerxs cxriluri xerxi ewodeba da

is farTod gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi.

grafikuli
xerxi. vTqvaT
sibrtyeze aRebulia marTkuTxa
Y koordinatTa sistema da am
sistemaSi mocemulia M ( x, y )
M ( x, y ) wertilTa simravle, romelTa-
y gan arc erTi ori wertili ar
Zevs OY RerZis paralelur
erTsa da imave wrfeze. wer-
tilTa aseTi simravle gansaz-
O x X Rvravs funqcias, romlis
gansazRvris are da
nax.3.1
mniSvnelobaTa simravle
Sesabamisad mocemul wertilTa simravlis abscisaTa da
ordinatTa simravleebia. marTlac, nebismier x ricxvs
gansazRvris aridan Seesabameba erTaderTi y ricxvi, iseTi,
rom M ( x, y ) wertili mocemul simravles ekuTvnis (nax.3.1).
funqciis mocemis aseT xerxs grafikuli xerxi ewodeba.

analizuri xerxi. umetes SemTxvevaSi funqcia mocemulia

formulis saSualebiT, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu ra moqmedebebi
unda SevasruloT argumentze, rom miviRoT funqciis
Sesabamisi mniSvneloba. aseT formulas funqciis analizuri
gamosaxuleba, xolo xerxs _ funqciis mocemis analizuri
xerxi ewodeba. magaliTad,

30
 x 1  x,  x  0,
y  2 x 2  3; y  ; f ( x)   2 (3.3)
x 1  x  1, 0  x  
funqciebi analizuradaa mocemuli.
Tu funqcia mocemuli formuliT da aris miTiTebuli
gansazRvris are, maSin igulisxmeba, rom am funqciis
gansazRvris area argumentis yvela im mniSvnelobaTa simravle,
romlisTvisac formulas azri aqvs. magaliTad y x
x 1
funqciis gansazRvris area D( y )  0,, xolo y
x 1
funqciis gansazRvris area D( y )   ,1U  1, .
fizikuri procesebis SeswavlisTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba gaaCnia funqciis zRvarisa da warmoebulis
gansazRvras, rame Tu isini gamoiyenebian sxvadasxva fizikuri
sidideebis gansazRvrisaTvis, rogorebicaa magaliTad myisi
siCqare, aCqareba, kuTxuri siCqare, kuTxuri aCqareba da sxv.
ganvixiloT f (x) funqciis zRvari raime a wertilSi.

g a n s a z R v r e b a 1 . b ricxvs ewodeba f (x) funqciis

zRvari a wertilSi, Tu nebismieri   0 ricxvisaTvis
moiZebneba iseTi   0 ricxvi, rom roca
x  a   da x  0
sruldeba utoloba
f ( x)  b   .

is faqti, rom b ricxvi aris f (x) funqciis zRvari a

wertilSi ase Caiwereba
lim
xa
f ( x)  b , (3.4)
magaliTad, f ( x)  3 x  1 finqciis zRvari, rodesac x  1 aris 2.
marTlac, nebismieri   0 -saTvis gvaqvs

(3 x  1)  2    3 x  1    x  1  .
3
 
amrigad, Tu   , maSin, roca x  1  sruldeba utoloba
3 3
(3 x  1)  2   ,
e.i.

31
 lim
x 1
(3 x  1)  2.
radgan xa  utoloba a    x  a   ormagi utolobis
tolfasia, xolo f ( x)  b   utoloba b    f ( x)  b   ormagi
utolobis tolfasia, amitom funqciis zRvris gansazRvreba
SeiZleba Semdegnairadac Camoyalibdes (nax.3.2).

b ricxvs ewodeba f ( x) funqciis zRvari a wertilSi, Tu b

ricxvis nebismieri  midamosaTvis moiZebneba a wertilis
iseTi  midamo, rom funqciis grafikis is nawili, romelic
Seesabameba  midamos wertilebs, garda SesaZlebelia TviT a
wertilisa, ar gamova b   , b   zolidan.

funqciis zRvris gansazRvrebidan Cans, rom a wertilSi

f ( x) funqciis zRvris
Y arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia
f ( x) funqcia gansazRvruli
b iyos a wertilis raime
midamos yvela wertilSi,
b garda SesaZlebelia TviT a
wertilisa. es ki imas niSnavs,
b  rom f ( x) funqcia SeiZleba
ar iyos gansazRvruli raime
a  a a  X a wertilSi, magram gaaCndes
zRvari am wertilSi.
nax.3.2
x2 1
magaliTad, f ( x) 
x 1
funqcia ar aris gansazRvruli x  1 wertilSi, magram
x2 1
lim  2.
x  1
x 1
marTlac, roca x  1
x 2  1 ( x  1)( x  1)
  2,
x 1 x 1
amitom
x2 1
 (2)  x  1  2  x  1 .
x 1

32
 amrigad, nebismieri   0 -saTvis, Tu   , maSin, roca
x  1   da x  1, sruldeba utoloba
x2 1
 (2)   ,
x 1
e.i.
x2 1
lim 2.
x  1
x 1
damtkicebis gareSe moviyvanoT ramodenime Teorema,
romlebic SemdgomSi gamogvadgeba.

T e o r e m a 1. Tu f (x) funqcias aqvs zRvari a wertilSi,

maSin es zRvari erTaderTia.

T e o r e m a 2. mudmivi funqciis zRvari amave mudmivis tolia.

T e o r e m a 3. Tu arseboben f (x) da g (x) funqciebis zRvrebi

a wertilSi, maSin arsebobs am funqciaTa jamis zRvaric a
wertilSi da es zRvari f (x) da g (x) funqciebis zRvarTa
jamis toloa, e.i.
lim
xa
( f ( x)  g ( x))  lim
xa
f ( x)  lim
xa
g ( x). (3.5)

T e o r e m a 4. Tu arseboben f (x) da g (x) funqciebis

zRvrebi a wertilSi, maSin arsebobs am funqciaTa namravlis
zRvaric a wertilSi da es zRvari f (x) da g (x) funqciebis
zRvarTa namravlis toloa, e.i.
lim
xa
( f ( x)  g ( x))  lim
xa
f ( x)  lim
xa
g ( x). (3.6)

am Teoremis Sedegia is, rom mudmivi mamravli SeiZleba

zRvris niSnis gareT gavitanoT, anu Tu c  const maSin,
lim
xa
(c  f ( x))  c  lim
xa
f ( x). (3.7)

T e o r e m a 5. Tu arseboben f (x) da g (x) funqciebis zRvrebi

a wertilSi, amasTan g (x) funqciis zRvari nulisgan
gansxvavebulia, maSin arsebobs f (x) da g (x) funqciaTa

33
Sefardebis zRvari da es zRvari f (x) da g (x) funqciebis
zRvarTa Sefardebis tolia, e.i.
f ( x) limxfa( x)
lim
xa
 . (3.8)
g ( x) lim g ( x)
xa

exla gadavideT funqciis warmoebulis gansazRvrebasa da

warmoebulis Tvisebebis ganxilvaze. vTqvaT, y  f (x) funqcia
gansazRvrulia x0 wertilis raime midamoSi, xolo x
warmoadgens am midamos x0 wertilisagan gansxvavebul
nebismier wertils.

x  x0 sxvaobas ewodeba argumentis nazrdi x0 wertilSi da x

simboloTi aRiniSneba.

e.i. x  x  x0 , saidanac
x  x0  x. (3.9.a)

f ( x0  x)  f ( x0 ) sxvaobas ewodeba f (x) funqciis nazrdi x0

wertilSi da f ( x0 ) an y simboloTi aRiniSneba.

e.i.
f ( x0 )  f ( x0  x)  f ( x0 ). (3.9.b)
aqve SevniSnoT, rom argumentis nazrdi x SeiZleba iyos
rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi, magram ar SeiZleba iyos
nulis toli, funqciis f ( x0 ) nazrdi ki SeiZleba iyos
nebismieri nadvili ricxvi.

g a n s a z R v r e b a 2. G x0 wertilSi y  f (x) funqciis

nazrdis argumentis nazrdTan fardobis zRvars, rodesac
argumentis nazrdi miiswrafis nulisaken, am wertilSi
df ( x0 )
funqciis warmoebuli ewodeba da y , f ( x 0 ) an
dx
simboloTi aRiniSneba, e.i.
f ( x0 ) f ( x0  x)  f ( x0 )
y  f ( x0 )  lim  lim . (3.10)
x 0
x x0
x

34
magaliTad, y  x 2 funqciis warmoebuli nebismier x wertilSi
Semdegnairad gamoiTvleba:
y ( x  x) 2  x 2 x 2  2 xx  (x) 2  x 2 2 xx  (x) 2
y   lim  lim  lim  lim 
x 0
x x0 x x 0
x x  0
x
lim
x 0
(2 x  x)  2 x.
nebismieri mudmivis warmoebulisTvis, anu Tu c  const miviRebT:
cc 0
c  lim  lim  lim 0  0.
x  0
x x 0
x x0
aqve moviyvanoT warmoebulis geometriuli Sinaarsi, xolo
meqanikur Sinaarsze momdevno paragrafebSi visaubroT:

f ( x) funqciis warmoebuli x0 wertilSi warmoadgens am

funqciis grafikis ( x0 , f ( x0 )) wertilSi gamavali mxebis kuTxur
koeficients.

gavavloT mkveTi AB (nax.3.3). rogorc naxazidan Cans

y
 tg . mivaswrafoT B wertili A wertilisaken. maSin
x
cxadia, rom x  0 da AB mkveTi miiswrafis AC mxebisken, e.i.
y
lim  lim tg  tg  f ( x0 ). (3.11)
x  0
x  
y  f ( x) funqciis grafikis ( x0 , y0 ) wertilSi gamavali
mxebis gantolebas aqvs
Y saxe:
y  y0  f ( x0 )( x  x0 ),
B C
(3.12)
sadac, y0  f ( x0 ). marTlac,
y
f x 0  A cxadia, rom (3.12)
warmoadgens ( x0 , y0 )
wertilSi gamavali wrfis
gantolebas, radganac am
O    x wertilis koordinatebi
x0 x 0  x X
akmayofileben (3.12)
gantolebas, da misi
nax.3.3. kuTxuri koeficientia

35
 f ( x0 ).
Tu raime wertilSi funqcias gaaCnia warmoebuli, maSin
funqcias am wertilSi warmoebuli funqcia ewodeba. funqcias
warmoebadi ewodeba SualedSi, Tu igi warmoebadia am
Sualedis TiToeul wertilSi.
L
l e m a 1. Tu f ( x) funqcia warmoebadia x0 wertilSi, maSin
lim
x 0
f ( x0 )  0 (3.13)

d a m t k i c e b a.
f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )
lim f ( x0 )  lim
x  lim lim x  f ( x0 )  0  0. D
x x0
x x x
0 x  x0
x x x0
damtkicebis gareSe moviyvanoT ramdenime Teorema,
romlebsac SemdgomSi gamoviyenebT.

T e o r e m a 6. Tu f ( x) da g ( x) warmoebadi funqciebia x
wertilSi, maSin maTi jamic warmoebadia am wertilSi da
( f ( x)  g ( x))  f ( x)  g ( x). (3.14)

SevniSnoT, rom es Teorema marTebulia SesakrebTa

nebismieri raodenobisTvis

T e o r e m a 7. Tu f ( x) da g ( x) warmoebadi funqciebia x
wertilSi, maSin maTi namravlic warmoebadia am wertilSi da
( f ( x)  g ( x))  f ( x)  g ( x)  f ( x)  g ( x). (3.15)

am Teoremis Sedegia is, rom mudmivi mamravli SegviZlia

gavitanoT warmoebulis niSnis gareT, anu Tu c  const da f ( x)
funqcia warmoebadia x wertilSi, maSin
(c  f ( x))  c  f ( x). (3.16)
    
marTlac, (c  f ( x))  c  f ( x)  c  f ( x)  c  f ( x), radgan c  0.

T e o r e m a 8. Tu f ( x) da g ( x) warmoebadi funqciebia x
f ( x)
wertilSi, amasTan g ( x)  0, maSin fardobac warmoebadia
g ( x)
am wertilSi da

36
 
 f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
   . (3.17)
 g ( x )  g 2 ( x)

gansazRvruli integrali. vTqvaT f ( x) aris a, b monakveTze

gansazRvruli uwyveti arauaryofiTi funqcia. a, b monakveTze
f ( x) funqciis grafikiT gansazRvruli mrudwiruli trapeciis
farTobi, SeiZleba Semdegnairadac gamovTvaloT: davyoT a, b
monakveTi n nawilad nebismieri wesiT, a  x 0  x1  x 2  ...  x n  b
wertilebiT xn , xn1 
Y monakveTis sigrZe aRvniSnoT
f x  xn -iT, sadac k  0,1,2,..., n  1 ,
cxadia x n  x n 1  x n .
avRniSnoT  -iT udidesi x n
ricxvebs Soris. TiToeul
xn , xn1  monakveTze avagoT
a b marTkuTxedi x n fuZiT da
O x x x x x  x
0 1 2 k n 1 n
X f ( xn ) simaRliT. yoveli
aseTi marTkuTxedis farTobi
nax.3.4
aRvniSnoT S n -Ti. cxadia, rom
S n  f ( x n )x n , (3.18)
xolo yvela aseTi marTkuTxedis farTobTa jami iqneba:
n 1 n 1

S
k 0
n  f ( x0 )x0  f ( x1 )x1  ...  f ( x n 1 )x n 1   f ( x k )x k .
k 1
(3.19)
f (x ) funqciis uwyvetobis gamo agebuli marTkuTxedebis
gaerTianeba mcire  -saTvis, e.i. sakmarisad didi n -saTvis
`TiTqmis emTxveva~ gansaxilvel mrudwirul trapecias. es
gvafiqrebineds, rom arsebobs agebuli marTkuTxedebis
farTobTa jamis zRvari, rodesac   0 da igi mrudwiruli
trapeciis farTobis tolia, e.i.
n 1
S  lim
 0
 f ( xk )xk .
k 0
(3.20)

mtkicdeba, rom a, b monakveTze gansazRvruli nebismieri

uwyveti funqciisaTvis arsebobs aseTi saxis zRvari, romelic
ar aris damokidebuli monakveTis dayofis wesze. am zRvars

37
uwodeben f (x ) funqciis gansazRvrul integrals a -dan b -mde
da
b

 f ( x)dx
a
(3.21)

simboloTi aRniSnaven, e.i.

n 1 b

lim  f ( x k )x k   f ( x)dx (3.22)

 0
k 0 a

a da b ricxvebs integrebis sazRvrebi ewodeba: a -s qveda

sazRvari. b -s ki _ zeda.
f (x ) -s integralqveSa funqcia ewodeba, xolo x -s saintegro
cvladi.
amrigad, a, b monakveTze, gansazRvruli uwyveti
arauaryofiTi f (x) funqciis Sesabamisi mrudwiruli trapeciis
farTobi gamoiTvleba formuliT:
b

S   f ( x)dx . (3.23)
a

aseTia, mokled funqciis, funqciis zRvrisa da funqciis

warmoebulis da gansazRvruli integralis Tvisebebi, romelTa
moyvana naSromis winaSe dasmuli amocanis gadasawyvetad
srulebiT sakmarisad migvaCnia.

38
$4. skalarebi da veqtorebi. xSirad saqme gvaqvs iseT
fizikur sidideebTan, romlebic Tvisobrivad gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan. es Tvisobrivi gansvaveba ganvixiloT
materialuri wertilis meqanikuri moZraobis magaliTze.
materialuri (nivTieri) wertili Tavisi moZraobisas Semowers
mrud wirs, romelsac materialuri wertilis traeqtoria
ewodeba. vTqvaT, materialuri wertili gadadgilda sivrcis A
wertilidan B wertilSi raRac S AB
B traeqtoriis gaswvriv (nax.4.1).
S AB manZils, romelic aiTvleba A
wertilidan B wertilamde S AB
 traeqtoriis gaswvriv, materialuri
rAB
wertilis mier gavlili gza ewodeba
da S asoTi aRiniSneba, xolo A
A wertilidan B wertilisaken
nax.4.1 mimarTul monakveTs materialuri
wertilis gadaadgileba ewodeba da

mas rAB simboloTi aRniSnaven.
S gavlili gza gviCvenebs Tu ramdeni sigrZis erTeulis
toli manZili gaiara materialurma wertilma da is skalarul
sidides warmoadgens, amasTan gavlili gza yovelTvis
arauaryofiTi sididea.

sidideebs, romelTa mosacemad sakmarisia mxolod ricxviTi

mniSvneloba, skalaruli sidideebi ewodeba.

skalaruli sidideebia magaliTad, gavlili gza, dro, masa

da a.S.

gavlili gzisgan gansxvavebiT rAB monakveTi xasiaTdeba ara
marto am monakveTis Sesabamisi
C B skalaruli sididiT, monakveTis
  sigrZiT, aramed mimarTulebiTac.
rAC rAB marTlac, ganvixiloT ori erTnairi
 
sigrZis rAB da rAC monakveTi (nax.4.2).
miuxedavad maTi sigrZeebis
A tolobisa, isini aSkarad sxvadasxva
nax.4.2 gadaadgilebebs warmoadgenen.
amgvari sidideebi, emorCilebian
Sekrebis gansakuTrebul wess, romlis garkveva Semdegi

39
magaliTis saSulebiT SeiZleba. vTqvaT, materialuri wertili
asrulebs mimdevrobiT or
 
 gadaadgilebas: rAB da rBC (nax.4.3). am
B rBC or gadaadgilebas, bunebrivia,
C 
  SegviZlia vuwodoT rAC gadaadgileba,
rAB rAC romelsac mivyavarT igive Sedegamde,
 
romelsac gvaZlevs ori rAB da rBC
A gadaadgilebebi erTad.
nax.4.3 gadaadgilebis magvar sidideebs,
anu

sidideebs, romlebic xasiaTdebian ara marto ricxviTi

mniSvnelobiT, aramed mimarTulebiTac, amasTan emorCilebian
nax.4.3-ze mocemul Sekrebis wess, veqtoruli sidideebi ewodeba.
 
rAB veqtoris A wertils rAB veqtoris sawyisi wertili an
saTave, xolo B wertilis bolo wertili an wvero ewodeba.

Sekrebis operacia, romelic gamosaxulia nax.4.3-ze

simbolurad Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
  
rAB  rBC  rAC . (4.1)
zogadad, naxazze veqtori gamoisaxeba monakveTiT,
romelsac boloSi isari aqvs da romelic veqtoris

mimarTulebas aRniSnavs. r veqtoris sigrZe anu misi moduli

r an r simboloTi aRiniSneba.
veqtoris aRsaniSnavad SeiZleba aseve gamoviyenoT
     
laTinuri anbanis asoebi, magaliTad a , b , c ,... , an A, B, C ,...

veqtorebs, romlebic paraleluri wrfeebis gaswvriv arian

mimarTuli (miuxedavad imisa, isini mimarTulebiT Tanxvdebian
Tu urTierTsawinaaRmdegod arian mimarTuli), kolinialuri
veqtorebi, xolo veqtorebs, romlebic erTidaigive sibtyis
paralelurebi arian komplanaruli veqtorebi ewodeba.

dasawyisSi ganvixiloT e.w. Tavisufali veqtorebi, anu

veqtorebi, romelTa gadadeba sivrcis nebismieri wertilidan
aris SesaZlebeli. aseTi veqtorebi iTvleba erTmaneTis tolad,

40
Tu isini kolinialuri veqtorebia, mimarTulia erTi da igive
mimarTulebiT da amasTan maTi modulebi erTmaneTis tolia.
Tu gvaqvs sivrceSi ori moduliT toli
kolinialuri veqtori, romlebic
   urTierTsawinaaRmdegod arian mimarTuli,
a b c maSin aseTi veqtorebi erTmanesgan niSniT
gansxvavdebian. magaliTad, nax.4.4-ze
warmodgenili veqtorebisTvis vRebulobT:
     
a  b , a   c , b  c , (4.2)
nax.4.4
xolo maTi modulebisaTvis samarTliania
Tanafardoba:
  
a  b  c, an a  b  c. (4.3)
veqtorTa Sekrebis Sesaxeb paragrafis dasawyisSi
visaubreT, magram es sakiTxi saWiroebs ufro dawvrilebiT
  
ganxilvas. vTqvaT, mocemulia ori a nda b veqtori (nax.4.5a). a
 
da b veqtorebis jamuri c veqtori SegviZlia miviRoT ori
gansxvavebuli, e.w. samkuTxedis da paralelogramis wesiT.


  b 
a a a
  
b c c

b) b
a) g)
nax.4.5

samkuTxedis wesi.
GgadavdoT b veqtori Tavisi Tavis

paralelurad ise, rom misi sawyisi wertili Tanxvdes a

veqtoris bolo wertils (nax.4.5b). b veqtoris aseTi gadatana
 
sivrceSi niSnavs a veqtoris bolo wertilidan b veqtoris
 
toli veqtoris gavlebas. maSin a da b veqtorebis jamuri
 
veqtori iqneba c veqtori, romlis saTave emTxveva a veqtoris

saTaves, xolo bolo wertili emTxveva b veqtoris bolo
wertils da
  
c  a  b. (4.4)
  
paralelogramis wesi. a da b veqtorebis jamuri c

veqtoris ageba sxva wesiTac aris SesaZlebeli. gadavdoT a

41
 
veqtori da b veqtori sivrceSi ise, rom maTi maTi sawyisi
wertilebi, anu saTaveebi erTmaneTs Tanxvdes (nax.4.5g). Semdeg
 
avagoT a da b veqtorebze
paralelogrami. am paralelogramis
diagonali, romelic sawyisi
   
 c d wertiliT Tanxvdeba a da b
b veqtorebis saTaves da mimarTulia
paralelogramis mopirdapire
 wverosken, cxadia Tanxvdeba 4.5.b
a  
e naxazze mocemuli wesiT miRebul c
nax.4.6 veqtors anu aqac
  
c  a  b. (4.5)
cxadia, rom veqtorTa Sekrebis
orTave wesiT miRebuli Sedegi
erTnairia. amis gamo xSirad amboben,
 rom veqtorebi ikribebian
a 
c paralelogramis wesiT. qvemoT
 
vnaxavT, rom a da b veqtorebis
sxvaoba Tanxvdeba paralelogramis
 meore diagonals.
b
zogadad, roca ikribeba orze
nax.4.7.    
meti, magaliTad oTxi a , b , c da d
veqtorebi, ufro moxerxebulia veqtorTa Sekrebis nax.4.5b-ze
gamosaxuli xerxi (nax.4.6).
 
a da b veqtorebis sxvaoba
  
c ewodeba iseT d veqtors, romelic b

 veqtorTan jamSi gvaZlevs a
a  
 veqtors. a da b veqtorTa sxvaoba
d 
SeiZleba warmovadginoT, rogorc a
     
b da  b veqtorTa jami a  b  a  (b ),
  
amitom d  a  b veqtori SegviZlia
nax.4.8
 
miviRoT, Tu a veqtors mivumatebT b

veqtoris moduliT tols da sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul  b
veqtors (nax.4.7)
    
d  a  ( b )  a  b (4.6)

42
  
paralelogramis wesis gamoyenebiT a da b veqtorebis ja-
  
mi da sxvaoba warmodgenilia nax.4.8-ze, sadac c  a  b , xolo
  
d  a b .

a veqtoris raime k skalarze gamravlebiT miiReba axali
 
e veqtori, romlis moduli k -jer metia a veqtoris modulze,

xolo mimarTuleba emTxveva a veqtoris mimarTulebas Tu

k  0, xolo a veqtoris sapirispirodaa mimarTuli Tu k  0.

nebismieri a veqtoris nulze namravli nulis tolia.

nebismieri a veqtoris p skalarze gayofa ( p  0) niSnavs
1
am veqtoris k  skalarze gamravlebas.
p

nebismieri a veqtori SeiZleba warmovadginoT ramdenime
  
a1 , a 2 ,...a n veqtorebis jamis saSualebiT:
   
a  a1  a 2  ...  a n . (4.7)
    
a1 , a 2 ,...a n veqtorebs a veqtoris mdgenelebi, xolo a
   
veqtoris warmodgenas a1 , a 2 ,...a n veqtorebis saSualebiT a
veqtoris mdgenelebad daSla ewodeba.
veqtoris mdgenelebad
daSlas mogvianebiT
davubrundebiT, jer
A2 ganvixiloT veqtoris proeqcia
(gegmili) raime RerZze. vTqvaT,

mocemulia raime a veqtori da
sivrceSi raime mimarTuleba
A1
(nax.4.9), romelsac n asoTi
aRvniSnavT. davuSvaT
 
 n perpendikularebi a veqtoris
A1 A2 saTavis A1 da bolos A2
wertilebidan n RerZze da
nax.4.9.
gadakveTis wertilebi
aRvniSnoT A1 da A2 -iT Sesabamisad. A1 da A2 wertilebs

Soris monakveTs A1 A2 a veqtoris proeqcia ewodeba n RerZze.
Tu A1 A2 mimarTuleba emTxveva n -is mimarTulebas proeqcia
iTvleba dadebiTad, xolo winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTad.

a veqtoris proeqcia n RerZze an simboloTi aRiniSneba.

43
 
Tu a veqtorsa da n RerZs Soris kuTxes aRvniSnavT 

simboloTi, maSin a veqtoris proeqcia n RerZze Semdegnairad
gamoiTvleba:
a n  a cos  , (4.8)
 
sadac a sidide a veqtoris moduls warmoadgens. a veqtoris
proeqcia n RerZze akmayofilebs Semdeg pirobebs.

a n  0,0    ;
2

a n  0,   ; (4.9)
2

a n  0,    .
2

nebismier a veqtors SegviZlia mivusadagoT erTeulovani
 
e veqtori, romelsac igive mimarTuleba gaaCnia rac a
veqtors, xolo moduliT sigrZis erTeulis tolia. cxadia,
  
rom a veqtori Sesabamisi e erTeulovani veqtoriTa da a
veqtoris a moduliT Semdegnairad Caiwereba:
 
a  ae . (4.10)
erTeulovan veqtors ortsac uwodeben.
zogierTi fizikuri sidi-
dis Sesabamisi veqtoris
Z dekartis samganzomilebiani
koordinatTa sistemis Re-
rZebis gaswvriv mimarTuli
veqtorebiT mdgenelebad
az daSlas xSirad mimarTaven
  fizikuri procesebis
k a
 Seswavlisas. amitom,
i  
j ay Y ganvixiloT nebismieri a
ax
veqtoris daSla mdgenelebad
marTkuTxa koordinatTa
X sistemis gaswvriv mimarTuli
nax.4.10. veqtorebis saSualebiT
(nax.4.10).
  
SemoviRoT erTeulovani i , j, k veqtorebi, romlebic
mimarTulia Sesabamisad OX , OY da OZ RerZebis gaswvriv da
maT vuwodoT am RerZebis ortebi. maSin,

44
    
a  ax  ay  az , (4.11)
sadac,
     
ax  axi , ay  ay j, az  az k , (4.12)

xolo a x , a y da a z a veqtoris proeqciebia OX , OY da OZ

RerZebze. (4.12) gamosaxulebis gaTvaliswinebiT a veqtorisa da
misi mdgenelebisaTvis miviRebT:
   
a  axi  ay j  az k , (4.13)

xolo piTagoras Teoremis gamoyenebiT a veqtoris modulis
kvadrati misi mdgenelebis modulis kvadratebis saSualebiT
Semdegnairad Caiwereba:
a 2  ax  ay  az .
2 2 2
(4.14)
veqtorTa Sekrebis, sxvaobis, skalarul sidideze
gamravlebis da gayofis garda SesaZlebelia, aseve, veqtorTa
erTmaneTze gamravlebac. ori veqtoris erTmaneTze
gadamravleba SeiZleba ori wesiT: erTi wesiT ori veqtoris
erTmaneTze gadamravlebisas miiReba skalaruli sidide da am
wess veqtorTa skalaruli gamravlebis operacia ewodeba,
xolo meore wesiT miRebuli Sedegi veqtoruli sididea da am
wess veqtorTa veqtoruli namravli ewodeba. aqve aRvniSnoT,
rom veqtoris veqtorze gayofis operacia ar ganimarteba.
ganvixiloT gamravlebis orive wesi calcalke.

skalaruli namravli.

a 

ori a da b veqtoris ska-
laruli namravli ewodeba
 scalars (nax.4.11), romelic am
veqtorebis modulisa da maT

b Soris  kuTxis kosinusis
 
namravlis tolia da a  b
nax.4.11. simboloTi aRiniSneba, anu

ab  a  b  cos  .
(4.15)
cxadia, rom
 
ab  b a (4.16)
amasTan,

45
  
ab  0,0    ;
2
 
ab  0,   ; (4.17)
2
 
ab  0,     .
2
 
a veqtoris kvadratSi igulisxmeba a veqtoris Tavis Tavze
skalaruli namravli:
 
a 2  aa  aa cos 0  a 2. . (4.18)
(4.8) gamosaxulebis Tanaxmad (4.15) gamosaxuleba SegviZlia
Semdegnairad gadavweroT:

ab  a (b cos  )  b(a cos  )  aba  ba b , (4.19)
 
sadac, a b  a cos  warmoadgens a veqtoris proeqcias b

veqtoris gaswvriv mimarTul RerZze, xolo ba  b cos  ki b

veqtoris proeqcias a veqtoris gaswvriv mimarTul RerZze.
cxadia aseve, rom
     
a (b  c )  ab  ac . (4.20)

 
veqtoruli namravli. ori a da b veqtoris veqtoruli

namravli ewodeba c veqtors, romelic Semdegnairad
ganisazRvreba:
 
 1. c veqtoris moduli ori a
a 
 da b veqtorebis modulebisa da
c
maT Soris  kuTxis sinusis
 namravlis tolia (nax.4.12)
  c  ab sin  ; (4.21)
c b 
2. c veqtori
perpendikularulia sibrtyis,
 
nax.4.12 romelic gavlebulia a da b
veqtorebis mimarTulebaze da
emorCileba marjvena burRis wess. Tu marjvena burRis
 
saxelurs vabrunebT a veqtoridan b veqtorisken umciresi
kuTxis mimarTulebiT, maSin burRis wveris moZraobia

mimarTuleba daemTxveva c veqtors mimarTulebas.

46
   
veqtorTa veqtoruli namravli [ab ] an a  b simboloTi
aRiniSneba. martivad miviRebT Semdeg tolobas
   
a  b  b  a , (4.22)
anu veqtoruli namravli skalaruli namravlisagan gansxvave-
biT ar emorCileba komutaturobis pirobas.
$5. wiris simrude. kinematikuri sidideebis ganxilvisas
aseve dagvWirdeba mrudi wiris damaxasiaTebeli geometriuli
sididis, wiris simrudis gamoyeneba.
Tu, materialuri wertilis traeqtoriis nebismieri ubani
erTnairadaa gamrudebuli, maSin is wrewirze an mudmivi
radiusis spiralze moZraobs. materialuri wertilis mrudwi-
ruli moZraobisas misi traeqtoriis sxvadasxva ubani SesaZ-
lebelia sxvadasxvanairad iyos gamrudebuli.
magaliTad, rodesac vakvirdebiT sxvadasxva mrud wirs an
erTi da igive mrudi wiris sxvadasxva ubans vamCnevT, rom erTi
nawili ufro metadaa gamrudebuli, xolo meore naklebad.
wiris gamrudebis raodenobrivi daxasiaTebisTvis saWiroa
SemoviRoT sidide, romelic gansazRvravs wiris simrudes.
am sididis Semosatanad
  Semdegnairad moviqceT.
A B SevadaroT erTmaneTs wrfe
A B (nax.5.1) da mrudi wiri (nax.5.2).
wrfis raime A wertilidan
nax.5.1. wrfis gaswvriv gavavloT


A erTeulovani  A veqtori,
romelic gviCvenebs A wertilis
A  maxloblad wrfis
s A
mimarTulebas. Tu am erTeulvan
B veqtors gadavitanT wrfis
B
nebismier sxva, magaliTad B
wertilSi, maSin am wertilis

nax.5.2. Sesabamisi erTeulovani B
veqtori ar Seicvlis Tavis mimarTulebas. e.i. wrfis gaswvriv
aRebuli erTeulovani veqtori, romelic axasiaTebs wrfis
mocemul wertilSi mis mimarTulebas ar icvleba sxva
wertilSi misi gadatanis SemTxvevaSi.
swored es Tvisebaa damaxasiaTebeli wrfisaTvis da is
gviCvenebs, rom wrfe ar aris gamrudebuli. wrfisagan

47
gansxvavebiT, mrudi wiris SemTxvevaSi (nax.5.2) AB rkali
gamrudebulia. davaxasiaToT am rkalis gamrudeba. A

wertilidan wiris mxebis gaswvriv gavavloT erTeulovani  A
veqtori, romelic, cxadia gviCvenebs A wertilis maxloblad
mrudi wiris mimarTulebas. igive wiris A wertilisagan
gansxvavebul nebismier sxva B wertilSi gavavloT am
wertilSi mrudi wiris mxebis gaswvriv mimarTuli

erTeulovani  B veqtori, romelic gviCvenebs am wertilis
maxloblad mrudi wiris mimarTulebas.
cxadia, rom mrudi wiris SemTxvevaSi A da B wertilebis
 
Sesabamisi mxebi erTeulovani  A da  B veqtorebi sxvadasxva
 
mimarTulebis arian. (nax.5.2)-dan Cans, rom  B veqtori  A
veqtoris mimarT mobrunebulia raRac  kuTxiT da swored
es kuTxe axasiaTebs rkalis gamrudebas. amasTan, unda
aRiniSnos, rom mobrunebis kuTxe damokidebulia ara marto
wiris gamrudebaze, aramed imazec, ra sididisaa mocemuli
rkalis sigrZe, anu s sidide. amitom mrudi wiris
gansaxilvel adgilebSi iReben wiris tol monakveTebs da
adareben erTmaneTs Sesabamis mobrunebis kuTxeebs.
vTqvaT, gvsurs wiris s sigrZis AB rkalis simrudis
gansazRvra: amisaTvis, pirvel rigSi unda vipovoT A da B
wertilebSi mxebis gaswvriv mimarTuli erTeulovani
veqtorebis mobrunebis  kuTxe.

 mobrunebis kuTxis Sefardebas AB rkalis s sigrZesTan

mocemuli rkalis saSualo simrude ewodeba.

e.i. rkalis saSualo simrude tolia:


k . (5.1)
s
k sidide axasiaTebs mTeli AB rkalis simrudes da
arafers gveubneba misi calkeuli nawilebis simrudis Sesaxeb.
Tu gvsurs wiris simrudis povna wiris mocemul A wertilSi,
maSin unda vipovoT (5.1) gamosaxulebis zRvari A wertilSi,
roca rkalis s sigrZe miiswrafis nolisaken (vamcirebT
rkalis s sigrZes B wertilis A wertilTan miaxloebiT).
wiris simrudisaTvis A wertilSi miviRebT:

48
  d
k  lim  . (5.2)
s
s  0
ds
(5.2) gamosaxulebis gamoyenebiT
wrfisa da wrewiris
SemTxvevaSi miviRebT:
1. wrfis simrude, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom   0 iqneba
k  0.
2. R radiusis wrewirisaTvis imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
s  R miviRebT
 1  1
k  lim  lim  . (5.3)
s R
s  0 s  0
 R
rogorc vxedavT, wrewiris simrude mis nebismier wertilSi
misi radiusis Sebrunebuli sididis tolia. cxadia, rac ufro
didia wrewiris radiusi, miT ufro hgavs am wrewiris rkali
wrfis nawils, e.i. miT ufro naklebia misi simrude.
unda aRiniSnos, rom wrewiris nebismier wertilSi simrude
mudmivi sididea, rac aseve damaxasiaTebelia wrfisTvisac, im
gansxvavebiT, rom wrfisaTvis es mudmivi sidide nolis tolia.
(5.3) gamosaxulebiT miRebuli
A Sedegi iZleva imis saSualebas,
B rom SemoviRoT radiusis magvari
C
 sidide, romelic dagvexmareba
mrudi wiris simrudis
O daxasiaTebaSi.
vTqvaT, gvsurs davaxasiaToT
mrudi wiris simrude A
wertilis maxloblad (nax.5.3).
gamovyoT BAC rkali A
wertilis midamoSi. Tu es rkali
nax.5.3.
sakmaod mcirea, is SeiZleba
miaxloebiT ganvixiloT, rogorc
A , B da C wertilebze gavlebuli wrewiris rkali. Tu am
wrewiris radiusia R , maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom BAC
rkalis simrude miaxloebiT am wrewiris simrudis toli iqneba
e.i.
1
k . (5.4)
R
Tu gvsurs A wertilSi simrudis gamoTvla B da C
wertilebi TandaTan unda mivuaxlovoT A wertils. cxadia,
rom TandaTan Seicvleba am wertilebze gavlebuli wrewiri da

49
 
misi radiusi. zRvarSi, roca BAC  0 , anu B da C wertilebi
Tanxvdebian A wertils, maTze gavlebuli wrewiri gadava
zRvrul wrewirSi Sesabamisi zRvruli  radiusiT da am
wrewiris simrudis radiusisaTvis miviRebT:
1
k . (5.5)


 -s A wertilSi mocemuli wiris simrudis radiusi, xolo O

wertils simrudis centri ewodeba.

mocemuli naSromis farglebSi ufro xelsayreli iqneba

simrudis gamosaxva ara  kuTxiT, aramed mocemuli wiris A

wertilSi gamavali mxebi erTeulovani  veqroris saSualebiT.

wiris gaswvriv  veqtoris gadanacvlebisas is icvlis

 
   

a B
 s
 
 A

A  
   b

nax.5.4.
 
mimarTulebas da B wertilSi is iqneba    (nax.5.4). naxazze
  
naCvenebia A wertilSi  da    veqtorebi.
SevadginoT Sefardeba


.
s

es Sefardeba warmoadgens veqtors, romelic mimarTulia 
veqtoris gaswvriv. mocemuli sididis warmoebulis sapovnelad
gadavideT zRvarze, roca s  0 .
 
d 
 lim . (5.6)
ds s  0 s

50
 
 
zRvarSi, roca   0 , kuTxe   0 da cxadia, rom
s

 d
veqtori iqneba  veqtoris marTobi da amitom veqtoric
ds
igive mimarTulebis iqneba, e.i. mxebi erTeulovani veqtoris
warmoebuli rkalis mxebis marTobia.

es Sedegi sxvanairadac SegviZlia miviRoT. vinaidan 
erTeulovani veqtoria, misi skalaruli namravli Tavis TavTan
erTis tolia, anu
 
   1 . (5.7)
gavawarmooT es toloba rkalis mimarT, miviRebT

 d
 0, (5.8)
ds

 d
saidanac gamomdinareobs  da veqtorTa urTierTmarTo-
ds
buloba.

d
vipovoT veqtoris sidide, anu gamovTvaloT zRvari
ds


lim . (5.9)
s  0
s
gadavweroT es gamosaxuleba Semdegnairad (nax.5.4):
 
 ab
lim  . (5.10)
s  0
ab s
 
sadac ab aris  veqtoris wveros mier Semowerili rkali.
 
naxazidan Cans, rom ab      . amis gaTvaliswinebiT (5.10)
Semdegnairad gadaiwereba:
 
d  
 lim   lim . (5.11)
ds s  0
ab s  0
s
pirveli mamravli warmoadgens qordisa da qordis
Sesabamisi rkalis zRvars da is erTis tolia, amitom

d 
 lim . (5.12)
ds s  0
s
(5.2) gamosaxulebis gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT:

1 d
k  , (5.13)
 ds

51
e.i. wiris simrude aris mxebi erTeulovani veqtoris rkalis
mimarT warmoebulis sididis toli. misi mimarTuleba
gviCvenebs wiris Cazneqilobis mimarTulebas, anu mimarTulia
simrudis centrisken.
$6. moZaobis kinematikuri gantolebebi da traeqto-
ria. moZreaobis kinematikuri gantolebebis dasadgenad
avirCioT raime aTvlis sistema da ganvixiloT materialuri
wertilis moZraoba am
inerciuli sistemis mimarT.
Y
materialuri wertilis
mdebareoba sivrcerceSi
ganisazRvreba an koordinatTa
 A 
r saTavidan gavlebuli r radi-
O us-veqtoriT, an x, y , z
y
koordinatebiT (nax.6.1). Tu
x C materialuri wertili
Z X moZraobs, maSin radius-veqtori
B z da maSasadame koordinatebi
warmoadgenen drois garkveul
nax.6.1.
funqciebs da materialuri
wertilis moZraoba
daxasiaTdeba srulad, Tu mocemulia Sesabamisi funqciebis
saxe.
gantolelebebs:
x  f 1 t , y  f 2 t , z  f 3 t  (6.1)
an
 
r  F t  (6.2)
moZraobis kinematikuri gantolebebi ewodeba.
sami skalaruli ganroleba (6.1) ekvivalenturia erTi

veqtoruli gantolebisa (6.2), vinaidan isini miiRebian r
veqtoris dagegmilebiT koordinaTta RerZebze da maT Soris
kavSiri (4.13) gantolebis Sesabamisad Semdegi saxissa:
   
r  xi  yj  zk (6.3)
moZraobis kinematikuri gantolebebi gansazRvraven, rogorc
traeqtorias, ise materialuri wertilis moZraobas.
materialuri wertilis traeqtoris gantoleba miiReba
moZraobis kinematikuri gantolebebidan drois gamoricxviT da
koordinatTa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebiT. traeqtoriis

52
gantolebis miReba SeiZleba moZraobis kinematikuri (6.1)
gantolebebidan erTerTSi drois povniT Sesabamisi
koorddinatis saSualebiT da drois mniSvnelobis CasmiT
danarCen or gantolebaSi. magaliTad, moZraobis mesame
gantolebidan vipovoT t , rogorc z -is funqcia, da CavsvaT
pirvel or gantolebaSi. miviRebT x da y koordinatebs,
rogorc z koordinatis funqciebs:
x   1 z , y   2 z  , (6.4)
es gantolebebi ki gamosaxaven mrud wirs sivrceSi, romelsac
Semowers materialuri wertili, e.i. materialuri wertilis
traeqtorias.
xSirad materialuri wertilis traeqtoris cnobilia da
saWiroa mxolod imis gansazRvra, Tu rogor moZraobs
materialuri wertili am traeqtoriaze. materialuri
wertilis moZraobis xasiaTis dasadgenad Semdegnairad unda
moviqceT. materialuri wertilis traeqtoriaze unda avirCioT
raime O wertili da materialuri wertilis mdebareoba
traeqtoriaze ganvsazRvroT O wertilidan materialur
wertilamde rkalis sigrZiT. Tu mocemuli rkalis sigrZes
aRvniSnavT s -iT, moZraoba mocemul traeqtoriaze gamoisaxeba
Semdegi gantolebiT:
s   t  . (6.5)
materialuri wertilis moZraobis gantolebis aseTi saxiT
warmodgena mogvcems saSualebas gavarCioT da ganvazogadoT
nawilakebis mir gavlili gzis cneba, rac, Tavis mxriv,
gagviadvilebs siCqaris cnebis Semotanas.

53
$7. wrfivi moZraobis siCqare. materialuri wertilis
moZraobis Seswavla daviwyoT moZraobis umartivesi SemTxvevis
ganxilviT, roca materialuri wertili moZraobs wrfeze.
msjelobis gasamartiveblad davuSvaT, rom moZraoba warmoebs
OX RerZis gaswvriv (nax.7.1). am SemTxvevaSi misi mdebareoba
ganisazRvreba x koordinatiT, romelic materialuri
wertilis moZraobis SemTxvevaSi iqneba drois funqcia,
romelic gamoisaxeba Semdegi moZraobis kinematikuri
gantolebiT:
x  f t  . (7.1)
am funqciis saxe
damokidebulia moZraobis
xasiaTze. ganvixiloT aseve
O x f t  A x B
yvelaze martivi SemTxveva, e.w.
wrfivi Tanabari moZraoba. es
moZraoba Semdegi TvisebiT
nax.7.1 xasiaTdeba.: rogori drois
Sualedic ar unda aviRoT, am
drois ganmavlobaSi gavlili x manZilis Sefardeba drois
t SualedTan yovelTvis erTi da igive sididea da drois
erTeulSi (mag. wamSi) Sesrulebuli gadaadgilebis tolia
x
 const . (7.2)
t

gavlili manZilis Sefardebas saTanado drois SualedTan, anu

(7.2) gamosaxulebiT mocemul sidides wrfivi Tanabari
moZraobis siCqare ewodeba.

cxadia, rom wrfivi moZraobis siCqare mudmivi sididea da

ar aris damokidebuli drois Sualedis SerCevaze. siCqare 
asoTi aRiniSneba da amis gaTvaliswinebiT (7.2) Semdegi saxiT
SeiZleba gadavweroT:
x
 . (7.3)
t
xSirad sasrul manZils s _iT, xolo am manZilis
gasavlelad saWiro dros t _Ti aRniSnaven. Sesabamisad (7.3)
formula Semdegnairad gadaiwereba:
s
 . (7.4)
t

54
  _s niSani damokidebulia x sididis niSanze, anu imaze,
Tu ra mimarTulebiT xdeba materialuri wertilis moZraoba.
Tu x  0 , e.i. x koordinati izrdeba siCqare dadebiTia,
winaaRmgdeg SemTxvevaSi ki uaryofiTi.
(7.3) da (7.4) forumelebi gvaZlevs wrfivi Tanabari
moZraobisas gavlili manZilis povnis saSualebas, Tu
cnobilia siCqare da moZraobis dro:
x    t (7.5)
an
s   t . (7.6)
Tanabrad moZravi nawilakis mdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis
drois raime t momentSi, saWiroa vicodeT rogori iyo misi
koordinati drois sawyis momentSi.
vTqvaT, t  0 momentSi nawilakis koordinati iyo x 0 . Tu
koordinats drois t momentSi aRvniSnavT x _iT, miviRebT:
x  x0    t . (7.7)
aseTi saxe aqvs wrfivi Tanabari moZraobisas x koordinats,
rogorc drois funqcias. rogorc vxedavT, wrfivi Tanabari
moZraobis dros koordinati drois wrfivi funqciaa.
xSirad moZraobis ufro TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad
xelsayrelia misi gamosaxva
X x koordinatis t droze
damokidebulebis grafikis
x  x0    t saSualebiT (nax.7.2). am
grafiks materialuri
wertilis mier gavlili gzis
grafiki ewodeba. wrfivad da
 Tanabrad moZravi
x0
materialuri wertilis
SemTxvevaSi es grafiki
warmoadgens wrfes, romelic
O t
ordinatTa RerZs kveTs x 0
nax.7.2
ordinatis mqone wertilSi.
abcisTa RerZTan mocemuli
wrfis daxrilobis  kuTxis tangensi ki materialuri
wertilis moZraobis siCqaris tolia.
aseve xSirad gamoiyeneba meore grafiki, romelic gamosaxavs
 siCqaris t droze damokidebulebas (nax.7.3). am SemTxvevaSi
ordinatTa RerZze gadazomilia ara x koordinati aramed 
siCqare. vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi siCqare mudmivia, misi grafiki

55
warmoadgens abcisTa RerZis paralelur wrfes, romlis yoveli
wertilis ordinati  siCqaris tolia.
gzis grafikis ganxilvisas
 vnaxeT, rom misi yoveli wertlis
ordinati gamoxatavs x
koordinats, xolo abscisaTa
A B RerZisadmi kuTxis tangensi
siCqares. siCqaris grafikis SemTx-
vevaSi ki ordinati gamosaxavs
 siCqares. bunebrivia daisvas
kiTxva, rogor gamoisaxeba
geometriulad siCqaris grafikze
O C x koordinati, e.i. gavlili
D t
manZili. vinaidan (7.7) formulis
nax.7.3 Tanaxmad
x  x0    t , (7.7)
cxadia, rom mocemuli momentisaTvis x  x0 manZili
geometriulad gamoisaxeba ABCD marTkuTxedis farTobiT,
romlis fuZe aris CD  t , xolo simaRle - CA   .
ganvixiloT axla nebismieri xasiaTis sworxazovani
moZraoba, upirveles yovlisa SemoviRoT e.w. saSualo siCqaris
cneba. vTqvaT, drois raime t SualedSi, romelic t
momentidan iwyeba, nivTierma wertilma gaiara x manZili
(nax.7.1), maSin sidides
x
  , (7.8)
t
e.i. gavlili manZilis Sefardebas saTanado drosTan, ewodeba
saSualo siCqare gzis x monakveTze. vinaidan moZraoba ar
aris Tanabari, saSualo siCqare damokidebuli iqneba ara
marto drois Sualedis aTvlis t momentze, aramed TviT
Sualedzec. gzis x monakveTis sxvadasxva nawilSi nawilaki
SeiZleba sxvadasxva siCqariT moZraobdes; saSualo siCqare
gviCvenebs rogori unda iyos nawilakis siCqare Tanabari
moZraobisaa imisTvis, rom man t droSi gaiaros x monakveTi.
saxelwodeba `saSualo siCqare~ ganpirobebulia imiT, rom
x monakveTis sxvadasxva nawilze materialuri wertili
SeiZleba sul sxvadasxvanairad moZraobs. SeiZleba dasawyisSi
misi moZraoba iyos swrafi, Semdeg ufro neli, magram 
sidide amis Sesaxeb arafers gveubneba, vianidan igi

56
ganisazRvreba mxolod gavlili manZiliT da saTanado droiT.
magaliTad, or sadgurs Soris matareblis moZraobis saSualo
siCqares gamoTvlian mTeli manZilis gayofiT droze,
miuxedavad imisa, rom gzis sxvadasxva nawilze matarebeli
sxvadasxva siCqariT moZraobs.
imisaTvis, rom vipovoT nivTieri wertilis siCqare aRebul
t momentSi, Semdegnairad unda moviqceT. TandaTanobiT unda
vamciroT t Sualedi, e.i. vamciroT x monakveTic B
wertilis A wertilTan miaxloebiT. rac ufro mcire iqneba
t da x Sualedebi, miT ufro naklebad Seicvleba siCqare am
Sualedis ganmavlobaSi da miT ufro meti sizustiT mogvcems
 sidide wertilis namdvil siCqares t momentSi. sruli
sizustisaTvis saWiroa gadasvla zRvarze, rodesac t
miiswrafvis nulisaken, am zRvars ewodeba nivTieri wertilis
namdvili anu myisi siCqare t momentSi. Tu mas  asoTi
avRniSnavT, gveqneba
x dx
  lim  . (7.9)
t  0
t dt
aRniSnuli gansazRvra gviCvenebs, rom koordinatis gaswvriv
moZravi materialuri wertilis

namdvili siCqare aris koordinatis warmoebuli droiT.

rogorc vxedavT, nebismieri xasiaTis sworxazovani

moZraobisaTvis advilad SeiZleba namdvili siCqaris povna, Tu

X

  f t 
  f t 
x  f t 


x

O t O t1 dt t2 t
nax.7.4 nax.7.5

57
cnobilia x koordinati rogorc drois funqcia. amisaTvis
sakmarisia gavawarmooT es funqcia drois mimarT.
ganvixiloT axla koordinatisa da siCqaris grafikebi
nebismieri sworxazovani moZraobisaTvis. cxadia, rom am
SemTxvevaSi koordinatis grafiki gamoisaxeba ara swori xaziT,
rogorc Tanabari moZraobis dros, aramed mrudi xaziT,
romlis gantoleba iqneba x  f t  . am mrudis ordinatebi
gviCvenebs x koordinatis mniSvnelobebs drois sxvadasxva
momentisaTvis. siCqare ki, rogorc koordinatis warmoebuli,
gamoixateba im kuTxis tangensiT, romelsac mrudis aRebul
wertilSi gavlebuli mxebi adgens abscisaTa RerZTan (nax.7.4).
siCqaris grafikis asagebad unda vipovoT siCqare rogorc
drois funqcia
  f t  (7.10)
da avagoT am funqciis saTanado mrudi (nax.7.5). am mrudis
ordinati siCqaris gamomsaxveli iqneba. gamovarkvioT rogor
gamoisaxeba am grafikze x koordinati an, ufro sworad, t 1 da
t 2 momentebs Soris gavlili manZili. drois usasrulod mcire
dt SualedSi gavlili manZili toli iqneba dt namravlisa,
xolo es namravli geometriulad gamoixateba dt fuZis da 
simaRlis mqone viwro farTobis saSualebiT, romelic
SemosazRvrulia abscisaTa RerZiT, ori maxlobeli ordinatiT
da mrudis mcire rkaliT.
SeiZleba vaCvenoT, rom materialuri wertilis mier
t  t 2  t1 drois SualedSi Sesrulebuli x gadaadgileba,
iseve rogorc Tanabari moZraobis SemTxvevaSi gamoisaxeba im
figuris farTobiT, romelic SemosazRvrulia drois RerZiT,
drois RerZis Sesabamis t 1 da t 2 wertilebSi aRmarTuli
marTobebiT da siCqaris grafikiT (nax.7.5). es farTobi
maTematikurad Semdegnairad Caiwereba:
t2

x  x2  x1    t dt . (7.11)
t1

58
$8. mrudwiruli moZraobis siCqare. ganvixiloT
materialuri wertilis moZraobis ufro zogadi SemTxveva, ro-
ca is moZraobs sivrceSi mrudi wiris gaswvriv. wertilis

mdebareoba sivrceSi ganvsazRvroT r radius–veqtoriT (nax.8.1).
vTqvaT, romelime t momentSi nivTier wertils A mdebareoba

ekava da misi radius-veqtori iyo r . sakmaod mcire t drois
Semdeg, e.i. t  t momentSi wertili daikavebs axal B
  
mdebareobas da misi radius-veqtori iqneba r  r , sadac r

iqneba A -dan B -mde gavlebuli veqtori, anu r radius-
veqtoris nazrdi t droSi. sididiT igi AB qordis tolia.
radius-veqtoris cvlilebas drois erTeulSi, e.i. Sefardebas

 r
  , (8.1)
t
drois t SualedSi nivTieri wertilis saSualo siCqare
ewodeba. igi warmoadgens veqtors, romelic mimarTulia A -dan
B -sken gavlebuli mkveTis gaswvriv. rom vipovoT namdvili
siCqare, iseve unda moviqceT, rogorc sworxazovani moZraobis
ganxilvis dros. saxeldobr, unda gadavideT zRvarze, rodesac
t miiswrafvis nulisaken. miRebul zRvrul veqtors, e.i.
 
 r dr
  lim  (8.2)
t  0
t dt
radius-veqtoris warmoebuls drois mimarT t momentSi
materialuri wertilis namdvili siCqare ewodeba.
misi mimarTulebis

Y A  gansazRvrisaTvis unda
gavarkvioT mkveTis zRvruli
 s B
O1
r  mdebareoba, rodesac B
  wertili usasrulod
r
uaxlovdeba A wertils.
  cxadia, rom aseTi
r  r
O miaxlovebis Sedegad mkveTis
mimarTuleba icvleba da
Z X zRvarSi mogvcems A
wertilSi gavlebuli mxebis
mimarTulebas, saidanac
nax.8.1
vaskvniT, rom materialuri
wertilis siCqare mimarTulia traeqtoriis mxebis gaswvriv.
gavarkvioT kavSiri siCqaresa da wertilis mier drois
erTeulSi gavlil gzas Soris. vinaidan wertili mrud wirze

59
moZraobs, mis mier gavlili manZili unda gaizomos am mrudis,
e.i. traeqtoriis gaswvriv. avarCioT traeqtoriaze raime sawyisi
O1 wertili, saidanac vawarmoebT rkalis sigrZis gazomvas, da
rkalis sigrZe O1 wertilidan A wertilamde aRvniSnoT s -iT,
e.i. nawilakis mdebareobamde t momentSi. cxadia, rom s
warmoadgens drois funqcias. t drois ganmavlobaSi nawilaki
gaivlis traeqtoriis s monakveTs. SevufardoT s rkals

saTanado qordis sidide, romelic gamoixateba rogorc r

veqtoris absoluturi mniSvneloba r , da gadavideT zrvarze,
rodesac rkalis sigrZe nulisaken miiswrafvis. rogorc
cnobilia, es zRvari erTis tolia

r
lim 1. (8.3)
s  0
s
es imas niSnavs, rom rac ufro mcirea rkali, miT ufro
uaxlovdeba igi Tavisi sididiT qordis sidides. ganvixiloT,
meore mxriv, saSualo siCqaris absoluturi sidide

 r
  (8.4)
t
( t yovelTvis dadebiTad iTvleba) da warmovadginoT igi
Semdegi saxiT:

 s r
   . (8.5)
t s
gadavideT zrvarze, rodesac t  0 . cxadia, rom am
SemTxvevaSi s -ic nulisaken miiswrafvis. Tu miviRebT
mxedvelobaSi (8.3) gamosaxulebas, (8.5)-dan gveqneba
  s ds
  lim   lim  . (8.6)
t  0
t dt

aq  aris myisi siCqaris absoluturi mniSvneloba. rogorc
vxedavT, siCqaris absoluturi mniSvneloba, anu siCqaris
sidide, romelsac Cven SemdegSi simartivisaTvis  -Ti
avRniSnavT, aris rkalis warmoebuli droiT.
vipovoT siCqaris proeqciebi koordinatTa RerZebze.
amisaTvis davubrundeT isev saSualo siCqares. misi proeqcia

OX RerZze miiReba r veqtoris proeqciis gayofiT t droze
x
x  , (8.7)
t

60
 
vinaidan r -is proeqcia OX RerZze aris x . zRvarze gadasvla
gvaZlevs
dx
x  . (8.8)
dt
analogiurad miviRebT proeqciebisaTvis OY da OZ
RerZebze:
dy dz
y  , z  . (8.9)
dt dt
maSasadame,

siCqaris proeqciebi koordinatTa RerZebze tolia saTanado

koodinatebis warmoebulisa drois mimarT.

siCqaris sididisaTvis SeiZleba (4.14)-is Tanaxnad davweroT

Semdegi formula:
2 2 2
 dx   dy   dz 
              .
2 2 2
(8.10)
 dt   dt   dt 
x y z

61
$9. siCqaris radialuri da brunviTi mdgenelebi.
kuTxuri siCqare. xSirad xelsayrelia siCqaris daSla ara
mdgenelebad koordinatTa RerZebis mimarT, aramed TviT
traeqtoriis maxasiaTebeli mimarTulebis mimarT. vTqvaT,
drois sawyis momentSi sxeuli imyofeba traeqtoriis A

wertilSi, romlis radius-veqtoria r (nax.9.1). rogorc viciT,

siCqare gviCvenebs r radius-veqtoris cvlilebas droSi. magram
radius-veqtorma SeiZleba Seicvalos rogorc sidide, ise
mimarTuleba. amitomac, cxadia, siCqare ori mdgenelisagan unda
Sedgebodes. erTi unda gviCvenebdes, Tu rogor icvleba radi-
us-veqtoris sidide, meore ki - rogor icvleba misi
mimarTuleba.


r a
b



r0 
 r0
 

 O
r
d
O
nax.9.1

am
mdgenelis gansazRvrisaTvis Semdegnairad moviqceT.
warmovidginoT radius-veqtori, rogorc mis gaswvriv

mimarTuli erTeulovani r0 veqtorisa da misi skalaruli r
sididis namravli
 
r  r  r0 . (9.1)
pirveli mamravli axasiaTebs radius-veqtoris sidides,

meore ki _ mimarTulebas. siCqaris misaRebad gavawarmooT r
radius-veqtori drois mimarT, gveqneba
 
 dr dr  dr
  r0  r 0 . (9.2)
dt dt dt

62
 am formuliT siCqare warmodgenilia ori veqtoris jamis
saxiT. gavarCioT es Sesakrebebi cal-calke. pirveli maTgani,

romelsac Cven  r -iT avRniSnavT, mimarTulia TviT radius-
veqtoris gaswvriv da gviCvenebs rogor icvleba radius-

veqtoris sidide drois erTeulSi. Tu r ar icvlis sidides
(e.i. Tu nivTieri wertili ucvlel manZilzea koordinatTa
  dr 
saTavidan),  r nulis tolia   0 ; misi mimarTulebis gamo,
 dt 
mas radialuri siCqare ewodeba:
 dr 
 r  r0 . (9.3)
dt
meore mdgeneli dakavSirebulia radius-veqtoris

dr0
mimarTulebis cvlilebasTan da masSi mamravlad aris , e.i.
dt
 
r0 erTeulovani veqtoris cvlileba drois erTeulSi; r0 ki
mxolod mimarTulebiT SeiZleba icvlebodes. maSasadame,
siCqaris es mdgeneli axasiaTebs radius-veqtoris mimarTulebis
cvlilebas, e.i. mis Semobrunebas O saTavis irgvliv. amitomac

am mdgenels, romelic  -Ti aRiniSneba, brunviTi siCqare
ewodeba

 dr
  r 0 . (9.4)
dt
gavarkvioT rogoria misi sidide da mimarTuleba. amisaTvis

dr0
ganvixiloT veqtori . advilad SeiZleba damtkicdes, rom es
dt

veqtori radius-veqtoris marTobia. marTlac, vinaidan r0
erTeulovani veqtoria

r02  1 . (9.5)
gawarmoebiT miviRebT:

 dr
r0  0  0, (9.6)
dt

dr0 
e.i. da r0 veqtorebis skalaruli namravli nulis tolia;
dt

dr0 
es ki imis maCvenebelia, rom veqtori r0 -is da, maSasadame,
dt

TviT r radius-veqtoris marTobia: aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom

63
brunviTi siCqare radius-veqtoris marTobia. brunviTi siCqaris
sididis dasadgenad SemoviRoT kuTxuri siCqaris cneba. dt
drois ganmavlobaSi nawilaki gadainacvlebs traeqtoriaze da

r radius-veqtori saTanadod mobrundeba raRac d kuTxiT.
sidides
d
 , (9.7)
dt
anu kuTxis warmoebuls droiT an, ufro martivad,

drois erTeulSi radius-veqtoris mobrunebis kuTxes kuT-xuri

siCqare ewodeba.

kuTxuri siCqaris saSualebiT advilad SeiZleba

gamovsaxoT brunviTi siCqaris sidide. SeiZleba damtkicdes,

dr0 
rom sidide kuTxuri siCqaris tolia. marTlac, r0
dt

veqtoris  kuTxiT mobrunebis dros r0 veqtoris bolo

Semowers wriul ab rkals, romelic  kuTxis toli iqneba

ab   . (9.8)
maSasadame, gveqneba
   
r0 r0 ab r0 
      . (9.9)
t ab t ab t
zRvarze gadsvlis Semdeg miviRebT
dr0 d
 , (9.10)
dt dt
vinaidan

r0
lim
t  0
  1, (9.11)
ab

 brunviTi siCqaris sididisaTvis gveqneba
  r   . (9.12)
sabolood vRebulobT, rom mrudwriuli moZraobis siCqare
ori mdgenelisagan Sedgeba.
 
   r   . (9.13)
pirveli maTgani, radialuri siCqare

64
 
dr 
r  r0 (9.14)
dt
mimarTuli radius-veqtoris gaswvriv, axasiaTebs misi sididis
cvlilebas da sididiT udris radius-veqtoris sididis
warmoebuls droiT.
meore mdgeneli, brunviTi siCqare

 dr
  r  0 (9.15)
dt
mimarTuli radius-veqtoris marTobulad axasiaTebs misi
mimarTulebis cvlilebas da udris radius-veqtoris sididisa
da kuTxuri siCqaris namravls
   r . (9.16)
 
vinaidan  r da  erTmaneTis marTobia, siCqaris sidide
SeiZleba Semdegi formuliT gamovsaxoT:
2
 dr 
    r    r   .
2 2 2 2
(9.17)
 
dt
Tu moZraoba wrexazze warmoebs, radialuri siCqare nulis
toli iqneba da siCqarisaTvis miviRebT
  r , (9.18)
e.i. am SemTxvevaSi siCqare toli iqneba radiusis namravlisa
kuTxur siCqareze.
mrudwiruli araTanabari moZraobis dros siCqare icvleba
rogorc sididiT, ise mimarTulebiT. siCqaris mimarTuleba
traeqtoriis yovel wertilSi gansazRvrulia mxebis
mimarTulebiT, romelic sxvadasxvaa sxvadasxva wertilSi. aseve
SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos misi
y sidide. siCqaris cvalebadobis
TvalsaCinod warmosaCenad
Semdegnairad iqcevian. uZravi
O wertilidan, rogorc

O
1  2
 saTavidan, atareben
 veqtorebs, romlebic
n gamosaxavs moZravi nawilakis
siCqareebs drois sxvadasxva
x momentSi (nax.9.2). am veqtorebis
bolo wertilebi mogvcemen
z mrud wirs, romelic SeiZleba
nax.9.2 ganvixiloT rogorc siCqaris

65
bolo wertilis mier drois ganmavlobaSi Semowerili mrudi.
cxadia, es mrudi iseTive kavSirSia siCqaris veqtorTan,
rogorc traeqtoria radius-veqtorTan; mas ewodeba siCqaris
hodografi. misi saSualebiT naTlad SeiZleba warmovidginoT,
rogor icvleba nawilakis moZraobis siCqare sididiTa da
mimarTulebiT. SemdegSi, aCqarebis ganxilvis dros, Cven
gamoviyenebT hodografs aCqarebis gamosaTvlelad sxvadasxva
SemTxvevaSi.

66
$10. aCqareba. bunebaSi arsebul moZraobebze dakvirveba
gviCvenebs, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi materialuri wertilebis an
sxeulebis siCqareebi cvalebadia. erT momentSi wertils erTi
garkveuli siCqare aqvs, meoreSi _ sxva da a.S. aseTi cvladi
moZraobis saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens vardnili an zeviT
asrolili sxeulis moZraoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored am
moZraobis Seswavlis Sedegad Camoayaliba pirvelad cnobilma
italielma fizikosma galileim aCqarebis zusti cneba da
daadgina moZraobis gantoleba. aseTive cvladi siCqariT
warmoebs saqanis rxeva, matareblis, TviTmfrinavis da mravali
sxva sxeulis moZraoba.

Y A1
 
  a
B
 
A
  
O1
 
   B1
O
X
Z
nax.10.1 nax.10.2

yvela aseTi moZraobis damaxasiaTeblad SemoRebulia axali

sidide _ aCqareba. misi gansazRvrisaTvis Cven aRar daviwyebT
martivi saxis moZraobebis ganxilvas da pirdapir zogad
SemTxvevas gavarCevT, rodesac nawilaki moZraobs sivrceSi
nebismier mrud wirze (nax.10.1). moZraobis dros wertili
Semowers garkveul traeqtorias, romlis yovel wertilSi

siCqare gamoixateba mxebis gaswvriv mimarTuli  veqtoriT.

vTqvaT, garkveul t momentSi siCqare aris  . sakmaod mcire t
drois Semdeg nawilaki iqneba B wertilSi da misi siCqare
 
gamoisaxeba sxva sididisa da mimarTulebis    veqtoriT,
   
sadac  iqneba siCqaris nazrdi.  da    veqtorebis
Sesadareblad ufro xelsayrelia gavavloT maTi toli
veqtorebi O1 uZravi wertilidan, e.i. avagoT siCqaris
hodografi (nax.10.2). romelic gviCvenebs rogor icvleba siCqare

67
moZraobis dros. cxadia, am hodografis A1 da B1 wertilebs

Soris gavlebuli veqtori iqneba siCqaris  nazrdi.
Sefardebas

 
a (10.1)
t
vuwodoT saSualo aCqareba drois t SualedSi. is mimarTuli
iqneba hodografis mkveTis gaswvriv, ise rogorc saSualo
siCqare mimarTuli iyo traeqtoriis mkveTis gaswvriv da
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba siCqare drois erTeulSi. aqac,
rogorc siCqaris SemTxvevaSi, myisi aCqarebis gasagebad
daviwyoT t Sualedis usasrulod Semcireba, e.i. traeqtoriis
B wertilis miaxloeba A wertilTan an, rac igivea,
hodografis B1 wertilis miaxloveba A1 wertilTan. t drois

aseTi SemcirebiT miRebuli  -sa da t -s Sefardebis zRvars

ewodeba namdvili aCqareba t momentSi da aRiniSneba a asoTi:
 
  d
a  lim  . (10.2)
t  0
t dt
rogorc vxedavT, namdvili aCqareba aris siCqaris
warmoebuli drois mimarT. zemod moyvanili msjelobidan
cxadia, rom aCqareba iseTive kavSirSia siCqaresTan, rogorc
siCqare _ radius-veqtorTan. Tu siCqare gvixasiaTebs radius-
veqtoris cvlilebas drois erTeulSi, aCqareba gvixasiaTebs
siCqaris cvlilebas drois erTeulSi.
aCqareba SeiZleba davakavSiroT uSualod radius-
veqtorTan, Tu miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, rom siCqare aris radi-
us-veqtoris warmoebuli droiT:

 dr
 . (10.3)
dt
am gamosaxulebis (10.2) formulaSi Casma mogvcems:

 d 2r
a 2 , (10.4)
dt
rac imas niSnavs, rom aCqareba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc
radius-veqtoris meore rigis warmoebuli drois mimarT.
vipovoT aCqarebis proeqciebi koordinatTa RerZebze.
amisaTvis unda moviqceT ise, rogorc siCqaris proeqciebis

gansazRvris dros, unda ganvixiloT saSualo aqareba a da
davagegmiloT igi koordinatTa RerZebze

68
  x  y  z
ax  , ay  , az 
t t t
da gadavideT zRvarze, rodesac t miiswrafis nulisaken,
miviRebT
d x d 2 x d y d 2 y d z d 2 z
ax   2 , ay   2 , az   2 ,
dt dt dt dt dt dt
e.i. aCqarebis proeqciebi RerZebze tolia siCqaris saTanado
proeqciebis pirveli warmoebulisa drois mimarT an saTanado
koordinatebis meore warmoebulisa drois mimarT.
aCqarebis sididisaTvis miviRebT:
 d   d   d 
2 2 2

a  a 2 x  a 2 y  a z   x    y    z  
2

 dt   dt   dt 
(10.5)
2 2 2
 d 2x   d 2 y   d 2z 
 2    2    2  .
 dt   dt   dt 

69
$11. aCqarebis mxebi da normaluri mdgenelebi. rogorc
aRvniSneT, aCqareba axasiaTebs siCqaris cvlilebas, magram
siCqare, rogorc veqtoruli sidide, xasiaTdeba sididiTa da
  mimarTulebiT. amitom, Tu
A  a wertilis siCqare cvalebadia,
 SeiZleba Seicvalos rogorc
n
 misi sidide, ise mimarTuleba.
a
amis Sesabamisad aCqareba ori
 mdgenelisagan unda Sedgebodes.
an
erTi mdgeneli unda
 axasiaTebdes siCqaris sididis
O cvlilebas, xolo meore _
mimarTulebis cvlilebas. am
mdgenelebis gamoyofisa da Ses-
wavlisaTvis warmovadginoT ma-
nax.11.1
terialuri wertilis siCqaris
veqtori Semdegi saxiT:
 
    , (11.1)

sadac  aris siCqaris absoluturi sidide, xolo  - misi
mimarTulebis maCvenebeli materialuri wertilis traeqtoriis

mxebi erTeulovani veqtori. aCqarebis gamosaTvlelad  unda

gavawarmooT drois mimarT. vinaidan  aris ori mamravlis
namravli, miviRebT:
 
d d  d
   (11.2)
dt dt dt
ganvixiloT tolobis marjvniv mdgomi Sesakrebebi cal-

calke. pirveli maTgani warmoadgens  erTeulovani veqtoris,
e.i. mxebis gaswvriv mimarTul veqtors, xolo misi sidide

udris siCqaris sididis cvlilebas. aRvniSnoT igi a -Ti da
vuwodoT mxebi, anu tangencialuri aCqareba, vinaidan igi mxebis
gaswvriv aris mimarTuli
 d 
a   . (11.3)
dt
mxebi aCqareba SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos rogorc siCqaris
gaswvriv, ise mis sawinaaRmdegod, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria
d
-s niSani, e.i. izrdeba Tu klebulobs siCqaris sidide.
dt

70
 
ganvixiloT axla meore Sesakrebi, romelsac Cven a n -iT
aRvniSnavT:

 d
an   . (11.4)
dt
gadavweroT es gamosaxuleba Semdegi saxiT:

 d ds
an     (11.5)
ds dt
ds
da mxedvelobaSi miviRoT, rom   , maSin
dt

 d
an   2 . (11.6)
ds
gavarkvoiT Tu rogoria aCqarebis am mdgenelis sidide da
mimarTuleba. Tu (11.6) tolobas skalarulad CavwerT, gveqneba

d
an   2 . (11.7)
ds

d
$5-is Sedegebis Tanaxmad aris nawilakis mier
ds
Semowerili wiris, e.i. traeqtoriis simrude, romelic
simrudis radiusis saSualebiT (5.13) formulis Tanaxmad
Semdegnairad SeiZleba daiweros:

d 1
 .
ds 
aqedan miviRebT
2
an 
. (11.8)


gavarkvioT a n -is mimarTuleba. (11.6) formulis Tanaxmad

d
misi mimarTuleba Tanxvdeba veqtoris mimarTulebas. $5-dan
ds

Cven ukve viciT, rom es veqtori yovelTvis  veqtoris, e.i.

d
mxebis marTobulad aris mimarTuli. veqtoris
ds
mimarTulebas normalis mimarTuleba ewodeba da amitom

aCqarebis a n mdgenels normaluri aCqareba ewodeba. Tu

normalis gaswvriv gatarebul erTeulovan veqtors n -iT
aRvniSnavT, normaluri aCqarebisaTvis miviRebT Semdeg formu-
las:

71
  2 
an  n. (11.9)

maSasadame, miviReT, rom mrudwiruli moZraobis dros
sruli aCqareba SeiZleba or mdgenelad daiSalos. erTi
 d 
maTgani, mxebi aCqareba, a   , mimarTulia mxebis gaswvriv
dt
da gviCvenebs siCqaris sididis cvlilebas. meore mdgeneli,
 2 
normaluri aCqareba a n  n , mimarTulia normalis gaswvriv

simrudis centrisken da gviCvenebs siCqaris mimarTulebis
cvlilebas. sruli aCqarebis formula ase SeiZleba daiweros:
   d   2 
a  a  a n    n. (11.10)
dt 
 
rogorc vxedavT a da a n veqtorebi urTirTmarTobia, amitom
aCqarebis sididisaTvis gveqneba:

2
 d    
2 2

a      . (11.11)
 dt    
wriuli moZraobis SemTxvevaSi   r da vinaidan, garda
amisa, sruli siCqare   r sididis tolia, normaluri
aCqarebis formulas SeiZleba mivceT Semdegi saxe:
 
a n  r 2 n . (11.12)
normaluri aCqarebis arseboba SesaZlebelia gamovamJRavnoT
da misi formula advilad gamoviyvanoT Semdegi martivi
msjelobidan. mrude traeqtoriis mcire nawili SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc 
A
B radiusis mqone wrexazis rkali.
b vinaidan rkali sakmarisad
C
c mcirea, masze moZraoba SeiZleba
Tanabar moZraobad CavTvaloT.
D gavyoT es rkali ramdenime tol
d
nawilad da gayofis B, C , D
O wertilebidan davuSvaT AO
radiusze marTobebi. rogorc
naxazi gviCvenebs, rodesac
nax.11.2 wertili gadainacvlebs rkalze
A -dan B wertilSi, misi proeqcia gaivlis Ab manZils

72
radiusis gaswvriv. B -dan C wertilSi gadanacvlebisas
proeqcia gaivlis bc manZils da a.S. naxazidan Cans, rom
radiusze proeqcia araTanabrad moZraobs, vinaidan mis mier
drois tol SualedebSi gavlili manZili Ab, bc, cd da a.S.
TandaTan matulobs. davamtkicoT, rom garkveul miaxlovebaSi
proeqciis moZraoba radiusis gaswvriv Tanabrad aCqarebulia.
marTlac, AOB samkuTxedidan miviRebT
2 Ab  AO  AB 2 , (11.13)
an
1 AB 2
Ab  . (11.14)
2 AO
AB qorda miaxloebiT AB rkalis tolia da warmoadgens
t droSi  siCqariT gavlil manZils AB    t , xolo AO aris
simrudis radiusi, amitom miviRebT
1 2 2
Ab  t . (11.15)
2 
(11.15) gamosaxuleba aris Tanabrad aCqarebuli moZraobis
manZilis formula radiusis gaswvriv mimarTuli aCqarebiT
2
an  . (11.16)

normalur aCqarebas xSirad uwodeben agreTve centriskenul
aCqarebas, vinaidan igi mimarTulia traeqtoriis simrudis
centrisaken.

73
$12. aCqarebis radialuri da transversaluri
mdgenelebi. iseve, rogorc siCqaris SemTxvevaSi, aCqarebac
SeiZleba daiSalos or mdgenelad, romelTagan erTi
mimarTuli iqneba radius-veqtoris gaswvriv, xolo meore, e.w.
transversaluri mdgeneli _ radius-veqtoris marTobulad.
simartivisaTvis ganvixiloT brtyeli moZraoba, e. i. iseTi
moZraoba, rodesac radius-veqtori, siCqare da aCqareba erT
sibrtyeSi mdebareoben. davweroT zogadi formula siCqaris
rogorc radius-veqtoris warmoebulisa:

 dr  dr0
  r0  r . (12.1)
dt dt
aCqarebis misaRebad gavawarmooT siCqare drois mimarT:
  
 d d 2 r dr dr0 d 2r
a  2 2  r 20 . (12.2)
dt dt dt dt dt

dr0
warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT:
dt
 
dr0 dr 
 0 n tr , (12.3)
dt dt

 dr0
sadac ntr aris erTeulovani veqtori, romelic gviCvenebs -
dt

dr0 
is mimarTulebas. vinaidan marTobia radius-veqtoris, ntr
dt
veqtoric misi marTobi iqneba. garda amisa, (9.10) formulis
Tanaxmad

dr0
 , (12.4)
dt
amitom SeiZleba davweroT:

dr0
   ntr . (12.5)
dt

dr0
-s gawarmoebiT miviRebT,
dt
 
d 2 r0  d  dn tr

d
 n tr
  n tr   . (12.6)
dt 2 dt dt dt

74
  
dr0 d 2 r0
-s da -s Casma (12.2) formulaSi mogvcems:
dt dt 2

 d 2r   dr d   dn tr
a  2 r0   2 r  tr
n  r  . (12.7)
dt  dt dt  dt

 dn tr 
 vinaidan veqtori n tr
 dt
ar veqtoris marTobia, xolo
  
a tr TviT n tr marTobia r0 -s da

a yvela es veqtori erT

dn tr
sibrtyeSi mdebareobs,
dt
SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos an
radius-veqtoris gaswvriv, an
nax.12.1
mis sawinaaRmdegod, amitom

dn tr 
 Ar0 . (12.8)
dt
A koeficienti SeiZleba ganisazRvros, Tu gamoviyenebT
 
r0  ntr  0 pirobas. misi gawarmoeba gvaZlevs:
 
 dn dr 
r0 tr  o ntr  0 (12.9)
dt dt
an
 
 dn dr 
r0 tr   o ntr . (12.10)
dt dt

 dn
radgan r0 tr  A. advilad mivxvdebiT, rom
dt
A   , (12.11)
maSasadame,

dn tr 
 r0 . (12.12)
dt
sabolood vRebulobT aCqarebisaTvis Semdeg formulas:

  d 2 r   dr d  
a  r 2 r0   2 r n tr . (12.13)
 dt 2   dt dt 
 
miviReT aCqarebis daSla Oor mdgenelad (nax.12.1), erTi
maTgania radialuri

75
 
  d 2 r 
ar   r 2 r0 , (12.14)
 dt 2 
 
meore ki transversaluri

  dr d  
a tr   2 r n tr . (12.15)
 dt dt 
aseTi daSla xelsayrelia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
moZraoba warmoebs erTi uZravi wertilisaken mimarTuli Zalis
gavleniT, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi aCqarebas aqvs mxolod erTi
radialuri mdgeneli. meore _ transversaluri mdgeneli nulis
tolia da aqedan vRebulobT kavSirs radius-veqtoris sididesa
da kuTxur siCqares Soris:
 1 d r 2   
a tr  .n tr  0 , (12.16)
2 dt
an
r 2   const . (12.17)

76
$13. moZraobis kerZo saxeebi. wina paragrafebSi
ganvixileT moZraobis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi,
rogorebicaa koordinati, moZraobis traeqtoria, siCqare,
aCqareba da moZraobis damaxasiaTebeli kinematikuri
gantolebebi; gavarCieT maTi ganmsazRvreli zogadi formulebi
nebismierad moZravi materialuri wertilisaTvis. axla
ganvixiloT materialuri wertilis moZraobis kerZo
SemTxvevebi, romelTaTvisac damokidebuleba koordinats,
gavlil gzas, siCqaresa da aCqarerebas Soris ufro martiv
saxes Rebulobs. ganxilva daviwyoT moZraobis umartivesi
SemTxveviT, roca materialuri wertili moZraobs wrfis
gaswvriv mudmivi siCariT.

1. moZraoba mudmivi siCqariT. vinaidan aCqarebis veqtoris


mniSvneloba nulis tolia a  0, (10.4) formulis Tanaxmad
  
 d 2 r d dr d
a 2    0 , anu veqtoruli siCqare mudmivi iqneba
dt dt dt dt

  const , rac pirvel yovlisa imas niSnavs, rom traeqtoria
swor xazs warmoadgens, Tu am ukanasknels OX RerZad
avirCevT, siCqaris sididisaTvis miviRebT
dx
  const. (13.1)
dt
am gantolebis integrireba mogvcems
x    t  C, (13.2)
sadac C nebismieri mudmivaa.
ganvsazRvroT misi mniSvneloba: davuSvaT, rom, roca t  0,
x koordinati x 0 -is tolia. (13.2) gantolebaSi Casma mogvcems
C  x0 da moZraobis gantoleba Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
x  x0    t . (13.3)
cxadia, rom Tu viciT materialuri wertilis sawyisi x 0
koordinatisa da misi  siCqaris mniSvneloba (13.3) gantolebis
gamoyenebiT drois nebismier momentSi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT
wrfeze misi x mdebareoba.

2. sworxazovani moZraobis zogadi SemTxveva. wina

SemTxvevaSi nulis toli iyo sruli aCqareba da amitom
moZraoba iyo Tanabari da sworxazovani. gamovarkvioT axla
rogoria moZraoba, rodesac nulis tolia mxolod normaluri

77
aCqareba. vinaidan ukanaskneli axasiaTebs siCqaris
mimarTulebis cvlilebas, cxadia, gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi
moZraoba sworxazovani iqneba. rogori xasiaTi eqneba
moZraobas am swor xazze, damokidebulia mxebi aCqarebis
mniSvnelobaze. marTlac, vTqvaT, normaluri aCqareba nulis
tolia
 2 
an  n  0. (13.4)


radgan arc  siCqare da arc n erTeulovani veqtori
nulis toli ar aris, es toloba SeiZleba Sesruldes mxolod
maSin, Tu usasrulod didia simrudis radiusi    , rac,
rogorc viciT, imis pirobaa, rom traeqtoria swori xazia. Tu
am swor xazs OX RerZad avirCevT moZraobis gantolebisTvis
gveqneba:
x  f (t ) . (13.5)
am funqciis saxe damokidebuli iqneba mxebi aCqarebis
mniSvnelobaze. Tu mxebi aCqarebac nuli iqneba, miviRebT
Tanabari sworxazovani moZraobis wina SemTxvevas. am
umartivesi SemTxvevis Semdeg yvelaze mniSvnelovania moZraoba,
rodesac misi mxebi aCqareba mudmivia, e.i. rodesac
 d 
a    const. (13.6)
dt
aqedan miviRebT:
d
a  const , (13.7)
dt
sadac a aCqarebis skalaruli mniSvnelobaa. am gantolebis
integreba gvaZlevs
   0  at , (13.8)
sadac  0 iqneba nawilakis siCqare sawyis t  0 momentSi.
koordinatis gamosaTvlelad gamoviyenoT formula
dx
    0  at , (13.9)
dt
romlis integreba mogvcems
at 2
x  x0   0 t  , (13.10)
2
sadac x 0 iqneba koordinati sawyis momentSi. moZraobas,
romelic (13.8) da (13.10) formulebiT aiwereba, sworxazovani
Tanabrad aCqarebuli moZraoba ewodeba. aseTi moZraobisaTvis

78
siCqare aris drois wrfivi, xolo koordinati-kvadratuli
funqcia. gamoTqmaSi `Tanabrad aCqarebuli~ Cven vgulisxmobT
rogorc sakuTriv Tanabrad aCqarebul moZraobas, e.i. iseT
moZraobas, romlisTvisac siCqaris sidide erTi da imave
sididiT izrdeba drois tol SualedebSi, ise Tanabrad
Senelebul moZraobas, romlisTvisac siCqaris sidide erTi da
imave sididiT klebulobs drois tol SualedebSi. orive
SemTxvevaSi moZraoba TanabaraCqarebulia, imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom siCqaris Semcirebisas aCqareba
uaryofiTia, vinaidan mimarTulia moZraobis sawinaaRmgdegod.
rogorc axla vnaxavT, moZraobis xasiaTi, e.i. sakuTriv
aCqarebulia Tu Senelebulia moZraoba, damokidebulia  0 da
a sidideebis niSansa da im drois Sualedze, romlis
ganmavlobaSic ganixileba moZraoba. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT,
rom x 0  0 da ganvixiloT drois Sualedi sawyisi momentidan
t   -mde, e.i. sawyisi momentis mimarT momavali (t  0) dro.
vTqvaT,  0  0 , rac imas niSnavs, rom t  0 momentSi sxeuli
moZraobs OX RerZis dadibiTi mimarTulebiT. Tu aCqarebac
dadebiTia (a  0) , maSin (13.8) formula gviCvenebs, rom siCqare
yovelTvis dadebiTia da Tanabrad izrdeba drois
proporciulad. es imas niSnavs, rom moZraoba aris sakuTriv
Tanabrad aCqarebuli OX RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT.
davuSvaT, rom  0 isev dadebiTia, magram aCqareba uaryofiTi
(a  0) . (13.8) gantolebis meore wevri (at ) uaryofiTi iqneba.
drois zrdasTan erTad misi sidide izrdeba, rac imas niSnavs,
rom  siCqaris sidide Tanabrad klebulobs. moZraoba iqneba
Tanabrad Senelebuli. magram aseTi moZraoba gagrZeldeba
0
mxolod t   momentamde. am momentSi siCqare gaxdeba nulis
a
toli da nawilaki gaCerdeba. amis Semdeg meore wevri sididiT
gadaaWarbebs pirvel wevrs,  siCqare gaxdeba uaryofiTi, rac
imas niSnavs, rom nawilaki imoZravebs OX RerZis
sawinaaRmdego miomarTulebiT. siCqaris sidide (moduli)
TandaTan matulobs da sawyis mdebareobas nawilaki gaivlis
2
t   0 momentSi,  0 siCqariT, e.i. im siCqaris toli da
a
sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli siCqariT, romliTac man daiwyo
moZraoba. sawyis mdebareobaze gavlis Semdeg igi ganagrZobs

79
moZraobas OX RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT, sul ufro
0
metad zrdadi siCqariT. rogorc vxedavT, t
momentis
a
Semdeg moZraoba iqneba sakuTriv Tanabrad aCqarebuli, mxolod
mimarTuli iqneba OX RerZis sawinaaRmdegod.
maSasadame, miviReT aseTi Sedegi:
1.  0  0, a  0 _ moZraoba sakuTriv Tanabrad aCqarebulia da
mimarTulia OX RerZis gaswvriv.
0
2.  0  0, a  0 _ sawyisi momentidan t  
momentamde moZraoba
a
sakuTriv Tanabrad Senelebulia da mimarTulia OX RerZis
0
gaswvriv, xolo t momentis Semdeg moZraoba sakuTriv
a
Tanabrad aCqarebulia da mimarTulia OX RerZis
sawinaaRmdegod.
analogiurad SeiZleba Catardes ganvilva SemTxvevisa,
rodesac  0  0 . misi garCeva mivandoT mkiTxvels iseve, rogorc
garCeva moZraobisa sawyisi momentis wina droisaTvis (t  0).
rogorc vxedavT, moZraobis xasiaTis dadgena ar SeiZleba
mxolod aCqarebis niSnis mixedviT. igi damokidebulia sawyisi
siCqaris niSnisa da ganxiluli drois Sualedze. yovelive
zemoTqmulis gamo, bunebrivia daisvas kiTxva, ratom amboben,
rom formula
at 2
s  0t  (13.11)
2
gamosaxavs Tanabrad aCqarebul an Tanabrad Senelebul
moZraobas imisda mixedviT, aCqareba dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi.
am kiTxvis pasuxi Semdegia: jer erTi, am formulaSi s -iT
aRniSnulia ara koordinati, romelsac SeiZleba hqondes
rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mniSvneloba, aramed
nawilakis mier sawyisi momentidan gavlili manZili, romelic
dadebiTad iTvleba damoukideblad misi miamrTulebisa. garda
amisa,    0  at formulis gamoyenebis dros  0 siCqares
dadebiTad Tvlian da ganixilaven mxolod drois Sualeds
sawyisi momentidan gaCerebamde.

3. Tanabari mrudwiruli moZraoba. am SemTxvevaSi moZraoba

iqneba Tanabari moZraoba mrud wirze, romlis saxe

80
damokidebulia normalur aCqarebaze. marTlac, pirobis
Tanaxmad,
 d 
a   0, (13.12)
dt
saidanac miviRebT,
  const. (13.13)
e.i. siCqaris sidide mudmivi iqneba. vinaidan
ds
 , (13.14)
dt
sadac s aris traeqtoriis rkalis sigrZe, integreba mogvcems
s  s0    t . (13.15)
aq s0 mudmiva iqneba sawyisi rkalis sigrZe, raime
nebismierad arCeuli wertilidan. Cven miviReT iseTive
gantoleba, rogoric sworxazovani da Tanabari
moZraobisaTvis, mxolod ara x koordinatisaTvis, aramed
rkalis sigrZisaTvis. moZraoba warmoebs mrud wirze da
siCqaris sididis mixedviT igi
.t aris Tanabari, e.i. wertili
A B drois nebismier, magram tol
 t
SualedebSi gadis tol
s0 t  0
manZilebs traeqtoriis
gaswvriv. traeqtoriis saxe
O  damokidebulia normalur
aCqarebaze. yvelaze martiv
nax.13.1 SemTxvevas miviRebT, Tu
davuSvebT, rom normaluri
aCqareba mudmivia sididiT, anu
2
an 
 const . (13.16)

radganac siCqaris sidide mudmivia, mudmivi iqneba simrudis
radiusic. traeqtorias eqneba erTi da igive sasrulo simrude
yvela wertilSi. Cven ukve viciT, rom aseTi mrudi aris
mxolod wrewiri. maSasadame, wertili, romlis normaluri
aCqareba mudmivia, xolo mxebi aCqareba nulia, Tanabrad
moZraobs wrewirze. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba davweroT
s  r , (13.17)
sadac  aris s rkalis Sesabamisi centraluri kuTxe; aqedan
siCqaris sididisaTvis miviRebT

81
 d
r . (13.18)
dt
d
magram, rogorc viciT,   sidides ewodeba kuTxuri
dt
siCqare da igi axasiaTebs radius-veqtoris mimarTulebis
cvlilebas; aqedan miviRebT formulas, romelic akavSirebs
erTimeoresTan wrfiv da kuTxur siCqareebs wriuli moZraobis
dros
  r . (13.19)
vinaidan moZraoba Tanabaris, kuTxis cvlac Tanabari iqneba
da gveqneba
   0  t , (13.20)
sadac  0 aris kuTxis sawyisi mniSvneloba.

4. wrewirze moZraobis zogadi SemTxveva. kuTxuri

aCqareba. ganvixiloT wrewirze moZraobis zogadi SemTxveva.
radganac traeqtoria wrewirs warmoadgens, simrudis radiusi
mudmivi iqneba
  r  const. (13.21)
wrewirisaTvis yovelTvis marTebulia Semdegi toloba:
s  r  , (13.22)
saidanac siCqaris sididisaTvis miviRebT
  r . (13.23)
es Sedegi Cven ukve gvqonda miRebuli brunviTi siCqaris
 ganxilvis dros; aqedan SeiZleba
a  miviRoT Semdegi formulebi
normaluri da mxebi
an aCqarebebisaTvis:
d
a n  r 2 , a   r  . (13.24)
r dt
d
meore formulaSi Semovida
O dt
sidide, romelic warmoadgens
kuTxuri siCqaris warmoebuls
droiT da igi axasiaTebs kuTxuri
siCqaris cvlilebas droSi. mas
ewodeba kuTxuri aCqareba da
nax.13.2

82
 d
aRiniSneba  asoTi,   da, maSasadame,
dt
a  r . (13.25)
cxadia, rom  aris kuTxis meore warmoebuli droiT, e.i.
d 2
 2 . (13.26)
dt

83
$14. kuTxuri siCqare da aCqareba rogorc veqtorebi.
xSirad, gansakuTrebiT myari sxeulis brunvis ganxilvis dros,
xelsayrelia ganvixiloT kuTxuri siCqare da aCqareba rogorc
veqtorebi. ganvixiloT wriuli moZraoba da davuSvaT, rom
wrexazi mdebareobs OXY sibrtyeSi da misi centri

koordinatTa saTaveSia.  siCqare aris traeqtoriisadmi mxebi
veqtori, radius-veqtori ki mimarTulia koordinatTa saTavidan
moZravi wertilisaken. am veqtorebis sidideebi dakavSirebulia
Semdegi tolobiT:
  r . (14.1)
Tu Cven gvsurs ganvixiloT es toloba rogorc veqtoruli,
e.i. gvinda davakavSiroT
 
Z erTmaneTTan  da r
veqtorebi,  kuTxuri
 siCqarec unda ganvixiloT

rogorc veqtori, vinaidan

 winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi 
 
iqneboda r -is paraleluri.

 Y amitom  CavTvaloT
O r
veqtorad da gamovarkvioT

 rogorc unda iyos igi
X mimarTuli, rom radius-
nax.14.1 veqtoris da misi veqtoruli

namravli gvaZlevs 

veqtors. naxazi gviCvenebs, rom amisaTvis  mimarTuli unda
iyos wrexazis sibrtyis marTobulad OZ RerZis gaswvriv, maSin
marTebuli iqneba toloba
  
    r  . (14.2)

SeiZleba, rasakvirvelia,  mivmarToT OZ ORerZis
 
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, magram maSin kavSiri  da r
veqtorebs Soris daiwereba Semdegnairad:
  
  r    . (14.3)
vinaidan Cveulebriv (14.2) formulas iyeneben, SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom kuTxuri siCqare mimarTulia brunvis RerZis
gaswvriv ise, rom marjvena burRis brunva moZraobis

mimarTulebiT burRs gadaanacvlebs  veqtoris gaswvriv.
kuTxuri aCqarebac SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc veqtori,

84
 d 
mimarTuli RerZis gaswvriv. Tu  0,  mimarTuli iqneba
dt

ise, rogorc  , winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT eqnebaT erTmaneTis
sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba. kavSiri mxeb da kuTxur aCqarebebs
Soris SeiZleba daiweros Semdegi saxiT:
  
a    r  . (14.4)

85
$15. inerciuli sistemebi da inerciis principi. wina
TavSi ukve gamovarkvieT, rom fizikuri movlenebis Seswavlisa
da maTi mimdinareobis kanonebis dadgenisaTvis saWiroa raime
garkveuli aTvlis sistemis arCeva. mxolod amis Semdeg, rac
arCeulia aTvlis sistema, SeiZleba msjeloba materialuri
wertilebisa da sxeulis mdebareobaze, moZraobasa da am
moZraobis damaxasiaTebel elementebze – koordinatze,
siCqaresa da aCqarebaze.
cxadia, rom moZraobis xasiaTi damokidebulia aTvlis
sistemis arCevaze, e.i. traeqtoria, siCqare da aCqareba
sxvadasxva iqneba sxvadasxva aTvlis sistemis mimarT. magram,
cxadia, agreTve, rom garda aTlis sistemisa, nawilakTa
moZraobis xasiaTi damokidebulia maT urTierTqmedebaze
rogorc erTmaneTTan, ise sxva sxeulebTan; magaliTad, raime
planetis moZraoba damokidebulia ara marto imaze, Tu romel
sxeuls _ mzes Tu dedamiwas avarCevT aTvlis sistemad, aramed
mis urTierTqmedebaze mzesTan da sxva planetebTan. asevea
yvela sxva SemTxvevaSic. moZraobis ganmsazRvrelia ori ram _
aTvlis sistema da sxeulTa urTierTqmedeba. dakvirvebas
bunebaSi mimdinare procesebze im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom
sxeulTa Soris urTierTqmedeba miT ufro sustia, rac ufro
Sors arian isini erTmaneTigan _ urTierTqmedeba klebulobs
manZilis gadidebis dros. amitomac, Tu gvsurs gavigoT, rogor
moZraobs sxeuli urTierTqmedebis gareSe, unda vecadoT rac
SeiZleba metad davaSoroT igi sxva sxeulebs. amitom,
ganvixiloT materialuri wertili, romelic imdenad Sors
aris sxva sxeulebisagan, rom SesaZlebelia maTTan
urTierTqmedebis ugulvebelyofa. vuwodoT aseT wertils
izilirebuli wertili. materialuri wertili izolorebulia,
Tu igi imdenad Sorsaa sxva sxeulebisagan, rom SesaZlebelia
urTierTqmedebis ugulvebelyofa. ganvixiloT axla aseTi
izolorebuli nivTieri wertilis moZraoba. cxadia, misi
moZraobis xasiaTi damokidebul iqneba mxolod aTvlis
sistemis arCevaze. davuSvaT, magaliTad, rom aseT izolirebul
wertilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos calkeuli varskvlavi _ sakmaod
daSorebuli yvela sxva varskvlavisagan. misi moZraoba
garkveuli saxisaa, rodesac aTvlis sistemad miRebulia
dedamiwis zedapiri. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc viciT, varskvlavi
erTi dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi Semowers wrexazs dedamiwis

86
mimarT. sul sxva xasiaTi eqneba mis moZraobas, Tu aTvlis
sistemis saTaved avirCevR dedamiwis an mzis centrs da RerZebs
`uZravi” varskvlavebisaken mivmarTavT. maSasadame, miuxedavad
imisa, rom varskvlavze raime sxva sxeuli ar moqmedebs, misi
moZraobis xasiaTi ar iqneba savsebiT garkveuli, igi
damokidebul iqneba aTvlis sistemis arCevaze.
mravali cda da dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom aTvlis
sxvadasxva sistemebs Soris SeiZleba airCes iseTi aTvlis
sistema, romlis mimarTac izolirebuli nivTieri wertili
iqneba uZravi an imoZravebs Tanabrad da wrfivad, e.i. mudmivi
siCqariT. es friad mniSvnelovani faqti SeiZleba Camoyalibdes
rogorc meqanikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principi.

aTvlis sxvadasxva sistemebs Soris moiZebneba iseTi aTvlis

sistema, romlis mimarTac sxva sxeulebisagan izolirebuli
nivTieri wertili iqneba uZravi an imoZravebs mudmivi siCqariT.

am princips inerciis principi ewodeba, xolo TviT im

aTvlis sistemas, romlis arsebobasac gulisxmobs
Camoyalibebuli principi _ inerciuli sistema. Cven mier
moyvanili inerciis principis ganmarteba gansxvavdeba im
ganmartebisagan, romelic mocemuli iyo TviT niutonis mier da
romelic axlac xSirad gamoiyeneba saxelmZRvaneloebSi. mizezi
amisa naTeli gaxdeba am ukanasknelis analizis Semdeg.
niutonis mier inerciis principi Semdegnairad iyo
Camoyalibebuli:

yoveli sxeuli inarCunebs Tavis uZraobis an Tanabari da

sworxazovani moZraobis mdgomareobas, sanam gareSe Zalebi ar
gamoiyvanen mas am mdgomareobidan.

am formulirebaSi gamoyenebuli piroba, rom gansaxilvel

sxeulze ar unda moqmedebdes Zalebi, rasakvirvelia, igivea,
rac Cven formulirebaSi gamoyenebuli piroba, rom wertili
izolirebuli unda iyos. am mxriv gansxvaveba or
formulirebas Soris ar arsebobs. magram, niutoniseul
formulirebaSi ar aris miTiTebuli, romeli sxeulia aRebuli
aTvlis sistemad. izolirebuli wertili ar iqneba uZravi an
mudmivi siCqariT moZravi nebismieri aTvlis sistemis mimarT.
amitom, Tu ar iqneba aRniSnuli, rom debuleba marTebulia

87
mxolod garkveuli aTvlis sistemisaTvis, inerciis principi
garkveulobas dakargavs.
swored amitom SevcvaleT niutoniseuli formulireba.
SemdegSi yovelTvis, sanam ar iqneba aRniSnuli sawinaaRmdego,
aTvlis sistemad inerciuli sistema gveqneba arCeuli.
rasakvirvelia, amis Semdeg, rac ganmartebulia, Tu romeli
aTvlis sistemaa inerciuli, ismis kiTxva _ rogor unda
moiZebnos aseTi sistema?
ZiriTad sistemas, romelsac adamiani iyenebs praqtikulad,
warmoadgens dedamiwis zedapiri, e.i. sistema, romlis saTave da
RerZebi mkvidradaa dakavSirebuli dedamiwis zedapirTan.
dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom es aTvlis sistema ar warmoadgens
inerciul sistemas, vinaidan sxeulebi, romelzec ar moqmedebs
gareSe sxeulebi, ar moZraobs am sistemis mimarT inerciulad.
ufro axlosaa inerciul sistemasTan aTvlis sistema,
romlis saTave dedamiwis centrSia moTavsebuli da RerZebi e.
w. `uZravi” varskvlavebiskenaa mimarTuli. magram arc es
aTvlis sistema aris zustad inerciuli. kidev ufro axlosaa
inerciul sistemasTan aTvlis sistema, romlis saTave mzis
centrSia da RerZebi isev `uZravi~ varskvlavebiskenaa
mimarTuli. rasakvirvelia, arc es sistemaa zustad inerciuli,
magram Zalian didi sizustiT igi SeiZleba inerciulad
CaiTvalos. sazogadod, sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara
aRebuli sistema inerciuli, damokidebulia cdebis sizusteze
da imaze, Tu romeli sxeulis Seswavla warmoebs. Tu,
magaliTad, ganixileba sxeulis moZraoba dedamiwis zedapiris
maxloblad da ar moiTxoveba didi sizuste, dedamiwis
zedapiric SeiZleba CaiTvalos inerciul sistemad. Tu
moiTxoveba meti sizuste an ganixileba ciuri sxeulebis
moZraoba, ukve naTlad SeimCneva, rom dedamiwa veRar CaiTvleba
inerciulad da saWiro gaxdeba sxva, magaliTad,
heliocentrul sistemaze gadasvla da a.S.

88
$16. erTi inerciuli sistemidan meoreze gadasvla da
galileis gardaqmnis formulebi. sainteresoa sakiTxi
inerciul sistemaTa ricxvis Sesaxeb. advilad SeiZleba
davwmundeT inerciuli sistemebis mravalricxovnebaSi. jer
erTi, cxadia, rom yoveli sistema uZravi inerciuli sistemis
mimarT agreTve inerciuli iqneba. SeiZleba igi pirveli
inerciuli sistemisagan gansxvavdebodes saTavis mdebaeobiT an
RerZebis mimarTulebiT, magram Tuki igi uZravia mis mimarT,
misTvisac marTebuli iqneba inerciis principi.
Y1 
V  const
Y
A 

S1 X1

S X
Z1

nax.16.1

magram aseTi sistemebiT ar amoiwureba inerciuli

sistemebi. advilad misaxvedria, rom inerciuli sistemis
mimarT mudmivi siCqariT moZravi yoveli aTvlis sistema
agreTve inerciuli iqneba. marTlac, vTqvaT, S aris inerciuli
sistema, rac imas nisnavs, rom urTirTqmedebisagan Tavisufali
A materialuri wertili mis mimarT imoZravebs mudmivi
siCqariT. aviRoT meore aTvlis sistema S 1 , romelic S aTvlis
sistemis mimarT moZraobs agreTve mudmivi siCqariT. cxadia, A
nivTieri wertili am sistemis mimarTac mudmivi siCqariT
imoZravebs (nax.16.1). rasakvirvelia, A nawilakis siCqaris
sidide da mimarTuleba S1 -is mimarT ar iqneba iseTi, rogoric
S sistemis mimarT magram mTavaria is, rom misi moZraoba S1
sistemis mimarTac mudmivi siCqariT iwarmoebs.
rogorc vxedavT, inerciul sistemaTa ricxvi uamravia, anu

89
yoveli aTvlis sistema uZravi an mudmivi siCqariT moZravi
aRebuli inerciuli sistemis mimarT iqneba agreTve inerciuli.

mas Semdeg, rac gamovarkvieT, rom inerciuli sistemebi

uamravia, bunebrivad ismis kiTxva _ rogor aris dakavSirebuli
erTimeoresTan maTSi warmoebuli gazomvebis Sedegebi; am
kiTxvis Sinaarsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs. vTqvaT, raime
inerciul sistemaSi Seswavlilia A A materialuri wertilis
moZraoba, gazomilia misi mdebareobis ganmsazRvreli radius-
veqtori, koordinatebi, dro, dadgenilia maT Soris kavSiri,
gamoTvlilia siCqare, aCqareba da a.S. axla vTqvaT, imave
nawilakis moZraoba Seiswavleba meore inerciuli sistemis
mimarT, romelic mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs pirveli
inerciuli sistemis mimarT. am sistemis mimarTac
gansazRvrulia AA materialuri wertilis moZraobis
parametrebi: radius-veqtori, koordinatebi, dro, siCqare da a.S.
cxadia, es sidideebi gansxvavdeba sazogadod pirveli
inerciuli sistemis mimarT gansazRvruli saTanado
sidideebisagan. Cveni mizania gavarkvioT kavSiri am sistemebSi
materialuri wertilis Sesabamis sidideebs Soris, anu
gavarkvioT kavSiri pirobiTad uZrav da moZrav sistemebSi
materialuri wertilis moZraobis damaxasiaTebel sidideebs
Soris.
vTqvaT, erTi inerciuli sistema aris S . aRvniSnoT x, y, z -
iT A wertilSi momxdari movlenis koordinatebi am
inerciuli sistemis mimarT (nax.16.2). cxadia, es koordinatebi
unda gaizomos am sistemaSi arsebuli sigrZis etaloniT. t  Ti
aRvniSnoT movlenis moxdenis dro, gazomili am sistemis
saaTiT. vTqvaT, amave movlenis koordinatebi da dro izomeba
meore S 1 inerciuli sistemis mimarT, romelic S -is mimarT

mudmivi V siCqariT moZraobs. aRvniSnoT saTanado
koordinatebi da dro S 1 sistemis mimarT x1 , y1 , z 1 , t 1 -iT. amocana,
romelic Cven unda gadavwyvitoT, mdgomareobs x, y, z , t da
sidideebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebaSi. msjelobis
x1 , y 1 , z 1 , t 1
gasamartiveblad davuSvaT, rom S 1 sistemis koordinatTa
RerZebi Semdegnairadaa mimarTuli: O1 X 1 RerZi mimarTulia OX
RerZis gaswvriv, xolo O1Y1 da O1 Z 1 RerZebi saTanadodo OY
da OZ RerZebis paraleluria. garda amisa, miviRoT, rom

90
rodesac t  0, t 1 -ic nulis tolia, e.i. drois sawyisi momenti
orive sistemaSi erTi da igivea da rom am momentSi
koordinatTa saTaveebi Tanxvdenilia. Cveni daSvebis Tanaxmad

sistema moZraobs OX RerZis gaswvriv mudmivi V siCqariT, anu

V siCqaris mxolod V x mdgenelia nolisagan gansxvavebuli.
SevniSnoT, rom S1 sistemis aseTnairad SerCeva ar
ewinaaRmgdegeba amocanis zogad warmodgenas, vinaidan misi
Sedegi ar aris damokidebuli drois sawyisi momentisa da
moZraobis mimarTulebis SerCevaze.

Y Y
A
x y  y1
z  z1
V t x1

C
O
S S 1 O1 X X

V
Z Z
nax.16.2

Cven viciT, rom yovel sistemaSi koordinatebi da dro

izomeba Tavisi sigrZis etaloniTa da saaTiT. cxadia, es
etalonebi da saaTebi sruliad erTnairi unda iyos; es imas
nisnavs, rom S 1 sistemaSi myofi etaloni S sistemaSi rom
gadavitanoT, igi unda Tanxvdes iq arsebul etalons. aseve,
saaTebi, rodesac maT erT sistemaSi movaTavsebT, erT da imave
dros unda gviCvenebdes.

formulebs, romlebic erTmaneTTan akavSireben koordinatebsa

da dros aTvlis sxvadasxva sistemaSi, gardaqmnis formulebi
ewodeba.

Cveni mizania erTi inerciuli sistemidan meore inerciul

sistemaSi gardaqmnis formulebis gamoyvana. pirveli ZiriTadi
daSveba, romelsac emyareba klasikuri fizika am sakiTxis

91
gadawyvetis dros, SemdegSi mdgomareobs: Tu orive sistemaSi
mdebare saaTebi erT da imave dros gviCvenebs, rodesac S 1
uZravia S -is mimarT, maSin isini isev erT da imave dros
gviCveneben rogorc ar unda amoZravdnen sistemebi erTimeoris
mimarT; es daSveba imas niSnavs, rom raime movlenis moxdenis
momentSi orive saaTi erT da imave dros gviCvenebs.
t  t1 (16.1)
am daSvebas Semdegnairad ayalibeben:

drois mimdinareoba damoukidebelia aTvlis sistemis arCevaze,

yvela aTvlis sistemaSi dro erTnairad mimdinareobs, an
rogorc xSirad amboben, dro absoluturia.

ganvixiloT kavSiri A movlenis x da x1 koordinatebs

Soris. S sistemis mimarT A movlenis x koordinati aris
OC monakveTis sigrZe, gazomili am sistemis etaloniT. cxadia,
rom OC monakveTis sigrZe warmoadgens OO1 da O1 C
monakveTebis sigrZeebis jams
OC  OO1  O1 C (16.2)
vinaidan S 1 sistema da misi O1 saTave moZraobs S -is mimarT
OX RerZis gaswvriv mimarTuli V siCqariT, O wertilis mier
t droSi gavlili OO1 manZili iqneba
OO1  V  t , (16.3)
amis gamo wina toloba Semdegnairad daiwereba:
x  V  t  O1 C . (16.4)
meore mxriv, igive O1 C monakveTis sigrZe, gazomili S 1
sistemis etalonis saSualebiT, aris A movlenis x1
koordinati S 1 sistemis mimarT.
x1  O1 C . (16.5)
klasikuri fizikis meore ZiriTadi daSveba, romlis
saSualebiTac igi akavSirebs x da x1 koordinatebs Semdegia:

monakveTis sigrZe ar aris damokidebuli aTvlis sistemaze, igi

absoluturia.

92
 am SemTxvevaSi es imas niSnavs, rom O1 C monakveTis sigrZe
erTnairia orive aTvlis sistemis mimarT. aqedan vRebulobT
kavSirs x -sa da x1 koordinatebs Soris
x  x1  V  t . (16.6)
magram vinaidan pirveli daSvebis Tanaxmad t  t 1 , SeiZleba
davweroT
x  x1  V  t 1 . (16.7)
Cven ar gagvirCevia y da z koordinatebis gardaqmna.
cxadia, rogorc gviCvenebs naxazi da sigrZis absoluturobis
daSveba,
y  y1 , z  z1 . (16.8)
(16.1), (16.7) da (16.5) gamosaxulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT
koordinatebisa da drois gardaqmnis formulebi inerciuli
sistemebisaTvis aseTi yofila:
x  x1  V  t 1 ,
y  y1 ,
(16.9)
z  z1 ,
t  t1 .
am formulebs galileis gardaqmnis formulebi ewodeba da
klasikuri fizikis Tanaxmad maTi saSualebiT xdeba erTi
inerciuli sistemidan meoreze gadasvla. im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac S 1 aTvlis sistema moZraobs S sistemis mimarT ara
OX RerZis gaswvriv, armed nebismieri miamrTulebiT,
gardaqmnis formulebi iqneba Semdegi saxisa:
x  x1  V x  t 1 ,
y  y1  V y  t 1 ,
(16.10)
z  z1  V z  t1 ,
t  t1 ,

sadac Vx , Vy , Vz aris S1 sistemis siCqaris gegmilebi

saTanado RerZebze. mas Semdeg, rac gamoyvanilia koordinatTa
gardaqmnis formulebi, ukve advilia sxva sidideebis,
magaliTad, siCqarisa da aCqarebis gardaqmnis formulebis
gamoyvana. (16.10) formulebis gawarmoeba drois mimarT gvaZlevs:

93
 dx dx1
  Vx ,
dt dt
dy dy1
 Vy , (16.11)
dt dt
dz dz 1
  Vz .
dt dt
dx dy dz
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom , , warmoadgenen nawilakis
dt dt dt
siCqaris gegmilebs S sistemis mimarT, xolo
dx1 dx1 dy1 dy1 dz1 dz1
 ,  ,  siCqaris gegmilebs S1 sistemis
dt dt1 dt dt1 dt dt1

mimarT. Tu nawilakis siCqaris S sistemis mimarT  -Ti

aRvniSnavT, xolo S 1 sistemis mimarT 1 -iT, maSin miviRebT
 x   1x  V x ,
 y  1y  V y , (16.12)
 z   1z  V z ,
an veqtorulad
  
  1 V . (16.13)
miRebul Sedegs, anu imas, rom nawilakis siCqare S
sistemis mimarT aris jami

A V nawilakis siCqarisa S 1 sistemis
 mimarT da S sistemis siCqarisa
  1
1 S sistemis mimarT, ewodeba
nax.16.3 siCqareTa Sekrebis kanoni
(nax.16.3).
(16.13) formulis kidev erTxel gawarmoeba gvaZlevs:
 
a  a1 , (16.14)
 
sadac a da a1 warmoadgens nawilakis aCqarebebs S da S 1

sistemebis mimarT. V siCqaris warmoebuli nulis tolia,
vinaidan pirobis Tanaxmad igi mudmivi sididea. rogorc
vxedavT,

nawilakis aCqareba erTi da igivea yvela inerciuli sistemis

mimarT.

94
 miRebuli Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom moZraobis
damaxasiaTebeli sidideebi sxvadasxvanairad gardaiqmneba erTi
inerciuli sistemidan meoreze gadasvlis dros; magaliTad,
monakveTis sigrZe erTi da igivea yvela inerciul sistemaSi.
aseve erTnairia movlenis xangrZlivoba. koordinatebi da
siCqareebi icvlebian aseTi gadasvlis dros: x1 ar udris x -s,
 
 1 ar udris  -s. aCqareba erTi da igivea sxvadasxva inerciul
 
sistemaSi a  a1 . maSasadame, zogi sidide ar icvleba erTi
inerciuli sistemidan meoreze gadasvlis dros, zogi ki
icvleba. vuwodoT sidideebs, romlebic ar icvleba aseTi
gadasvlis dros, invariantuli sidideebi, xolo sidideebs,
romlebic icvleba erTi inerciuli sistemidan meoreze
gadasvlis dros, variantuli sidideebi. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT,
galileis gardaqmnebis mimarT invariantul sidideebs
warmoadgenen: monakveTis sigrZe, movlenis xangrZlivoba da
aCqareba. variantuli sidideebia koordinatebi da siCqare.

95
$17. klasikuri meqanikis fardobiTobis principi. ukve
galileis mier iyo SeniSnuli, rom meqanikuri movlenebis
mimdinareobis TvalsazrisiT inerciuli sistemebi
gansakuTrebul Taviseburebas iCens. es Tavisebureba imaSi
gamoixateba, rom meqanikuri movlenebi sruliad erTnairad
mimdinareobs sxvadasxva inerciul sistemaSi. ai rogor aRwers
galilei inerciuli sistemebis am Tvisebas Tavis naSromSi
`dialogebi samyaros ori umTavresi sistemis Sesaxeb~. `Tu
gemis moZraoba Tanabaria, Tqven ver SeamCnevT veraviTar
cvlilebebs irgvliv mimdinare movlenebSi da ar geqnebaT
araviTari saSualeba gamoarkvioT, moZraobs gemi Tu erT
adgilze dgas. amxanagisaTvis raime sxeulis gadagdebis dros
Tqven ar gWirdebaT misi meti ZaliT gasrola, rodesac
amxanagi dgas gemis kiCosTan, vidre winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi~.
cxadia, dedamiwis mimarT Tanabrad moZrav gems galilei
ganixilavs rogorc aTvlis meore inerciul sistemas da
aRniSnavs, rom am sistemaSi movlenebi ise mimdinareobs
rogorc uZrav gemze. inerciuli sistemebis es gansakuTrebuli
Tviseba kargad aris cnobili yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan.
Tanabrad moZrav matarebelSi yvela meqanikuri movlena ise
mimdinareobs, rogorc uZrav matarebelSi: vardnili sxeuli
vardeba iatakze Tanabrad aCqarebuli sworxazovani moZraobiT,
saqanis rxeva da gasrolili sxeulis moZraoba iseTivea,
rogorc uZrav matarebelSi. Tanabrad moZrav matarebelSi
yofnis dros xSirad iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos
moZraobs ara matarebeli, aramed mis gareT myofi yvela
sxeuli. amave faqtis damamtkicebelia agreTve is garemoeba,
rom miuxedavad dedamiwis swrafi moZraobisa mzis mimarT, Cven
srulebiT ver vamCnevT am moZraobas.
galileis mier SeniSvnis saxiT gamoTqmuli inerciuli
sistemebis es Sesanisnavi Tviseba savsebiT garkveuli
debulebis saxiT iyo Camoyalibebuli niutonis mier cnobil
SromaSi `bunebis filosofiis maTematikuri safuZvlebi~: `raime
sivrceSi myofi sxeulebis fardobiTi moZraobani erTnairia,
uZravia es sivrce Tu moZraobs Tanabrad da sworxazovnad
brunvis gareSe~. niutonis formulirebaSi gamoTqma `raime
sivrceSi~ Tanamedrove gagebiT niSnavs `raime aTvlis
sistemaSi~.
inerciuli sistemebis es Tviseba mravali cdiT aris
Semowmebuli. mas Tvlian fizikis erT erT ZiriTad debulebad

96
da uwodeben klasikuri meqanikis fardobiTobis princips. igi
Semdegnairad yalibdeba:

meqanikuri movlenebi savsebiT erTnairad mimdinareobs yvela

inerciul sistemaSi.

sul sxvaa, Tu aTvlis inerciuli sistemidan arainerciul

sistemaze gadavalT. kargad aris cnobili, rom matarebelSi
yofnis dros advilad SeiZleba SeimCnes misi aCqareba an
Seneleba. aCqarebulad moZrav aTvlis sistemaSi meqanikuri
movlenebi ar mimdinareobs ise rogorc inerciul sistemaSi.
Cven Semdeg gavarkvevT Tu rogor icvleba meqanikuri
movlenebis mimdinareoba arainerciul sistemaSi gadasvlis
Sedegad.
fardobiTobis principi, e.i. is garemoeba, rom meqanikuri
movlenebi erTnairad mimdinareobs sxvadasxva inerciul
sistemaSi, garkveulad zRudavs meqanikis kanonebis xasiaTs.
marTlac, vTqvaT, gvsurs CamovayaliboT meqanikis kanonebi
raime inerciul sistemaSi. vinaidan meqanikis kanonebis
daniSnulebaa zustad aRweros da axsnas meqanikuri movlenebis
mimdinareoba, ukanaskneli ki erTnairad mimdinareobs yvela
inerciul sistemaSi, cxadia, rom meqanikis kanonebic ar unda
icvlebodes erTi inerciuli sistemidan meoreze gadasvlis
dros. Cven ki viciT, rom erTi inerciuli sistemidan meoreze
gadasvla warmoebs galileis gardaqmnis saSualebiT.
maSasadame, meqanikis kanonebi iseTi saxisa unda iyos, rom isini
ar unda icvlebodnen galileis gardaqmnebis gamoyenebis
Sedegad.
cnobilia, rom meqanikis yoveli kanoni SeiZleba
maTematikurad gamoisaxos garkveuli tolobis saxiT:
A  B, (17.1)
sadac A da B meqanikuri sidideebia da gazomilia raime
inerciuli sistemis mimarT. gadavideT axla sxva inerciul
aTvlis sistemaze. am axal sistemaSi A da B sidideebis
mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba sxva iyos, magaliTad, A1 da B1 , magram
am axal sistemaSic meqanikis kanons igive saxe unda hqondes,
rac pirvel sistemaSi; es imas niSnavs, rom toloba ar unda
dairRves, isev unda gvqondes
A1  B1 . (17.2)

97
 magaliTad, rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, meqanikaSi arsebobs
moZraobis raodenobis, anu impulsis mudmivobis kanoni,
romlis mixedvidac, vTqvaT, ori nawilakisagan Semdgar
izolirebul sistemaSi moZraobis raodenobaTa jami mudmivi
sididea
m11  m2 2  const. (17.3)
rodesac axal inerciul sistemaSi gadavalT, nawilakebis
siCqareebi Seicvleba, e.i. Seicvleba moZraobis raodenobebic,
magram kanoni isev ZalaSi unda darCes. axal inerciul
sistemaSic moZraobis raodenobaTa jami isev mudmivi unda
iyos. aseve unda iyos meqanikis sxva kanonebis SemTxvevaSic,
magaliTad, Cven ukve viciT, rom inerciuli sistemis mimarT
marTebulia inerciis principi:

izolirebuli nivTieri wertili mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs,

axal inerciul sistemaSic ZalaSi unda darCes, miuxedavaT

imisa, rom materialuri wertilis siCqare sxva iqneba. yovelive
zemoTqmuli SeiZleba gamovTqvaT Semdegi debulebis saxiT:

meqanikis kanonebi ar icvlebian galileis gardaqmnebis dros,

e.i. erTi inerciuli sistemidan meoreze gadsvlis dros isini
invariantulebia

cxadia, rom es debuleba aris fardobiTobis principis da

sivrcisa da drois absoluturobis uSualo Sedegi.
zemoqmulidan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos Semdegi.
ainStainis mier Seqmnilma fardobiTobis Teoriam saWiro
gaxada mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis Setana Cvens warmodgenebSi
sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb. saxeldobr, gamoirkva, rom ar aris
zusti klasikuri fizikis debulebani sigrZisa da drois
absoluturobis, ufro sworad, invariantobis Sesaxeb erTi
inerciuli sistemidan meoreSi gadasvlis dros; es imas
niSnavs, rom monakveTis sigrZe, gazomili erT inerciul
sistemaSi, ar udris imave monakveTis sigrZes, gazomils sxva
inerciul sistemaSi. aseve ar aris toli movlenis
xangrZlivobebi sxvadasxva aTvlis sistemis mimarT. magram, Tu
es asea, maSin ar unda iyos swori galileis gardaqmnis
formulebi, romelTa gamoyvana swored sigrZisa da drois
invariantobazea damyarebuli.

98
 maSasadame, erTi inerciuli sistemidan meoreze gadsvla ar
warmoebs galileis gardqmnebis mixedviT. fardobiTobis
Teoria amtkicebs, rom es gadasvla unda warmoebdes sxva
gardaqmnis formulebis, e.w. lorencis gardaqmnis formulebis
mixedviT, romlebic principulad gansxvavdeba galileis
gardaqmnis formulebisagan.
meore mxriv, cdebi gvicvenebs, rom fardobiTobis principi
araTu irRveva, aramed kidev ufro farTovdeba. mtkicdeba, rom
ara marto meqanikuri, aramed saerTod yvela fizikuri movlena
savsebiT erTnairad mimdinareobs sxvadasxva inerciul
sistemaSi da vinaidan inerciul sistemebs Soris gadasvla
lorencis formulebis saSualebiT warmoebs, klasikuri
meqanikis kanonebi ise unda Seicvalos, rom isini invariantuli
iyvnen am gardaqmnebis mimarT. swored es cvlileba moaxdina
ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoriam.
amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad principulad
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebisa lorencisa da galileis
gardaqmnebs Soris, praqtikulad maT Soris gansxvaveba
SesamCnevia mxolod didi siCqariT moZravi sxeulebisaTvis,
saxeldobr iseTi sxeulebisaTvis, romelTa siCqare axlosaa
sinaTlis siCqaresTan. amitom, mcire siCqariT moZravi sxeule-
bisaTvis galileis gardaqmnis formulebi da maTze damoki-
debuli klasikuri meqanikis kanonebi praqtikulad savsebiT
gamoyenebadia maTi moZraobis Sesaswavlad.
meore nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT kinematikur sidideebs da
maT cvlilebas erTi inerciuli sistemidan meoreSi gadasvlis
SemTxvevaSi drois Sualedebisa da monakveTis sigeZis
arainvariantobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac mogvcems am sidideebis
cvlilebisaTvis klasikuri meqanikis farglebSi miRebuli
gardaqmnebisagan gansxvavebul Sedegs.

99
 nawili II

kinematika da fardobiTobis specialuri

Teoria

$18. fardobiTobis principi klasikur meqanikaSi da

eTeris problema. klasikur meqanikaSi fardobiTobis
principis ganxilva daviwyoT iseTi fundamenturi cnebebis
ganxilviT, rogoricaa absoluturi dro da absoluturi
sivrce.
uSvebs Tu ara klasikuri meqanika fizikuri
urTierTqmedebis arsebobas, romelsac adgili aqvs mxolod da
mxolod sivrceSi e.i. samganzomilebian sivrceSi drois gareSe?
aseTi urTierTqmedebis arsebobaze aris dafuZnebuli
absoluturad myari sxeulis cneba. aviRoT myari sxeuli -
raRac l sigrZis Rero. Tu ugulvebelyofT deformacias
ReroSi, maSin Reros erTi bolos moZraobaSi moyvana iwvevs
meyseulad misi meore bolos moZraobas, anu ReroSi impulsis
gadacema xdeba usasrulo siCqariT, e.i. Reros boloebi
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia meyseuli dinamikuri urTierT-
qmedebiT. es aris procesi, romelic xdeba drois romeliRac
momentSi, magram ara droSi da sivrceSi, aramed mxolod
samganzomilebian sivrceSi da fiqsirebul dros.
niutonis klasikur meqanikaSi daSvebuli iyo, rom
SesaZlebelia sicarieleSi manZilze urTierTqmedebis
usasrulo siCqariT gadacema. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
saubaria ara sakuTriv niutonis Sexedulebebze, romelsac eWvi
epareboda vakuumSi manZilze urTierTqmedebis momentalurad
gadacemis SesaZleblobaSi, aramed warmodgenebze, romelTac
aRiarebdnen niutonis mimdevrebi. yovel SemTxvevaSi impulsis
meyseulad gadacemis idea fizikaSi gabatonebuli iyo XX
saukunemde da is Seesabameboda XVII-XIX saukuneebis
mecnierebisa da teqnikis dones, imdenad, ramdenadac im
peroidSi arsebuli eqsperimentuli teqnika ar iZleoda myar
sxeulebSi impulsis gadacemis siCqaris povnis SesaZleblobas.
gravitaciuli, eleqtruli da magnituri velebis gavrcelebis
siCqareze im periodSi warmodgena ar hqondaT da arc

101
SeiZleboda hqonodaT. rac Seexeba sinaTlis siCqares, misi
miaxloebiTi sidide cnobili iyo XVII saukuneSi, magram jer
kidev veravin aigivebda sinaTlis siCqares Zaluri velis
gavrcelebis siCqaresTan. Tu aRvniSnavT am periodSi klasikur
fizikaSi cnobil siCqareebs  , xolo urTierTqmedebis
gavrcelebis siCqares c asoTi, maSin klasikuri fizikisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia   c siCqareebi. urTierTqmedebis
gavrcelebis siCqaris usasrulobidan gamomdinareobs drois
fiqsirebul momentSi aRebuli sivrcis fizikuri modelis
arseboba. aseTi modelis momentaluri suraTi Seesabameba
realur fizikur urTierTqmedebas usasrulo siCqariT. amgvari
suraTi SesaZlebelia gamoisaxos vertikaluri droiT-
sivrculi wrfiT (nax.18.1).
cxadia, rom meyseuli urTierTqmedebis suraTi
sxvadasxvagavarad warmoadgens sivrces da dros: nax.18.1-ze
sivrces gaaCnia sasrulo an usasrulo zoma (izomeba
vertikaluri droiT-sivrculi wrfis sigrZiT), xolo dros ki
nulovani xangrZlivoba (izomeba vertikaluri droiT-sivrculi
wrfis sisqiT). zemod Tqmulidan
gamomdinareobs sivrceSi aTvlis
X sxvadasxva wertilis arCevis Se-
saZlebloba da yoveli
materialuri wertilis
koordinatis damokidebuleba
SerCeuli aTvlis sistemis
saTavis mdebareobaze.
rac Seexeba dros, amis
SesaZlebloba ar arsebobs. es
t ki imas niSnavs, rom mas gaaCnia
T absoluturi mniSvneloba. drois
nax.18.1 xangrZlivoba ar aris
damokidebuli sivrciTi aTvlis
sistemis arCevaze da amitom klasikur meqanikaSi saubaria
droze, rogorc absolutur sidideze. absoluturi dro _ es
aris dro, romelsac uCvenebs yvela saaTi suraTze, romelic
gadaRebulia urTierTqmedebis usasrulo siCqariT gavrcelebis
momentSi. sufTa sivrciTi midgomiT `absoluturi dro~
SeiZleba niSnavdes mxolod imas, rom drois mniSvneloba ar
aris damokidebuli sivrciTi aTvlis sistemis SerCevaze.

102
 urTierTqmedebis usasrulo siCqariT gadacemis daSvebiT ar
aris gansazRvruli sivrcis absoluturi Tu fardobiTi
xasiaTi, magram drosTan mimarTebaSi drois absoluturi
xasiaTi am daSvebiT calsaxadaa gansazRvruli. sinamdvileSi
meqanikuri deformacia, bgera, sinaTle da sxv. sivrceSi
vrceldeba sasrulo siCqariT da bunebaSi ar aris cnobili
usasrulo siCqaris signalebi. ismis kiTxva: aris Tu ara
SesaZlebeli sasrulo siCqaris mqone signalebis saSualebiT
saaTebis sinqronizireba anu, aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli
calkeuli movlenebis erTdroulobisa da absoluturi drois
cnebebis SenarCuneba?
sawyis etapze eleqtrodinamikisa da optikis ganviTareba
iZleoda am kiTxvebze dadebiTi pasuxis gacemis SesaZleblobas.
ufro adre igive pasuxs moiTxovda zogadi mosaszrebebi
absoluturi aTvlis sistemis Sesaxebac. Semdgom etapze
dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiro gaxda absoluturi
sivrcis cnebis Semotana.
rogorc avRniSneT, urTierTqmedebis meyseuli gavrcelebis
daSvebas ar mivyevarT absoluturi sivrcis cnebamde.
miuxedavad amisa, niutonma SeZlo absoluturi sivrcis
sasargeblod iseTi argumentebis povna, romlebic ar Seryeula
1916 wels ainStainis mier fardobiTobis zogadi Teoriis
Camoyalibebamde. aRniSnuli argumentebi arainerciul
sistemebSi inerciis Zalebis arsebobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
cnobilia, rom matareblis aCqarebulad moZraoba,
inerciuli moZraobisagan gansxvavebiT, SesaZlebelia
matarebelSi myofma damkvirvrbelma igrZnos matareblis
garSemo arsebul sxva sxeulebze dakvirvebis gareSec.
matareblis inerciuli moZraobis dros ki Cndeba iluzia
TiTqos moZraobs meore matarebeli, romelic dgas gverdiT
liandagze, magram sakmarisia memanqanem aaCqaros an
daamuxruWos matarebeli, rom es iluzia umalve gaqreba.
mgzavri grZnobs biZgs, romelic dakavSirebulia matareblis
arainerciuli moZraobisas inerciis Zalebis gaCenasTan. Tu
moZraoba fardobiTia, maSin frazebs `matarebeli moZraobs
liandagze~ da `liandagi moZraobs matareblis mimarT~
erTnairi azri gaaCnia. matareblis aCqarebulad moZraobis
dros am frazebs Seesabameba sxvadasxva fizikuri movlena.
matareblis aCqarebulad moZraobis dros masSi aRiZvreba
inerciis Zalebi, xolo uZravi an mudmivi siCqariT moZravi

103
matareblis mimarT sxva sxeulebis aCqarebiT moZraobisas
matarebelSi inerciis Zalebi ar aRiZvreba. am SemTxvevaSi
frazas `matareblis uZraoba~ absoluturi mniSvneloba gaaCnia.
aRniSnuli `uZraoba~ ar exeba materialur aTvlis sxeuls,
romlis mimarTac matarebeli uZravia, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
am sxeulis aCqarebul moZraobas matareblis mimarT unda
gamoewvia igive efeqti, rac matareblis aCqarebul moZraobas,
e.i. unda aRZruliyo matarebelSi inerciis Zalebi.
fizikuri gagebiT sivrce da dro aris is, raSic arsebobs
materia. niutonma, Tavis genialur naSromSi `naturaluri
filosofiis maTematikuri principebi~, fizikaSi pirvelma
mogvca sivrce-dros Semdegi dasabuTebuli gansazRvreba:

`absoluturi, WeSmariti maTematikuri dro TavisTavad da

Tavisi arsis mixedviT, raime gareganis mimarT yovelgvari
damokidebulebis gareSe, mimdinareobs Tanabrad da sxvanairad
mas ewodeba xangrZlivoba~.

`absoluturi sivrce Tavisi sakuTari arsis mixedviT

arafardobiTia yovelive gareganis mimarT, yovelTvis rCeba
erTi da igive da uZravi”.

am gansazRvrebebidan Cans, rom niutonis mier warmodgenil

sivrce-drois absolutur da damoukidebel xasiaTTan
dakavSirebulia urTierTqmedebis Taviseburi meqanizmi, kerZod,
sivrce-drois absoluturi pasiuroba da ganurCevloba
yovelgvari materialur sxeulTa sistemis arsebobisa da
urTierTqmedebis mimarT.
niutonis mier warmodgenil iqna materialur sxeulTa
uSualod manZilze qmedebis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac erT
sxeuls SeuZlia imoqmedos meore sxeulze uSualod manZilze
maT Soris yovelgvari sivrculi kavSiris gareSe. aqedan
gamomdinare sivrce araviTar monawileobas ar Rebulobs
sxeulebis urTerTqmedebaSi, vinaidan sivrces da dros
araviTari kavSiri ara aqvT maTSi arsebul materialur
sxeulebTan.
manZilze qmedebis Teorias daupirispirda velis qmedebis
Teoria, romelSic erTi sxeuli meoreze zemoqmedebs manZilze
ara uSualod, aramed am sxeulis mier sivrceSi warmoqmnili
ZalTa velis saSualebiT. am vels gaaCnia materialur sxeulze

104
zemoqmedebis unari. garda amisa, velis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis gadacema xdeba ara
meyseulad, aramed sasrulo siCqariT da es urTierTqmedeba
warmoadgens materialuri sxeulebis sivrceSi moZraobis
mizezs.
rogori xasiaTisaa es moZraoba?
materialur sxeulTa moZraoba Cven gvesmis, rogorc maTi
mdebareobis cvlileba sivrceSi ganTavsebul sxva sxeulTa
mimarT. Tu ar mivuTiTebT materialur sxeuls da masTan
dakavSirebul aTvlis sistemas, romlis mimarT moZraobs
mocemuli materialuri sxeuli, ver SevZlebT ganvmartoT
moZraoba, rogorc sxeulis mdebareobis cvlileba droSi, e.i.
moZraobas carieli sivrcis mimarT fizikuri azri ar gaaCnia.
mocemuli aTvlis sistema SeiZleba moZraobdes romelime
sxva aTvlis sistemis mimarT. miuxedavad amisa, mocemuli
sistemis mimarT materialuri sxeulebis moZraobis ganxilva
gulisxmobs imas, rom aRniSnuli aTvlis sistema CaTvlilia
uZrav sistemad. magaliTad, Tu sxeulis moZraobas ganvixilavT
mzesTan dakavSirebul aTvlis sistemis mimarT, maSin es
sistema CaTvlilia uZravad da ugulvebelyofilia mzis
moZraoba galaqtikaSi.
moZraobis aRniSnuli Tviseba axasiaTebs moZraobas,
rogorc fardobiTi xasiaTis movlenas. fardobiT moZraobas
gaaCnia Seqcevadi xasiaTi.
Y Y  ori sxeulis moZraoba
erTmaneTis mimarT aris
fardibiTi, niSnavs imas, rom

M  Tu CaTvliT erT sxeuls
uZravad da ganvixilavT
y  y meore sxeulis moZraobas
O O x X X  pirveli sxeulis mimarT,
meore sxeulis moZraobas
x z  z eqneba iseTive xasiaTi,
Z Z   rogoric eqneba pirveli
0 sxeulis moZraobas meores
nax.18.2 mimarT, Tu meore sxeuls
CavTvliT uZravad. Seqcevadi
moZraobis magaliTad SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas dedamiwis
moZraoba mzis mimarT da mzis moZraoba dedamiwis mimarT. maTi
moZraobis xasiaTi erTnairia imisda miuxedavad, avirCevT uZrav

105
sistemad mzes da ganvixilavT dedamiwis moZraobas mis mimarT
Tu piriqiT.
aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli moZraobis siCqares mivaniWoT
absoluturi mniSvneloba?
klasikurma meqanikam Tavis droze am kiTxvas uaryofiTi
pasuxi gasca, magram is isev aqtualuri gaxda optikisa da
eleqtrodinamikis Semdgomi ganviTarebis gamo.
klasikur meqanikaSi sakiTxi absoluturi siCqaris Sesaxeb
Semdegnairad iyo dasmuli:
klasikuri meqanikis ZiriTadi kanoni amyarebs kavSirs

 d
materialuri wertilis m masas, mis a  aCqarebas da masze
dt

moqmed F Zalas Soris:

 d
F m , (18.1)
dt

sadac  aris materialuri wertilis siCqare XYZ RerZebis
mqone S sistemis mimarT (nax.18.2).
ganvixiloT X Y Z  RerZebis mqone S  aTvlis sistema,

romelic S sistemis mimarT moZraobs mudmivi  0 siCqariT.

simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom  0 veqtori OX RerZis
paraleluria, amasTan OY da O Y  , OZ da O Z  RerZebic
erTmaneTis paraleluria, xolo OX RerZi ar emTxveva O X 
RerZs. rogorc avRniSneT
 0 x   0  const ,  oy   0 z  0 (18.2)
  
M wertilis   siCqare S  sistemis mimarT  da  0
veqtorebis sxvaobis tolia:
  
     0 . (18.3)
gavawarmooT (18.3) toloba (18.2)-is gaTvaliswinebiT, miviR-
ebT:
 
d  d
 , (18.4)
dt dt
e.i. moZrav da uZrav sistemaSi materialuri wertilis aCqareba
ar icvleba. (18.4) tolobis gaTvaliswinebiT (18.1) tolobidan
miviRebT:

 d 
F m . (18.5)
dt

106
 rogorc vxedavT, niutonis meore kanons orive sistemaSi
erTnairi saxe gaaCnia, rameTu klasikur meqanikaSi sxeulis

masa m  const , xolo F Zala orive sistemaSi erTnairia. kerZo
SemTxvevaSi, roca gare Zala nulis tolia M materialuri

wertili S sistemis mimarT uZravia an moZraobs   const
siZqariT. aseT moZraobas inerciuli moZraoba ewodeba. (18.2) da
(18.3) gamosaxulebidan gamomdinareobs, rom mocemuli
materialuri wertili S  moZravi sistemis mimarT aseve
  
inerciulad (       0  const ) imoZravebs. miRebuli Sedegi
uSualod gamomdinareobs niutonis pirveli kanonidan,
romelic Zalis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi siCqaris mudmivobas
moiTxovs.
aTvlis S da S  sistemebs, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarT
mudmivi siCqariT moZraoben da romlebSic dinamikis ZiriTad
kanonebs erTnairi saxe gaaCniaT aTvlis inerciuli sistemebi
ewodebaT.
(18.1) da (18.5) gantolebebis SedarebiT vaskvniT, rom
klasikuri meqanikis farglebSi moZraobis ZiriTadi kanonebi
erTnairia yvela inerciuli sistemis mimarT. cxadia, erTnairi
iqneba am kanonebidan gamomdinare Sedegebic.
galileo galileis mier Camoyalibebul debulebas:

meqanikis kanonebi erTnairia aTvlis yvela inerciuli sistemis

mimarT galileis fardobiTobis principi ewodeba.

uZrav S sistemaSi M materialuri wertilis

koordinatebi drois romeliRac t momentSi aRvniSnoT x, y, z ,
xolo moZrav S  sistemaSi drois igive t   t momentSi x , y , z 
asoebiT (nax.18.2)
vTqvaT t 0  0 momentSi S da S  sistemaTa O da O
saTaveebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. maSin t droSi O  wertili O
wertilis mimarT OX RerZis gaswvriv gadaadgildeba  0t
manZilze.
rogorc naxazidan Cans, M materialuri wertilis
ordinatebi da aplikatebi erTnairia orive sistemaSi, xolo
abcisebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia Semdegnairad:

107
 x   x   0 t, x  x   0 t,
y   y, y  y ,
(18.6)
z   z, z  z ,
t   t, t  t .
(18.6) gamosaxulebebi amyarebs kavSirs nebismieri
materialuri wertilis koordinatsa da dros Soris S da S 
sistemebSi da maT galileis gardaqmnis formulebi ewodebaT.

zogadad, roca  0  const da siCqaris nebismieri mimarTuleba
gaaCnia, galileis gardaqmnis formulebi Caiwereba
Semdegnairad:
     
r   r   0 t , r  r    0 t,
(18.7)
t   t, t  t ,
       
sadac r  i x  j y  k z , xolo r   i x   j y   k z .
galileis fardobiTobis principis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
Sedegi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom klasikuri meqanikis sazRvrebSi
SeuZlebelia siCqarisaTvis absoluturi azris miniWeba.
sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, absoluturad moZravi da absoluturad
uZravi aTvlis sistema moklebulia yovelgvar fizikur Sinaars
da amdenad, azri ara aqvs kiTxvis dasmas: rogoria

sinamdvileSi ganxiluli materialuri wertilis siCqare  Tu

  ? orive S da S sistema dinamikurad sruliad
Tanasworuflebiania, e.i. maTSi dinamikis kanonebs erTnairi
saxe gaaCniaT, yvela meqanikuri movlena maTSi erTnairad
mimdinareobs da amdenad, arcerTi maTganisaTvis ar SeiZleba
upiratesobis miniWeba. aqedan gamomdinare, ar arsebobs aTvlis
sistema, romlis mimarT materialuri wertilis siCqare
SeiZleba CaiTvalos absolutur siCqared. cxadia, rom
fizikuri azri gaaCnia mxolod fardobiT siCqares, anu
klasikur meqanikaSi absoluturi siCqaris arseboba
dauSvebelia.
klasikuri meqanikisadmi ufro mkacri midgomiT aRmoCnda,
uTierTqmedebis gavrcelebas garemoSi ar gaaCnia myiseuli
xasiaTi, urTierTqmedeba vrceldeba Zalian didi, magram mainc
sasruli siCqariT. amis gaTvaliswinebiT TiTqos fizikuri
azri unda dakargos erTdroulobis cnebamac.
miuxedavad amisa, erTdroulobis fizikuri azris
SenarCuneba SesaZlebelia meyseuli urTierTqmedebis
meqanikisagan ramdenamde gansxvavebuli, modificirebuli

108
gagebiT, Tu niutoniseul absolutur sivrces SevavsebT e.w.
`msoflio eTeriT~, romelic gansazRvrulia, rogorc uwonadi,
uwyveti da nebismier nivTierebaSi SeRwevis unaris mqone
materialuri garemo. eTeris gansakuTrebuli Tviseba
gamoixateboda masSi urTierTqmedebis sasrulo siCqariT
gavrcelebaSi.
`msoflio eTerisaTvis~ materialur sxeulebTan
mimarTebaSi SesaZlebelia ori sxvadasxva mdgomareoba:
a) eTeri ar monawileobs materialuri sxeulebis
moZraobaSi.
b) eTeri moZraobs moZrav materialur sxeulebTan erTad.
Tu eTeri ar monawileobs materialur sxeulTa moZraobaSi,
maSin eTeris saxiT Cven miviRebT absolutur aTvlis sxeuls
da nebismieri materialuri wertili, romelic uZravia eTeris
mimarT, SeiZleba CaiTvalos sxva aTvlis sistemebTan
SedarebiT privilegirebuli aTvlis sistemis saTaved.
Tu eTeri monawileobs materialur sxeulTa moZraobaSi,
maSin materialur sxeulTa sistema uZravia eTeris mimarT.
ganvixiloT eTerSi materialur sxeulTa moZraobis orive
SemTxveva calcalke.
pirveli: samyaro Sevsebulia `msoflio eTeriT~, romelSic
eleqtruli, magnituri da gravitaciuli urTierTqmedeba
eTeris mimarT uZrav priviligirebul sistemaSi vrceldeba

mudmivi c siCqariT. materialuri sistemebi moZraoben eTerSi
ise, rom urTierqmedi sxeulebis moZraobisas isini ar
waritaceben an nawilobriv waritaceben eTers, anu maTi
moZraoba xdeba eTeris mimarT. am SemTxvevaSi eTeris mimarT
inerciulad moZrav aTvlis sistemebSi urTierTqmedebis

gavrcelebis c siCqare emorCileba siCqareTa Sekrebis
klasikur kanons. Tu mocemuli inerciuli sistema moZraobs

eTeris mimarT  siCqariT, maSin masSi urTierTqmedebis
gavrcelebis siCqare iqneba
  
c  c  . (18.8)

uZrav sistemaSi urTierTqmedebis gavrcelebis c da

moZrav sistemaSi urTierTqmedebis gavrcelebis c  siCqaris

codniT SesaZlebelia inerciuli sistemis  siCqaris povna.
Tu sxeulTa mier ar xdeba eTeris wartaceba, maSin eTeris
mimarT sxvadasxva siCqariT moZrav inerciul sistemebSi
urTierTqmedeba gansxvavebuli siCqareebiT gavrceldeba. am
SemTxvevaSi inerciuli sistemebis moZraoba eTeris mimarT

109
 absoluturi moZraobaa da misi
Y moZraobis siCqaris povna
SesaZlebelia mocemul aTvlis
sistemaSi urTierTqmedebis
 gavrcelebis siCqaris

A B saSualebiT. samyaros es suraTi
dafuZnebulia `msoflio eTeris~
X uZraobis an nawilobriv
watacebis fizikur hipoTezaze.
Z meore: moZravi sistemebi
mTlianad waritaceben `msoflio
eTers~. am SemTxvevaSi
nax.18.3
urTierTqmedebis gavrcelebis

c siCqare mudmivia nebismier
sistemaSi da ar aris damokidebuli ganxiluli aTvlis
sistemis siCqareze.
eTeris nawilobriv an mTlianad watacebis hipoTezebs
Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba aixsnas Semdegi martivi magaliTis
saSualebiT: warmovidginoT uZrav wyalSi mcuravi gemi,
romelic savsea wyliT, e.i. warmoadgens erTgvar mcurav auzs.
(nax18.3)
A wertilSi imyofeba mocurave, romelic cdilobs B
wertilamde miRwevas. mas SeuZlia curva rogorc uZrav
wyalSi, romlis mimarTac moZraobs gemi, aseve gemSi
moTavsebul wyalSi, romelic moZraobs gemTan erTad. Tu
CavTvliT, rom mocuravis A wertilidan B wertilamde
moZraoba aRwers am wertilebs Soris urTierTqmedebis
gadacemas, maSin pirveli varianti Seesabameba urTierTqmedebis
gavrcelebas uZrav an nawilobriv wartacebul eTerSi, xolo
meore - urTierTqmedebis gavrcelebas mTlianad wartacebul
eTerSi.
mocuravis A wertilidan B wertilSi moxvedra
gacilebiT rTulia, roca is curavs uZrav wyalSi, vidre gemis
Siga auzSi, vinaidan gemi TviTon moZraobs uZravi wylis
mimarT mocuravis moZraobis mimarTulebiT da gemis mimarT
mocuravis siCqare tolia:
 
c   c    c 1   (18.9)
 c

110
 cxadia, mocurave miaRwevs B wertilSi mxolod maSin, Tu
misi siCqare gemis mimarT c  metia nulze da am SemTxvevaSi is

damokidebulia sidideze, amasTan, auzSi moZraobis
c
SemTxvevaSi misi siCqare tolia:
c  const  c . (18.10)

Tu c siCqare gacilebiT metia gemis  siCqareze, anu
c   , maSin c da c  siCqareebs Soris gansxvaveba umniSvneloa.
warmovidginoT, rom mocuravem ar icis moZraobs Tu ara
gemi uZravi wylis mimarT da apirebs amis gagebas zRvaSi da
gemSi sakuTari siCqareebis SedarebiT. dasmuli amocana kidev
ufro gavarTuloT da davuSvaT, rom mas ar gaaCnia wamzomi,
xolo gemze erTaderTi wamzomi moTavsebulia A wertilSi. am
problemis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia zRvaSi da gemSi mocuravis
A wertilidan B wertilamde da ukan moZraobaSi daxarjuli
droebis SedarebiT.
aRvniSnoT mcuravi auzis anu gemis sigrZe l , uZravi wylis
mimarT mocuravis siCqare c da uZravi wylis mimarT gemis
siCqare  asoebiT. auzSi A wertilidan B wertilamde da
ukan gasacurad mocuraves dasWirdeba dro:
2l
t (18.11)
c
vipovoT t  dro, romelic dasWirdeba mas uZrav wyalSi
curvis dros igive A wertilidan B wertilamde da ukan
moZraobisaTvis. misi siCqare gemis mimarT A wertilidan B
wertilamde curvis dros c   , xolo ukan c   . t  dro toli
iqneba
l l 2lc
t    2 (18.12)
c  c  c  2
gavlili 2l manZilis am droebTan SefardebiT miviRebT
curvis saSualo siCqareebs orive SemTxvevaSi. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc (18.11) gamosaxulebidan Cans, miviRebT, rom
saSualo siCqare igive c siCqaris tolia, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi (18.12) gamosaxulebidan miviRebT, rom
c 2  2  2 
c   c1  2 , (18.13)
c  c 

111
 2
anu saSualo siCqare am SemTxvevaSi damokidebulia
c2

Sefardebaze. signalis siCqaris cvlilebis fardobaze
c
2
damokidebulebas `pirveli rigis efeqti~, xolo fardobaze
c2

damokidebulebas ~meore rigis efeqti~ ewodeba. Tu  1, maSin
c
2 
miTumetes 2
da meore rigis efeqtis aRmoCena gacilebiT
c c
rTulia, vidre pirveli rigis efeqtis aRmoCena.
davukavSiroT zRvis uZrav wyals anu napirs uZravi S
sistema XYZ RerZebiT, xolo gems - moZravi S  sistema X Y Z 
RerZebiT.
romel sistemas SeiZleba mivakuTnoT signalis gavrcelebis
siCqare, romelic iZleva moZravi sistemis siCqaris gansazRvris
saSualebas?
cxadia, is SeiZleba mivakuTnoT, rogorc `uZrav~ S
sistemas, aseve `moZrav~ S  sistemas, romelic Tavis mxriv
ganapirobebs signalis gavrcelebis siCqaris cvlilebas uZravi
sistemis mimarT.
ganvixiloT pirveli SemTxveva, igive gemi-auzisa da
mocuravis magaliTze. cxadia, rom auzis mier wylis watacebis
SemTxvevaSi mocuravis curvis siCqare auzis wyalSi X Y Z 
sistemis mimarT ar aris damokidebuli curvis mimarTulebaze
da is mudmivi sididea, maSin roca mocuravis siCqare XYZ
sistemis mimarT sxvadasxvaa da is damokidebulia curvis
mimarTulebaze. A wertilidan B wertilisaken curvisas XYZ
sistemaSi misi siCqare aris c   , xolo B wertilidan A
wertilisaken curvisas c   .
napiris mimarT mocuravis siCqaris dasadgenad saWiroa mis
mier curvis dawyebisa da damTavrebis punqtebis dafiqsireba
uZravi sistemis mimarT. warmovidginoT uSualod napirTan
mcuravi gemi da mocurave, romelsac drois nebismier momentSi
SeuZlia moxvdes gemidan napirze da napiridan gemze. napiri
davyoT l  tol monakveTebad, ise rom l   A  B da davuSvaT,
rom mocuraves napirze fiqsirebuli erTi wertilidan, misgan

112
l  manZilze daSorebul mezobel wertilamde miRweva SeuZlia
gemSi moTavsebul wyalSi curvis saSualebiT.
vTqvaT, mocurave imyofeba raRac fiqsirebul A1 niSnulTan
da apirebs napirze A1 niSnulidan gemis moZraobis
mimarTulebiT l manZiliT daSorebul A2 niSnulamde
misaRwevad auzis wyalSi curvisaTvis saWiro t drois
gazomvas. A1 niSnulidan is drois t 1 momentSi xteba auzSi da
wylis mimarT c siCqariT micuravs A1 niSnulisaken, uswordeba
A2 niSnuls da afiqsirebs t 2 dros. cxadia, t  t 2  t 1 dro
naklebia droze, romelic mas dasWirdeboda zRvis uZrav
wyalSi A1 niSnulidan A2 niSnulamde misaRwevad, radganac
zRvis wyalSi misi siCqare napiris mimarT c, xolo auzSi
 
curvisas napiris mimarT misi siCqare c    c 1   sididis
 c
tolia.
SevucvaloT A1 da A2 niSnulebs adgilebi da igive
gavimeoroT. cxadia, rom gemi da mocurave imoZraveben
erTmaneTis sapirispirod. am SemTxvevaSi, A1 niSnulidan A2
niSnulamde misaRwevad saWiro iqneba meti t   t 2  t 1 dro,
radganac napiris mimarT mocuravis siCqare am SemTxvevaSi
 
iqneba c    c 1   .
 c
davuSvaT, rom mocuraves gaaCnia wamzomi da mas SeuZlia

pirveli rigis efeqtis anu siCqaris fardobaze
c
damokidebulebis aRmoCena. vTqvaT, rom man auzSi curvisas ver
SeniSna napiris mimarT misi siCqaris damokidebuleba napiris
 
mimarT gemis moZraobis  siCqareze an es cvlileba 1   da
 c
 
1   sidideebze naklebia. maSin man unda dauSvas, rom wyali
 c
ar monawileobs an nawilobriv monawileobs gemis moZraobaSi,
wyali auzSi gaedineba da amdenad, gemi gadaadgildeba auzSi
moTavsebuli wylis mimarTac. am SemTxvevaSi mudmivi iqneba
mocuravis siCqare napiris mimarT misi moZraobis mimarTulebis

113
miuxedavad, xolo mocuravis siCqare gemis mimarT
damokidebuli iqneba curvis mimarTulebaze.
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom Tu mocuravis
siCqare auzis mimarT ucvlelia auzTan erTad moZrav wyalSi
curvisas, maSin aucileblad icvleba misi siCqare meore _ am
SemTxvevaSi napirTan dakavSirebuli sistemis mimarT. Tu
mocuravis siCqare ar icvleba napiris mimarT, maSin unda
davaskvnaT, rom auzi ar waritacebs, an nawilobriv waritacebs
masSi moTavsebul wyals.
rogorc avRniSneT, uZravi napiri Seesabameba S sistemas,
xolo napiris mimarT moZravi gemi _ S  sistemas. Tu S 
sistema dakavSirebulia sxeulebTan, romlebic mTlianad
waritaceben garemos, maSin signalis (mocuravis) siCqare masSi
ar aris damokidebuli S  sistemis moZraobaze S -is mimarT.
Tu gavzomavT am siCqares S  sistemis mimarT, is toli iqneba
c sididisa. magram maSin signalis siCqare icvleba S sistemis
 
mimarT da tolia c1   sididis, roca signali vrceldeba
 c
 
S  sistemis moZraobis mimarTulebiT da c1   sididis, roca
 c
signali vrceldeba sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. saSualo
siCqare signalis orive mimarTulebiT gavrcelebisas
 2 
iTvaliswinebs meore rigis efeqts da is c   c1  2  sididis
 c 
tolia. aqedan gamomdinare S sistemidan S sistemaSi
gadasvlisas signalis siCqare ar aris erTi da igive.
cxadia, signalis siCqare icvleba aseTi gadasvlisas im
SemTxvevasic, rodesac S  sistema dakavSirebulia sxeulebTan,
romlebic ar waritaceben garemos. am SemTxvevaSi signalis
gavrcelebis siCqare S sistemaSi iqneba c , xolo S  sistemaSi
 
c 1   , roca signali vrceldeba sistemis moZraobis
 c
 
mimarTulebiT, c1   , roca signali vrceldeba
 c

114
  2 
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, c   c1  2  , roca vpoulobT
 c 
saSualo siCqares orive mimarTulebiT.
CavataroT eqsperimenti: vTqvaT wariuli formis auzi
moZraobs napiris gaswvriv da misi moZraobis mimarTuleba
emTxveva OX RerZis mimarTulebas. mocuraves ar SeuZlia
auzidan amosvla, amasTan man unda daadginos auzSi
moTavsebuli wyali gamdinarea Tu moZraobs auzTan erTad, Tu
gaedineba, maSin wyali auzSi Tavisuflad gaedineba Tu
nawilobriv? amisaTvis unda gaizomos t x dro, romelic mas
dasWirdeba OX RerZis gaswvriv orive mimarTulebiT
gasacurad, e.i. 2l manZilis dasafarad. Semdeg unda gazomos t y
dro, romelic mas dasWirdeba OY RerZis gaswvriv orive
mimarTulebiT gasacurad. OY RerZis gaswvriv auzi ar
gadaadgildeba da am mimarTulebiT curvisas saWiro dro ar
aris damokidebuli  siCqareze. t x da t y droebis Sedarebisas
2
Tu man SeamCnia, rom droSi sxvaoba damokidebulia
c2
sidideze, maSin is rwmundeba imaSi, rom wyali mTlianad
gaedineba auzSi, xolo Tu t x  t y , maSin auzSi moTavsebuli
wyali moZraobs auzTan erTad.
zemoT aRwerili azrobrivi eqsperimentebi, Tu SevcvliT
wyals eTeriT, xolo mocuravis moZraobas signalis
gavrcelebiT, niSnavs
1. vipovoT da gavzomoT S sistemis moZraobaze
damokidebuli signalis siCqaris cvlileba uZrav
sistemaSi, roca wyaro da mimRebi ar arian
dakavSirebuli moZrav sistemasTan;
2. gavzomoT signalis gavrcelebis siCqare moZrav
sistemaSi, romelTanac dakavSirebulia signalis wyaro
da mimRebi.
amisaTvis Semged TavSi ganxiluli iqneba eqsperimentebi,
romlebic warmoadgenen sufTa optikur eqsperimentebs da
romlebmac garkveulwilad ganapiroba fizikis Semdgomi
ganviTareba.
Tu arsebobs eTeri, rogorc nebismier nivTierebaSi
SeRwevis unaris mqone materialuri garemo, romelic
warmoadgens eleqtromagnituri SeSfoTebebis, kerZod sinaTlis

115
talRebis gadamtan garemos, maSin sinaTlis siCqares SeiZleba
mivaniWoT absoluturi xasiaTi, anu, CavTvalod igi absolutur
siCqared eTeris mimarT. cxadia, eTerTan dakavSirebuli
aTvlis sistema miiRebs upirates mniSvnelobas sxva
sistemebTan mimarTebaSi da materialuri wertilis siCqare am
sistemis mimarT iqneba sivrceSi materialuri wertilis
absoluturi siCqare.
eTeris mimarT sxeulebis gadaadgilebis sakiTxs gaaCnia
uSualo fizikuri azri, rac imaSi
 mdgomareobs, rom unda arsebobdes
Y 
absoluturi siCqaris gazomvis, an
rogorc im periodSi iyo miRebuli,
`eTeris qaris~ aRmoCenis
SesaZlebloba. `eTeris qaris~ Ziebam
l da amasTan dakavSirebuli yvela
problemis Seswavlam xeli Seuwyo
fizikis ganviTarebas. am Ziebis
uaryofiTma Sedegma droisa da
sivrcis Sesaxeb arsebuli
nax.18.4
X Sexedulebebis Zireuli Secvla
gamoiwvia, romlis realizeba moxda
albert ainStainis mier Seqmnil fardobiTobis TeoriaSi. am
mimarTulebiT pirveli fundamenturi Sedegebi miRebul iqna
eleqtrodinamikuri da optikuri movlenebis Seswavlisas.
Semdeg paragrafSi SevexebiT moZravi garemos optikur
eqsperimentebs, romelic dakavSirebulia eTeris aRmoCenis
problemebTan.

116
$19. moZravi garemos optika da eTeris problema.
sinaTlis talRuri Teoriis Seqmnam ganapiroba ,,eTeris~,
rogorc nebismier nivTierebaSi SeRwevis unaris mqone, uwonadi
da mTeli samyaros momcveli garemos SemoRebis aucilebloba.
igulisxmeboda, rom eTerSi moZraobda yvela sxeuli,
deformacia da talRa. kerZod masSi xdeboda ciuri sxeulebis,
planetebisa da varskvlavebis moZraoba da amasTan yvela es
sxeuli Sevsebulia eTeriT. cxadia, rom eTerSi gulisxmobdnen
Zalian mcire simkvrivis garemos, raTa mas ar SeeSala xeli
masSi sxeulebis gadaadgilebaze, radgan astronomebis mier
mravalsaukunovani dakvirvebebis Sedegad ar iyo aRmoCenili
SesamCnevi winaaRmdegoba ciuri sxeulebis moZraobaSi.
sinaTlis talRis ganivobis dadgenis Semdeg saWiro gaxda,
rom eTeris erT-erTi ZiriTadi TvisebaTagani yofiliyo misi
absoluturad ukumSvadoba, amasTan mas unda hqonoda mxolod
winacvlebis deformaciis unari. Tu CavTvliT, rom eTerSi
xdeba sinaTlis talRis gavrceleba, maSin eTerSi sinaTlis
siCqare unda gamoisaxos formuliT:
G
c , (19.1)

sadac G - winacvlebis modulia, xolo  - eTeris simkvrive.
rogorc cnobilia sinaTle vrceldeba ara mxolod
sicarieleSi, romelic TiTqos savsea eTeriT, aramed
sxvadasxva gamWvirvale sxeulebSic, rogorebicaa mina, wyali,
haeri, da sxv., amasTan yvela nivTierebaSi sinaTlis siCqare
naklebia sicarieleSi sinaTlis gavrcelebis siCqareze, e.i
nivTierebaSi eTeris Tvisebebi icvleba. kerZod (19.1)
gantolebidan gamomdinare nivTierebis zemoqmedeba eTerze
iwvevs G wanacvlebis modulis Semcirebas an  eTeris
simkvrivis gazrdas, an orives erTad.
aseTia mokled warmodgenebi msoflio eTeris Tvisebebis
Sesaxeb, romliTac apirebdnen optikuri movlenebis
umravlesobis axsnas.
CavTvaloT, rom sinaTle vrceldeba eTerSi, anu eTeri
warmoadgens sinaTlis gamtar garemos. Tu es asea, maSin
sinaTlis gavrceleba damkvirveblis mimarT uZrav garemoSi
unda xdebodes sxvagvarad, vidre moZrav garemoSi. sinaTlis
gavrcelebis gzisa da drois gazomviT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba

117
maTi moZraobis absoluturi siCqaris gazomva eTerTan
mimarTebaSi.
dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT amgvari optikuri movlenebis sami
jgufi.

varskvlavTa aberacia. ganvixiloT rogor aisaxeba sinaTlis

sxivis mimarT damkvirveblis moZraoba sinaTlis wyaros xilul
mdebareobaze. pirvelad am movlenas yuradReba miaqcia
grinviCis observatoriis astronomiis profesorma brendleim,
romelmac 1728 wels Seasrula im droisaTvis saocari
sizustis gazomvebi mikrometrisa da teleskopis saSualebiT,
roca akvirdeboda mzis garSemo dedamiwis moZraobiT
gamowveul varskvlavTa winacvlebas cis sferoze.
vTqvaT, sinaTlis sxivi S varskvlavidan vrceldeba te-
leskopis A xvrelisaken. 19.1 naxazze gamosaxulia SemTxveva,
roca teleskopi uZravia an moZraobs sinaTlis sxivis gaswvriv.
rogorc naxazidan Cans, sinaTlis sxivi gaivlis mimdevrobiT
A da B xvrels da F fotofirfitamde miRwevisas datovebs
masze kvals.
aseve ganvixiloT SemTxve-
va, roca teleskopi moZraobs
S * * S S sinaTlis sxivis

perpendikularulad 
siCqariT. sinaTlis sxivi
A vrceldeba SO wrfis gaswvriv.
Tu teleskopis RerZi am wrfis
paraleluria ise, rogorc es

 gamosaxulia naxazze, maSin A
l xvrelSi gasuli sinaTlis
sxivi ver gaivlis B xvrelSi:
B xvreli emTxveva O
wertils maSin, roca sinaTlis
B O sxivi gaivlis A xvrels,
F F xolo milSi gavlis da O
wertilamde miRwevis dros B
nax.19.1 xvreli ukve winacvlebuli
iqneba O wertilidan marjvniv.
Tu milis sigrZe aRvniSneT l -iT da masSi sinaTlis siCqare
aris c , maSin sinaTlis mier milis gavlas dasWirdeba t dro,
romelic tolia:

118
 AO l
t   .
c c
ukanaskneli toloba samarTliania  kuTxis simciris

gamo. milis  siCqaris gaTvaliswinebiT S wanacvleba igive
t droSi iqneba
 l
S  t  . (19.2)
c
imisaTvis, rom A xvrelSi gasulma sinaTlis sxivma B
xvrelSi gaiaros saWiroa, rom A xvrelSi sinaTlis gavlis
dros B xvreli imyofefodes O wertilidan marcxniv s
manZilze, rogorc es gamosaxulia nax.19.1-ze. am SemTxvevaSi
zemodan wamosuli sxivi da marcxnidan moZravi B xvreli
erTdroulad moxvdebian O wertilSi da F fotofirfitaze
miiReba sinaTlis kvali.
ganxilul SemTxvevaSi teleskopis RerZi gadaxrilia SO
mimarTulebidan raRac  kuTxiT. cxadia, rom teleskopis 
siCqare gacilebiT naklebia sinaTlis c siCqareze, amitom 
kuTxe Zalian mcirea da SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom
  sin   tg , maSin
S l 
    . (19.3)
l cl c
varskvlavi, romelic ganlagebulia cis sferoze S
wertilSi OS mimarTulebiT, teleskopis moZraobis gamo
gamoCndeba  kuTxiT gadaxrili AS  mimarTulebiT.
naxevari wlis Semdeg dedamiwa imyofeba Tavisi orbitis
diametrulad sawinaaRmdego mdebareobaSi da icvleba misi
siCqaris niSani, Sesabamisad niSans icvlis  kuTxec.
varskvlavTa wanacvlebis gazomviT bredleim gamoTvala
sinaTlis siCqaris mniSvneloba da miiRo c  303000 km/wm,
romelic sakmaod axlosaa sinaTlis siCqaris namdvil
mniSvnelobasTan.
aqve avRniSnoT, rom varskvlavze aberaciaze dakvirvebis
SesaZlebloba ganpirobebulia dedamiwis ara gadataniTi
moZraobiT, aramed brunviTi moZraobiT.
aberaciis movlena SeiZleba aixsnas rogorc sinaTlis
korpuskuluri, aseve talRuri Teoriis saSualebiT, magram
miRebuli daskvnebi urTierTsawinaaRmdego iqneba.

119
korpuskuluri Teoria: sinaTle warmoadgens korpuskulebis
nakads, romlebic sinaTlis wyarodan amoifrqvevian c siCqariT.
maTTvis samrTliania siCqareTa Sekrebis klasikuri kanoni.
aqedan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros sinaTlis
wyarosa da damkvireblis fardobiTi siCqare. am SemTxvevaSi
absoluturi siCqare yovelgvar azrs moklebulia da galileis
fardobiTobis principi samarTliania klasikuri Teoriis
TvalsazrisiT.

talRuri Teoria: gamoviyenoT nax.19.1, oRond CavTvaloT, rom

SAO sxivis gaswvriv moZraobs ara korpuskulebi, aramed
talRebis wvrili sxivuri nakadi, romelic ar aris
damaxinjebuli A xvrelidan difraqciis Sedegad. sinaTlis
wyarodan gamosxivebuli talRebi vrceldebian gamWvirvale
garemoSi am garemos Tvisebebis Sesabamisad. garemos mimarT
maTi siCqare mudmivia da ar aris damokidebuli wyaros
moZraobis siCqareze. aberacia ganpirobebulia teleskopis
gadaadgilebiT eTeris mimarT. absolutur siCqares azri
gaaCnia da galileis fardobiTobis principi ar aris
samarTliani.

dopleris efeqti. am efeqts adgili aqvs, rogorc optikaSi

aseve akustikaSi. ganvixiloT dopleris efeqti
eleqtromagnituri talRebisaTvis.
vTqvaT, v0 - aris talRis wyaros sixSire, xolo c, , u
Sesabamisad talRis, damkvireblis da sinaTlis da sinaTlis
wyaros siCqareebia garemos mimarT.
dopleris efeqti SemdegSi mdgimareobs: Tu wyaros,
damkvireblis da talRis siCqareebi mimarTulia erTi wrfis
gaswvriv, maSin damkvireblis mier dafiqsirebuli talRis
sixSire Seicvleba da
c 
v  v0 (19.4)
cu
sididis toli gaxdeba.
Sekreba-gamoklebis zeda niSnebi (19.4) gamosaxulebaSi
aiReba, rodesac wyaro da damkvirebeli erTmaneTs
uaxlovdebian, xolo qveda niSnebi, roca isini erTmaneTs
Sordebian. Tu damkvireblis  da wyaros u siCqareebi garemos

120
mimarT masSi talRis c siCqareze gacilebiT naklebia, maSin
meore rigis wevrebis sizustiT mcire
 u
 1,  1 (19.5)
c c
sidideebisaTvis (19.4) SegviZlia gadavweroT Semdegnairad:
  u
v  v0  1   (19.6)
 c 
SemovitanoT aRvniSvna     u , miviRebT
 
v  v0 1   (19.7)
 c
niSani `+~, rodesac wyaro da damkvirvebeli erTmaneTs
uaxlovdebian, xolo `_~, roca isini erTmaneTs Sordebian.
amrigad, mcire siCqareebis SemTxvevaSi, roca sruldeba (19.5)
piroba, dopleris efeqti iZleva mxilod jamuri  siCqaris
dadgenis saSualebas.
dedamiwis pirobebSi rusi mecnieris belopolskis mier 1900
wels cdis saSualebiT damtkicda, rom (19.5) pirobais dacvisas
optikaSi marTlac aqvs adgili dopleris efeqts, magram
sinaTlis siCqaris didi mniSvnelobis gamo ver moxerxda misi
dadgena, Tu ra xdeba wyarosa da damkvirveblis sakmaod didi
siCqariT moZraobis SemTxvevaSi.
rogorc avRniSneT, dopleris efeqti iZleoda mxolod
wyarosa da damkvirveblis jamuri siCqaris gazomvis
saSualebas, magram ver wyvetda am droisaTvis mTavar amocanas
_ ganesazRvraT wyarosa da damkvirveblis siCqare eTeris
mimarT.

garemos mier eTeris wartaceba. fizos cda. eTeris mimarT

sxeulTa moZraobis problemasTan erTad daisva kidev erTi
problema _ waritacebs Tu ara sxeuli masSi ganTavsebul
eTers srulad an nawilobriv? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
saWiroa moZrav garemoSi sinaTlis siCqaris gazomva. Sesabamisi
cda 1851 wels Caatara safrangeTisa da inglisis akademiebis
wevrma, fizikos-eqsperimentatorma fizom, xolo 1887 wels
ufro maRali sizustiT gaimeora maikelsonma.
aRvweroT maikelsonis mier gaumjobesebuli danadgari
fizos cdisaTvis, romelic gamosaxulia 19.2 naxazze. S
wyarodan wamosuli sinaTlis sxivi brtyelparaleluri P
firfitiT iyofa or konad, romlebic S 1 da S 2 sarkeebidan

121
arekvlis Semdeg gaivlian wyliT savse erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebul or kiuvetaSi.
es sxivebi moZraoben urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT.
amis Semdeg I sxivis nawili airekvleba P firfitidan, xolo
II sxivis nawili gaivlis P firfitaSi da orive sxivi
miemarTeba erTmaneTis paralelurad ise, rom SesaZlebelia
interferenciis gakvirveba (nax 19.2)

S1

S
wyali
P

S2

I II
nax19.2

naxazidan Cans, rom kiuvetebSi wylis moZraobisas I sxivi

moZraobs wylis moZraobis mimarTulebiT, xolo II sxivi
sawinaaRmdegod. uZravi wylis SemTxvevaSi interferenciuli
suraTis cvlilebiT SesaZlebelia I sxivis wylis nakadis
mimarTulebiT, xolo II sxivis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
moZraobiT gamowveuli damatebiTi svlaTa sxvaobis Sesaxeb
c
msjeloba. cdam aCvena, rom uZrav wyalSi c   sinaTlis
n
siCqare da kiuvetaSi wylis u siCqare da wylis  siCqare
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia Semdegi TanafardobiT:
 1  c  1 
u  c    1  2     1  2  (19.8)
 n  n  n 
im SemTxvevaSi Tu wyali eTers ar waritacebs moZrav da
uZrav garemoSi sinaTlis siCqareebi ar unda gansxvavdebodes
erTmaneTisagan, e.i. unda miviRoT
u  c (19.9)
xolo wyals eTeri rom srulad waretacebina, maSin adgili
unda qonoda tolobas

122
 u  c   (19.10)
(19.8) formuliT miRebuli u siCqare moTavsebulia c  da
c    sidideebs Soris, amitom CaTvales, rom adgili aqvs
eTeris `nawilobriv wartacebas~ da is miT metia, rac metia
garemos absoluluturi gardatexis maCvenebeli n. Teoriulad
(19.8) formula mogvianebiT iqna miRebuli.
cxadia, yvela zemod moyvanili cda saWiroebda fizikur
axsnas, rac im droisaTvis did sirTuleebTan iyo
dakavSirebuli. arsebuli Cixidan gamosavals eZebdnen:
gamoCenili germaneli mecnieri herci, romelic ecada maqsvelis
eleqtrodinamikis safuZvelze eTeris nawilobriv warmtaci
moZravi sxeulebis eleqtrodinamikis agebas, magram miRebuli
Sedegebi ewinaarmdegeboda fizos cdis Sedegs da garda amisa
am TeoriaSi varskvlavTa aberaciis axsna saerTod ver
xerxdeboda; igive mcdelobas adgili hqonda nivTierebis
eleqtronuli Teoriis Semqmnelis lorencis mxridanac. man
eTeri aRiara absoluturad uZravad da uaryo fardobiTobis
principi. aRmoCnda, rom es gzac ar iyo swori.
arsebuli sirTuleebis gadalaxva SeZlo ainStainma
maikelsonis mier im periodisTvis saocari sizustis cdebis
Catarebis Semdeg. maikelsonma Tavisi cdebis saSualebiT
daadgina moZrav sistemebSi sinaTlis siCqaris damokidebuleba
TviT am sistemebis moZraobaze.

maikelsonis cda. damkvirveblis moZraobaze sinaTlis

siCqaris damokidebulebis gasarkvevad maikelsonma gamoiyena
sakuTari konstruqciis interferometri, romelSic sinaTlis
kona S wyarodan miemarTeba naxevrad gamWvirvale, 45 0 kuTxiT
daxril, brtyelparalel-
S1
ur, wayros mopirdapire
mxares vercxliT dafenil
I minis P firfitisken. es
 firfita sinaTlis konas
P S2 yofs firfitidan
S II arekvlil I da masSi
O gasul II sxivebad, sxivebi
 aireklebian Sesabamisad S 1
da S2 sarkeebidan da
T
nax.19.3

123
sabolood ikribebian T milSi.
cdis ideaSi gasarkvevad warmovadginoT maikelsonis
interferometrSi I da II sxivebis svlis sqema gamartivebuli
saxiT (nax.19.3). T milSi miiReba interferenciuli suraTi,
romelic gamowveuli unda iyos I da II sxivebs Soris
xelsawyos moZraobiT ganpirobebuli svlaTa sxvaobiT. es
svlaTa sxvaoba SeiZleba warmoiSvas sxivebis gamoyofisa da
SeerTebis wertilebs Soris, anu sxivebis OS ! O da OS 2 O
optikur gzaze. maikelsonma dauSva, rom eTeri uZravia da mis
mimarT sinaTle mudmivi c siCqariT vrceldeba. vTqvaT,
xelsawyo isea orientirebuli, rom is moZraobs  siCqariT
eTeris mimarT OS 2 mimarTulebiT. gamovTvaloT t dro,
romelic sinaTlis II sxivs sWirdeba OS 2 O manZilis
gasavlelad. OS 2 mimarTulebiT moZraobisas sxivi moZraobs
eTeris mimarT c siCqariT, xolo xelsawyo eTeris mimarT 
siCqariT igive mimarTulebiT, e.i. xelsawyos mimarT sxivis
siCqare iqneba c   , xolo OS 2 manZilis gasavlelad
l
daxarjuli dro t   . OS 2 mimarTulebiT sxivis siCqare
c 
l
iqneba c   , xolo daxarjuli dro t   . cxadia, OS 2 O
c 
manZils II sxivi gaivlis
1 l 2lc 2l 1 2l 1
t    2   (19.11)
c  c  c  2
c  2
c 1  2
1 2
c
droSi, rac Seesabameba eTeris mimarT sxivis mier gavlil
manZils
2l
S 2  ct  . (19.12)
1  2
eTeris mimarT xelsawyos uZraobis SemTxvevaSi II sxivis
mier gavlili OS 2 O manZili iqneboda 2l  s toli. damatebiTi
1
mamravlis Semosvla (19.12) gamosaxulebaSi
1  2
ganpirobebulia swored xelsawyos moZraobiT eTeris mimarT.
I sxivis mier gavlili gzis gamosaTvlelad davafiqsiroT O
wertili da S 1 wertilis mdebareoba sam momentSi, roca sxivi

124
iwyebs O wertilidan moZraobas S 1 sarkisken, roca sxivi
aRwevs S 1 sarkes da roca sxivi S 1 sarkidan arekvlis Semdeg
aRwevs O wertils (nax.19.4). sinaTlis sxivi l1  OS 1 manZils
gaivlis c siCqariT igive droSi, ra droSiac wyaro gaivlis
OO  manZils  siCqariT. amis Sesbamisad vadgenT proporcias
OO  
S1 S 1 S 1  (19.13)
l1 c
OS 1O  marTkuTxa
samkuTxedidan miviRebT
Semdeg Tanafardobas:
 1 1 
OO   l1 cos   l1 .
c
piTagoras Teoremis
Tanaxmad


O  O O  2
l12  l 2  l12 2
 l 2  l12  2 . (19.14)
nax.19.4 c
aqedan
l
l1  , (19.15)
1  2
anu I sxivis mier gavlili mTeli gza iqneba
2l
S1 . (19.16)
1  2
xelsawyos moZraobiT ganpirobebuli I da II sxivebs
Soris svlaTa sxvaoba
 1 
S  S 2  S 1  2l  ,
1
 (19.17)
1  2 2 
1  

1 1 1
roca   1, miviRebT  1  2 ,  1   2 da sabolood
1  2 1  2 2
(19.17) gamosaxuleba gadaiwereba Semdegi saxiT:
S  l 2 . (19.18)
0
Tu xelsawyos SemovabrunebT 90 kuTxiT, maSin sxivebi
Seenacvlebian erTmaneTs, xolo moZraobiT gamowveuli sxivebis
svlaTa sxvaoba gaormagdeba da iqneba

125
 2S  2l 2 . (19.19)
roca l  30 m da  dedamiwis orbitaluri siCqaris tolia,
maSin 2S  600 nm, rac wiTeli sinaTlis talRis sigrZis
rigisaa da interferenciuli meTodiT advili aRmosaCenia.
maikelsonis cda mravaljer iqna ganmeorebuli, magram cdebis
Sedegad sxivebs Soris sxvaoba ar iqna aRmoCenili. maikelsonis
cdebma daadastures, rom Tu arsebobs msoflio eTeri, maSin is
ar aris absoluturad uZravi.
rogorc vxedavT, fizom daamtkica, rom msoflio eTeris
wartacebas adgili ara aqvs, xolo maikelsonma is, rom
msoflio eTeri ar aris absoluturad uZravi.
am da sxva cdebis Sedegebidan gamomdinare mividnen
daskvnamde, rom vakuumSi sinaTlis talRis gavrcelebis
siCqare yvela aTvlis sistemaSi erTnairia da ar aris
damokidebuli inerciuli sistemebis fardobiT siCqareze.
eTeris arsebobasTan mimarTebaSi SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom Tu
eTeri arsebobs, rogorc eleqtromagnituri SeSfoTebis
gadamtani garemo, maSin materialur sistemaSi
eleqtromagnituri talRis siCqare damokidebuli iqneba eTeris
mimarT mocemuli sistemis moZraobis siCqareze, e.i. arsebobs
e.w. `eTeris qari~, romlis gazomvisaTvis unda arsebobdes
raime meTodi. am efeqtis ararsebobas ki mivyavarT daskvnamde,
rom eleqtromagnituri SeSfoTebis matarebeli garemo- eTeri
bunebaSi ar arsebobs. aqve unda avRniSnoT, rom materialuri
sxeulebis mier eTeris mTlianad wartacebis hipoTeza ver
`gadaarCens~ eTers, radgan es hipoteza ewinaaRmdegeba fizos
cdasa da varskvlavTa aberaciis movlenas.
miuxedavad amisa, adgili qonda eTeris gadarCenis ramdenime
mcdelobas, magram yvela es mcdeloba uSedegod dasrulda.
magaliTad, fijeraldi da lorenci cdilobdnen eTeris
`gadarCenas~ mis mimarT moZraobis mimarTulebiT sxeulTa
xazovani zomebis Semcirebis xarjze. am daSvebiT advilad
aixsneba maikelsonis cdis uaryofiTi Sedegi. marTlac Tu
fijerald-lorencis gardaqmnas adgili aqvs, maSin (19.12)
gantolebaSi l -s nacvlad unda Caisvas l   l 1   2 da (19.12)
gantoleba (19.16) gantolebas gautoldeba, e.i. S  0 .
rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, fardobiTi moZraobisas
sxeulTa maStabebis Semcirebas marTlac aqvs adgili, magram
eTeri rogorc bunebaSi ar arsebuli substancia da

126
Sesabamisad mis mimarT sxeulTa absoluturi moZraoba
uaryofil iqna.
rogorc aRvniSneT, fardobiTobis specialuri Teoriis
Camoyalibebis procesi daaCqara maqsvelis mier
eleqtromagnituri Teoriis Seqmnam. mis mier Camoyalibebuli
eleqtromagnitur gantolebaTa sruli sistema meqanikis
niutoniseuli kanonebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar aris invariantuli
galileis gardaqmnis mimarT erTi inerciuli sistemidan
meoreSi gadasvlis dros. im periodSi fardobiTobis principi
gaigivebuli iyo niutonis kanonebis invariantobasTan
galileis gardaqmnaTa mimarT, amitom bunebrivia daisva kiTxva:
romelia swori, fardobiTobis principi Tu maqsvelis
gantolebaTa sistema?
gamosavlis Zebna daiwyes dro-sivrcis iseTi gardaqmnis
povnaSi, romlis mimarT maqsvelis gantolebebi darCebodnen
invariantuli erTi inerciuli sistemidan meoreSi gadasvlis
dros, rac sabolood fardobiTobis specialuri Teoriis
SeqmniT dagvirgvinda.

127
$20. lorencis gardaqmnis formulebi. wina paragrafSi
nebismier inerciul sistemaSi cdebiT miRebuli sinaTlis
siCqaris mudmivoba moiTxovs sivrcisa da drois mimarT adre
arsebuli Sexedulebebis gadasinjvas.
ganvixiloT nax-20.1-ze mocemuli inerciuli S da S 
sistemebisaTvis Semdegi amocana: roca t  t   0 da O da O 
wertilebi emTxveva erTmaneTs,
Y Y koordinatTa sistemis
saTaveSi adgili aqvs
sinaTlis gamosxivebas.
sinaTlis talRa gavrceldeba
l  ct l  ct 
yvela mimarTulebiT erTnairi
siCqariT. ganvalagoT OX
X RerZze ori A da B
A A O O B B X wertilebi, xolo OX  RerZze
ori A da B  wertilebi ( OX
Z Z da OX  erTmaneTs emTxveva) da
nax.20.1 davuSvaT, rom isini
erTidaigive l manZiliT arian
daSorebuli Sesabamisi sistemebis O da O  saTaveebidan.
vTqvaT, S  sistema gadadgildeba S sistemis mimarT OX
RerZis gaswvriv 0 siCqariT. vnaxoT, Tu rogori
TanmimdevrobiT miaRwevs sinaTle A, B, A, B  wertilebs.

inerciuli S da S sistemebi Tanasworuflebiani sistemebia
da sinaTle orive sistemaSi vrceldeba yvela mimarTulebiT
mudmivi siCqariT. S sistemaSi movlenis Tanmimdevroba Semdegi
iqneba:
sinaTlis talRa miaRwevs A da B wertilebs
l
erTdroulad t droSi. A wertili moZraobs O
c
wertilisaken, xolo B  wertili Sordeba mas  0 siCqariT.
cxadia, rom A wertili unda ganaTdes A da B wertilebze
adre, xolo B  wertili ufro gvian.
amgvarad, sinaTle mocemul wertilebs miaRwevs Semdegi
TanmimdevrobiT:
A wertilis t  t droSi
A da B wertilebs t droSi (20.1)

128
 B  wertils t 2  t droSi
ganvixiloT exla igive movlenis Tanmimdevroba S
sistemaSi: sinaTlis talRa miaRwevs A  da B  wertilebs
l
erTdroulad t   droSi. B wertili am SemTxvevaSi
c
moZraobs O  wertilisaken, xolo A wertili Sordeba mas  0
siCqariT, amitom B wertili unda ganaTdes A  da B 
wertilebze adre, xolo A wertili gvian.
amgvarad, sinaTle mocemul wertilebs miaRwevs Semdegi
TanmimdevrobiT:
B wertilis t 1  t  droSi
A da B  wertilebs t  droSi (20.2)
A wertils t 2  t  droSi
rogorc (20.1) da (20.2) Sedegebidan Cans, miRebul daskvnebSi
gansxvaveba TvalSisacemia da iwvevs galileis fardobiTobis
principisagan gansxvavebul Sedegs, kerZod sinaTlis signalis
ama Tu im wertilamde miRweva SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos
signalis registraciis Tanmimdevrobaze. bunebrivia ismis
kiTxva: romeli Sedegia swori, romel sistemaSi
registrirebuli Sedegi Seesabameba movlenis obieqtur
msvlelobas?
meqanikuri, eleqtromagnituri, optikuri da sxva. cdebis
Sedegebi amtkiceben fardobiTobis principis samarTlianobas,
kerZod imas, rom bunebis movlenebi erTnairad mimdinareoben
yvela inerciul sistemaSi da arcerT inerciul sistemas ar
gaaCnia upiratesoba sxva inerciuli sistemis mimarT, anu ar
arsebobs e.w. absoluturi aTvlis sistema. cxadia, rom naxazze
gamosaxuli arcerTi sistema ar warmoadgens absoluturad
uZrav sistemas. yvela inerciuli sistema Tanasworuflebiania,
magram erTdrouloba da movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba maTSi
sxvadasxvaa.
aRmoCnda, rom sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivoba yvela
inerciul sistemaSi ganpirobebulia droisa da sivrcis
fardobiTobiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom gansxvavebul sistemebSi
manZili or wertils Soris da drois Sualedi or movlenas
Soris gansxvavebulia.
XX saukunis dasawyisamde arsebuli niutoniseuli
postulati drois universalurobisa da sivrcis

129
absoluturobis Sesaxeb xelSeuxlebeli iyo. kerZod
iTvleboda, rom erTnairi monotonuri dro da absoluturi
sivrce erTnairia mTeli samyarosaTvis da ar aris
damokidebuli aTvlis sistemis SerCevaze. mxolod 1905 wels
albert ainStainma uaryo drois Sesaxeb manam arsebuli mcdari
warmodgena.
ainStainma mis mier warmodgenil fardobiTobis
specialur Teorias safuZvlad daudo ori debuleba:

1. fardobiTobis principi: aTlis inerciul sistemebSi,

romlebic erTmaneTis mimarT moZraoben wrfivad da
Tanabrad, bunebis nebismieri movlena erTnairad
mimdinareoben.

am principis Tanaxmad es sistemebi Tanasworuflebianebia

da maTSi bunebis nebismieri movlena erTnair kanonebs
emorCileba.

2. sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobis principi: sinaTlis

gavrcelebis siCqare vakuumSi yvela mimarTulebiT
erTnairia da ar aris damokidebuli sinaTlis wyaros
moZraobis siCqareze mocemuli aTvlis sistemis mimarT.

am principis Tanaxmad vakuumSi nebismieri aTvlis

inerciuli sistemis mimarT sinaTlis siCqare mudmivi sididea.
yvela arsebuli cdiseuli SedegiT damtkicebuli am
principebis miRebis Semdeg, wamoiWra erTi inerciuli
sistemidan meoreSi gadasvlisas koordinatebisa da drois
swori gardaqmnis formulebis povnis aucilebloba. cxadia,
rom galileis gardaqmniis formulebi mcdaria iseve, rogorc
maTgan gamomdinare siCqareTa Sekrebis kanoni. es kanoni srul
SeusabamobaSia fardobiTobis meore postulatTan _ sinaTlis
siCqaris mudmivobis principTan.
erTi inerciuli sistemidan meoreSi gadasvlisas
koordinatebisa da drois swori gardaqmnis formulebis povna
SesaZlebelia zemoT aRniSnuli Teoriis ori ZiriTadi
postulatis saSualebiT.
ganvixiloT S da S  aTvlis sistemebi (nax.18.2) da drois
aTvla am sistemebSi daviwyoT im momentidan, roca

130
koordinatTa saTaveebi erTmaneTs emTxveva, anu t  t   0 , roca
O  O .
Tavidan ganvixiloT x da x  koordinatebis gardaqmna
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom S da S  aTvlis sistemebis
urTierTgadaadgileba xdeba mxolod OX RerZis gaswvriv  0
siCqariT. davuSvaT, rom koordinatTa swori gardaqmnis for-
mula galileis gardaqmnis (18.6) formulisagan gansxvavdeba 
mamravliT:
x    ( x   0 t ), x   ( x    0 t ). (20.3)
am formulebs gaaCniaT erTnairi saxe da erTi da igive 
mamravli imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom orive inerciuli sistema
Tanasworuflebiania da amitom orive sistemaSi koordinatTa
gardaqmnis formulas unda gaaCndes erTnairi saxe.
 0   0 tolobis gaTvaliswinebiT (5.3) gadaiwereba
Semdegnairad:
x    ( x   0 t ), x   ( x     t ). (20.4)
 koeficientis sapovnelad gamoviyenoT meore posrulati
sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobis Sesaxeb. ganvixiloT wina
amocanaSi koordinatTa saTavidan gamosxivebuli sinaTlis
talRis frontis gavrceleba OX da O X  RerZebis gaswvriv.
signalis frontis Sesabamisi koordinatebi da droebi S da
S  aTvlis sistemebSi aRvniSnoT x f , t f da x f , t f sidideebiT
Sesabamisad. maSin zemoT aRniSnuli postulatis
gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT:
x f  ct f , x f  ct f . (20.5)
CavsvaT (20.5) gamosaxulebebi (20.4) gamosaxulebebSi,
gveqneba:

ct f   (c   0 )t f , ct f   (c   0 )t f . (20.6)
ganvsazRvroT t f pirveli gantolebidan, CavsvaT meoreSi da
SevkvecoT miRebuli tolobis orive mxares t f sidideze, 
sididisaTvis miviRebT:
c2
2  2 , (20.7)
c  v 02
sabolood

131
 c 1
   , (20.8)
c v
2 2
0
1  2
v 02
sadac 2  . (20.8) gamosaxulebidan  avirCioT dadebiTi
c2
niSanis OX da O X  RerZebis aTvlis mimarTulebis
SesanarCuneblad. simartivisaTvis CavTvaloT, rom S  sistema
S sistemis mimarT moZraobs  siCqariT, maSin x da x 
koordinatTa gardaqmnis formulisaTvis sabolood miviRebT:
x  vt x   vt 
x  , x . (20.9)
1  2 1  2
vipovoT y  y  da z  z  gardaqmnis formulebic. OY da
OZ mimarTulebiT sistemebis wanacvlebas adgili ara aqvs. y
da y  sidideebis mniSvnelobebi droze ar arian damokidebuli,
radganac es RerZebi siCqaris veqtoris perpendikularuli ari-
an. Sesabamisad erTaderTi SesaZlebeli Tanafardoba pirveli
postulatis Tanaxmad iqneba:
y     y, y    y . (20.10)
aqedan, miviRebT, rom   1. OY da O Y  RerZebis aTvlis
mimarTulebis SesanarCuneblad virCevT dadebiT niSans.
yovelive zemod Tqmuli exeba z da z  koordinatebs, e.i.
siCqaris veqtoris perpendikularul mimarTulebebze
koordinatebi igivurad gardaiqmnebian.
gadavideT drois gardaqmnis formulebis povnaze.
gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad aqve aRvniSnoT, rom (20.6)
formulebi ar warmoadgenen drois gardaqmnis formulebs.
isini miekuTvnebian mxolod kerZo SemTxvevas _ sinaTlis
frontis gavrcelebis amocanas. drois gardaqmnis sapovnelad
moviqceT Semdegnairad: gamovricxoT x  koordinati (20.9)
gantolebebidan meore gantolebaSi pirvelis CasmiT. Cven
miviRebT t  drois damokidebulebas x da t sidideebze:
x   ( ( x    t )    t ), (20.11)
saidanac vRebulobT
x 1 x   
t   t       t    2    t  2 x . (20.12)
    c 

132
 Sesabamisad miiReba t drois t da x sidideebze
damokidebuleba:
  
t    t   2 x  . (20.13)
 c 
amgvarad, miRebul gardaqmnebs, romelTac lorencis kerZo
gardaqmnis formulebi ewodebaT, Semdegi saxe gaaCniaT:
S  S S  S
x   t x    t 
x  , x ,
1  2
1  2
y   y, y  y , (20.14)
z   z, z  z ,
 
t 2
x t  x
t c . t c2 .
1  2 1  2
zemoT moyvanili gardaqmnis formulebi gamoyvanilia im
kerZo SemTxvevisaTvis, roca S  sistema moZraobs S sistemis
mimarT OX RerZis gaswvriv wrfivad da Tanabrad.
zogadi SemTxvevisaTvis, anu roca inerciul sistemaTa
RerZebi erTmaneTis paralelurad arian orientirebuli da
moZraoben brunvis gareSe koordinatTa RerZebis mimarT

nebismieri mimarTulebis mudmivi, gadataniTi  siCqariT,
lorencis gardaqnmis formulebs gacilebiT rTuli saxe
gaaCnia. moviyvanoT lorencis gardaqmnis formulebi am
SemTxvevisaTvis veqtoruli saxiT gamoyvanis gareSe.
1  
   t   2  , r 
 r    t   1 
 r    r ,  , t 
   c
r  1 . (20.15)
1  2  1   2 
  2
 1   2
 
zemoT moyvanili gardaqmnis formulebi pirvelad miRebul
iqna lorencis mier erTi inerciuli sistemidan meoreSi
gadasvlisas eleqtrodinamikis gantolebebisaTvis ucvleli
formis SesanarCunebis mizniT 1892 wels da maT puankarem
lorencis gardaqmnis formulebi uwoda. marTalia lorencma
SeZlo Sesabamisi gardaqmnis formulebis povna, magram es
gardaqmnebi Seicavda koordinatTa gardaqmnis formulebTan
erTad drois gardaqmnis formulasac. lorenci darwmunebuli
iyo, rom dro yvela sistemaSi mimdinareobda erTnairad da

133
amitom drois gardaqmnis formula man CaTvala fiqtiurad, rac
koordinatTa gardaqmnis formulaSi drois arsebobis gamo,
Tavis mxriv niSnavda koordinatTa gardaqmnis formulis
fiqtiurobis aRiarebas. amgvarad, lorencma Tavis mier
miRebuli formulebi CaTvala yovelgvar fizikur azrs
moklebul igiveobad.
msoflioSi pirveli ainStaini mixvda imas, rom saqme
hqonda S da S  sistemebis Sesabamis WeSmarit drosTan. is
aRniSnavda, rom ` t dro aris S sistemis realuri dro, xolo
t  _ aris aseTive realuri dro S  sistemisaTvis~.
lorencis gardaqmnis formulebis saSualebiT
SesaZlebeli gaxda dagrovil cdiseul Sedegebsa da galileis
gardaqmnis formulebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobaTa
daZleva. marTalia, lorencis gardaqmnis formulebi
warmoadgenen zust gardaqmnebs rogorc mcire, aseve didi
siCqareebis SemTxvevaSi, magram ar arsebobs yovelTvis am
formulebis gamoyenebis aucilebloba. rogorc vxedavT (18.7)
da (20.14) formulebs Soris gansxvaveba TvalSi sacemia, magram

Tu (20.14) formulaSi mocemuli da  sidideebi Zalian
c2
mcirea (roca sruldeba piroba   c, anu roca S da S 
sistemaTa fardobiTi siCqare gacilebiT naklebia sinaTlis
siCqareze vakuumSi), maSin lorencis gardaqmnis (20.14)
formulebi gadadis galileis gardaqmnis (18.7) formulebSi.
es ki imas niSnavs, rom galileis gardaqmnis formulebi
warmoadgenen lorencis gardaqmnis formulebis zRvrul
SemTxvevas, roca   c. lorencis gardaqmnis formulebiT
miRebuli Sesworebebi galileis gardaqmnis formulebis
gamoyenebiT miRebul SedegebTan SedarebiT umniSvneloa,
maSinac ki, roca   1000 km/wm da amdenad mcire siCqareebis
SemTxvevaSi amocanebSi ar aqvs mniSvneloba, Tu romel maTgans
gamoviyenebT gamoTvlebisaTvis. Sesworebebi mniSvnelovania
maSin, roca  siCqare aris aTeul aTasobiT kilometri wamSi.
am sakiTxebs Cven qvemoTac davubrundebiT.
rogorc aRvniSneT zogadad relativisturi (fardobiTi)
meqanikis kanonebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian klasikuri
(galilei_niutonis) meqanikis kanonebisagan. erT-erTi mniSvne-
lovani gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom klasikur meqanikaSi
SesaZlebeli iyo sxeuls qonoda siCqaris ragind didi
mniSvneloba da amdenad ar arsebobda sxeulis siCqarisaTvis

134
aranairi SezRudva, maSin rodesac lorencis gardaqmnis (20.14)
formulebidan Cans, rom sxeulTa fardobiT siCqares gaaCnia
zeda zRvari
 c. (20.15)
roca   c , maSin 1  2 warmosaxviTia da warmosaxviTi
xdeba x  da t  sidideebic, anu isini kargaven yovelgvar
fizikur azrs.
momdevno paragrafebSi ganvixiloT relativisturi fizikis
zogi-erTi Sedegi, romlebic miiReba lorencis gardaqmnis
formulebis gamoyenebiT.

135
$21. sigrZis gardaqnmis formula. vTqvaT mocemulia ori
S da S  sistemebi, romelTa saTaveebi O da O  drois sawyis
momentSi erTmaneTs emTxveva, OX da O X  RerZebis gaswvriv
moTavsebulia Rero. S sistemaSi Reros boloebis
koordinatebia x1 da x 2 , xolo S  sistememaSi x1 da x 2 . S 
sistema moZraobs S sistemis gaswvriv OX da O X  RerZebis
paraleluri  siCqariT.
vipovoT Reros sigrZe S sistemis mimarT, roca is
moZraobs S  sistemis O X  RerZTan erTad.
S  sistemis mimarT Rero uZravia da amitom misi sigrZe am
sistemaSi drois nebismier momentSi iqneba
l 0  x 2  x1  const. (21..1)
l 0 aRniSnavs, rom Reros l sigrZe gazomilia S  sistemaSi,
xolo am sistemis mimarT misi siCqare nulis tolia.
S sistemis mimarT Reros sigrZis sapovnelad saWiroa misi
boloebis x1 da x 2 koordinatebis gansazRvra S sistemaSi
drois erT da imave t momentSi. (50.13) formulebis Tanaxmad
x    t x1    t x  x1 l
l 0  x 2  x1  2   2  , (21.2)
1  2
1  2
1  2
1  2
sadac l  Reros sigrZea S sistemis mimarT. miviReT, rom S
sistemis mimarT  siCqariT moZravi Reros l sigrZe S 
sistemaSi uZravi igive Reros l 0 sigrZesTan dakavSirebulia
TanafardobiT:
l  l 0 1   2 . (21.3)
Tu orive S da S inerciuli sistemebi
Tanasworuflebiani sistemebia, maSin Reros sigrZe S
sistemaSi unda Seicvalos igive kanoniT, roca Rero uZravia S
sistemis mimarT. marTlac, ganvsazRvroT Reros x1 da x 2
boloebi S  sistemaSi drois erT da imave t  drois momentSi:

x 2    t x1    t l
l 0  x 2  x1    , (21.4)
1  2
1  2
1  2
sabolood miviRebT:
l   l0 1  2 . (21.5)

136
 rogorc vxedavT (21.2) da (21.5) gardaqmnis formulebs
erTnairi saxe gaaCnia orive sistemaSi, e.i. lorencis gardaqmna
simetriulia S da S  inerciuli sistemebis mimarT, anu orive
sistemis Tanasworuflebianoba daculia. aqve unda avRniSnoT,
rom siCqaris veqtoris perpendikularuli mimarTulebiT, e.i.
OY da OZ RerZebis gaswvriv Reros zomebi ar icvleba.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT mcire siCqareebis dros (roca
  c ) 1  2  1 da sigrZis relativisturi Semcireba
SeiZleba ugulvebelyoT. mag. l sigrZis RerosaTvis, roca
  1000 km/wm sigrZis Semcireba l  10 5 l , xolo   30 km/wm
(dedamiwis saSualo siCqare mis orbitaze) siCqarisaTvis
moZraobis mimarTulebiT dedamiwis diametri mxolod 6.5
santimetriT mcirdeba. sigrZis Semcireba SesamCnevi xdeba
mxolod maSin, Tu saqme gvaqvs aTeul aTasobiT km/wm
siCqareebTan. roca   5000 km/wm, maSin l  0.015l .
vipovoT Tu ra siCqare aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom moZravi
l
Reros sigrZe uZravi sistemis mimarT gaxdes . pirobis
2
Tanaxmad:
l
l  1  2 , (21.6)
2
aqedan
1
1  2  , (21.7)
2
anu
v2 3
2  2  , (21.8)
c 4
sabolood miviRebT
3
c  260000 km/wm. (21.9)
4
zemoT moyvanili Sedegebi gamosaxulia nax.21.1-ze. Rero
moZraobs S  sistemasTan erTad da amitom siCqaris mixedviT
misi sigrZe icvleba S da ucvlelia S  sistemis mimarT.
amasTan saubaria S sistemaSi Reros zomebis namdvil, da ara
warmosaxviT cvlilebebze.
siCqareebs, romlebisaTvis adgili aqvT materialuri
sxeulebis zomebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs, relativisturi

137
siCqareebi ewodebaT. aseT siCqareebTan xSirad saqme gvaqvs
elementaruli nawilebis moZraobis dros. mag. birTvul
reaqtorebSi e.w. `Cqari
Y l neitronebi~ moZraoben siCqa-
 0
reebiT, romlebisaTvis adgili
 c/2 aqvs neitronebis zomebis
moZraobis mimarTulebiT 3%-is
rigiT Semcirebas. amaCqar-
  3c / 4
eblebSi damuxtuli
nawilakebis aCqareba xdeba
O iseT siCqareebamde, roca
 X
Z  adgili aqvs am nawilakebis
zomebis gacilebiT ufro did
nax.21.1
Semcirebas da a.S.
eqsperimentulad rTuli Sesamowmebelia, adgili aqvs Tu
ara moZravi sxeulebis sigrZis cvlilebas uZravi sistemis
mimarT, radganac SeuZlebelia S sistemidan uSualo
gazomvebis Catareba S  sistemaSi.

  
E E E

 0  c/2  c
a) b) g)
nax.21.2
aRniSnuli efeqtis eqsperimentulad Sesamowmeblad SeiZ-
leba gamoviyenoT moZravi damuxtuli nawilakebis mier
gamosxivebuli eleqtromagnituri veli. nax.21.2-ze gamosaxulia
dadebiTi wertilovani muxtis mier gamosxivebuli eleqtruli
veli da misi Sesabamisi   const ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi
siCqaris veqtorsa da mis perpendikularul wrfeze gamavali

138
sibrtyis WrilSi, roca a) muxti uZravia, b) muxti moZraobs
260000km/wm siCqariT da g) muxti moZraobs vakuumSi sinaTlis
siCqaris rigis siCqariT.
uZravi muxtis SemTxvevaSi ekvpotencialuri zedapirebi
sferulad simetriulia da siCqaris zrdasTan erTad
TandaTanobiT `iWyliteba~ moZraobis mimarTulebis
perpendikularuli sibrtyisaken. velis deformaciis aRmoCena
SesaZlebelia cdis sasualebiT.   c siCqariT moZravma muxtma
Tavis gzaze moTavsebul uZrav q 0 muxtze unda imoqmedos
mxolod drois Zalian mcire monakveTSi da miT mcire iqneba
urTierTqmedebis dro, rac metia moZravi muxtis siCqare.
Teoriulad gamoTvlili da eqsperimentiT miRebuli Sedegebi
sakmaod kargad daemTxva erTmaneTs, ramac eqsperimentulad
daamtkica moZravi sxeulebisaTvis sivrcis Semcirebis efeqtis
realuroba, anu damtkicda lorencis gardaqmnis formulebidan
miRebuli erT-erTi ZiriTadi Sedegi.

139
$22. drois Sualedis gardaqmnis formula. vTqvaT S 
sistemis romelime x  0 wertilSi drois t 1 da t 2 momentSi
moxda ori fizikuri movlena. am movlenebs Soris t  droiTi
intervali S  sistemaSi tolia:
t   t 2  t 1 . (22.1)
ganvixiloT es movlenebi S sistemaSi. cxadia, rom S
sistemaSi orive movlena moxdeba gansxvavebul x1 da x 2
wertilebSi da t 1 da t 2 dros. am sistemaSi movlenebs Soris
intervali (20.13) formulis Tanaxmad iqneba:
 
t 2 
x 0 x 0 t 1 
c c2 2 t  t t 
t  t 2  t 1    2 1  . (22.2)
1  2
1  2
1  2
1  2
(22.2) gamosaxulebidan vRebulobT, rom uZrav sistemaSi
1
movlenebs Soris drois intervali -jer metia, vidre
1  2
moZrav sistemaSi, e.i. moZrav sistemaSi dro ufro nela
miedineba, vidre uZrav sistemaSi. miRebuli Sedegebis ufro
martivad aRsaqmnelad moviyvanoT Semdegi magaliTi:
warmovidginoT varskvlavi, romelic dedamiwidan
daSorebulia 1000 sinaTlis wlis manZilze. am varskvlavisaken
gavgzavneT kosmosuri xomaldi, romlis siCqare tolia
3
  c , amasTan xomaldi dedamiwaze am siCqares myiseulad
4
Rebulobs (Tu xomaldis sawyisi siCqare nulis tolia da
xomaldi 10m/wm2. aCqarebiT iwyebs moZraobas, maSin am siCqaris
misaRwevad xomalds dedamiwasTan dakavSirebul aTvlis
sistemaSi dasWirdeba t  2.6 10 7 wami, rac daaxloebiT 300 dRe-
Ramea). dedamiwasTan dakavSirebul aTvlis sistemaSi xomalds
3 S
varskvlavamde misarwevad  c  1156
dasWirdeba t  1000c :
4 
weli, maSin roca xomaldTan dakavSirebul aTvlis sistemaSi
3 t
igive manZilis dasafarad saWiroa t   t 1   578 weli,
4 2
xolo Tu siCqare iseTia, rom 1    0,001, maSin 1 weli, e.i.
roca xomaldis sakuTari dro 1 welia dedamiwaze gaivlis

140
1000weli. am SemTxvevaSic, iseve rogorc sigrZis gardaqmnisas
saubaria realur fizikur drois intervalze da ara
warmosaxviTze.
martivi gamoTvlebiT advilad vrwmundebiT, rom drois
intervalis cvlilebis relativisturi efeqtis
gaTvaliswinebas azri aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, roca moZraoba
sruldeba did manZilze sinaTlis siCqaris rigis siCqareebiT.
mag. mzis sistemis SigniT ragind didi siCqariT moZraobisas
relativisturi efeqti umniSvneloa mzis sistemis zomebis
simciris gamo. gansxvavebuli Sedegi miiReba, rodesac
ganvixilavT moZraobas uaxloes varskvlavamde an galaqtikamde
da a.S.
drois Sualedis gardaqmnis sisworeSi davrwmundebiT, Tu
gamoviyenebT eqsperimentisaTvis e.w. mcire sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis mqone elementarul nawilakebs. mag.  - mezonis
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba saSualod 2.21 10 6 wamia da im
droSi uZravi  - mezoni gardaiqmneba sxva nawilakebad (  
gardaiqmneba pozitronad da or neitronad, xolo 
gardaiqmneba eleqtronad da or neitronad).  - mezonebi
warmoiqmneba atmosferos zeda fenebSi da misi dedamiwisaken
sinaTlis siCqariT mozraobis SemTxvevaSic ki klasikuri
fizikis Tanaxmad SeuZlia gaiaros mxolod 663 metri, anu is
ver miaRwevs dedamiwis zedapiramde. miuxedavaT amisa,  -
mezonebi rogorc zRvis doneze, aseve gacilebiT ufro dabla,
wyalsa da SaxtebSic ki aris aRmoCenili. maTi aRmoCena am
doneze aixseneba mxolod drois Sualedis gardaqmnis
relativisturi efeqtis saSualebiT, rameTu dedamiwasTan
dakavSirebul aTvlis sistemaSi mezonebis gaCenasa da daSlas
Soris drois Sualeds mezonTan dakavSirebul aTvlis
sistemaSi Seesabameba mezonis wamis measmilionedi `sakuTari
dro~.
rogorc vxedavT drois Sualedis gardaqmnis
relativisturi efeqti iZleva droSi (momavalSi da ara
warsulSi) moZraobis saSualebas).

saaTis paradoqsi. specialuri fardobiTobis Teoriis

aRniSnul efeqts _ drois fardobiTobas mivyavarT erT
saintereso daskvnamde: (22.2) formulis Tanaxmad uZrav S
sistemaSi myofi A damkirvebeli daadgens, rom S  sistemaSi

141
fizikuri procesebi ufro nela mimdinareobs, vidre sakuTar
S sistemaSi. Tu S sistemas akvirdeba A damkvirvebeli S 
sistemidan, maSin piriqiT, A damkvirvebeli daadgens , rom
ufro nela fizikuri procesebi mimdinareobs ara S  , aramed S
sistemaSi. amrigad, fardobiTobis principi moiTxovs, rom
drois Seneleba Seqcevad movlenas warmoadgendes.
fardobiTobis principis am movlenasTan dakavSirebulia
e.w. `saaTis paradoqsi~, romelsac adgili aqvs maSin, Tu Cven
moZrav sistemas davabrunebT ukan, uZrav S sistemaSi.
aRniSnul paradoqsze pirvelad ainStainma miuTiTa da is
SemdegSi mdgomareobs: ganvixiloT ori inerciuli sistema S
da S  , amasTan davuSvaT, rom orive sistemaSi gvaqvs
erTmaneTTan sinqronizirebuli erTnairi T da T  saaTi,
romlebic erT wertilSi arian moTavsebuli. avamoZraoT S 
sistemasTan dakavSirebuli T saaTi  siCqariT S
sistemasTan dakavSirebuli T saaTis mimarT. cxadia, rom T
saaTis Cvenebas T  saaTis Cveneba ( S  sistemaSi mimdinare
procesebis CamorCenis gamo) CamorCeba da Tu moZrav S 
sistemaSi drois xangrZlivoba aris t  , maSin uZrav S
sistemaSi drois xangrZlivoba iqneba:
t
t . (22.3)
1  2
droSi t CamorCena Cven SegviZlia davadginoT T  saaTis
Cvenebis SedarebiT uZravad myof T saaTis CvenebasTan misi
dabrunebis dros. magram fardobiTobis principis Tanaxmad,
Cven SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom uZravia S  sistema Tavisi T 
saaTiT da ara S sistema T saaTiT. cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSi
S sistema T saaTTan erTad daSordeba S sistemas
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT da dabrundeba ukan. am
SemTxvevaSi moZravia T saaTTi da amitom is CamorCeba T 
saaTTs igive t droiT.
amrigad, fardobiTobis principis mixedviT gamodis, rom
erTidaimave wertilSi moTavsebuli ori erTnairi T da T 
saaTebi erTmaneTs CamorCebian erTidaigive t droiT, erT
SemTxvevaSi T saaTTi CamorCeba T  saaTs t droiT da
imavdroulad T  CamorCeba T saaTs igive t droiT.
am erTi SexedviT paradoqsaluri Sedegis axsnas ainStaini
Tavis pirvelsave SromaSi Seecada da aRniSna, rom

142
fardobiTobis specialuri Teoriis farglebSi erTmaneTis
tolfasi arian mxolod inerciuli sistemebi, anu saaTis
CamorCenis fardobiTobas adgili aqvs mxolod inerciuli
sistemebis SemTxvevaSi, rameTu mxolod aseT sistemebSi
mimdinareoben fizikuri procesebi igivurad.
`saaTebis paradoqsis~ zemoT moyvanil SemTxvevaSi Tu S
sistema inerciulia, maSin SeuZlebelia S  sistema aseve
inerciuli iyos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi S  sistema verasodes
daubrundeba S sistemas da TavisTavad ver SevZlebT
erTmaneTs SevadaroT sawyis wertilSi T da T  saaTebis
Cveneba. amitom S da S  sistemebis aratolfasobis gamo T 
saaTis Cveneba CamorCena T saaTisgan da piriqiT ar
ewinaaRmdegeba fardobiTobis specialuri Teoriis Sedegebs.

143
$23. erTdroulobis fardobiToba. erTdroulobis
fardobiTobas centraluri adgili ukavia fardobiTobis
TeoriaSi. ganvixiloT ori movlena S sistemis OX RerZze
mdebare a da b wertilebSi. avRniSnoT uZrav S sistemaSi am
movlenebis moxdenis dro t a da t b simboloebiT. Sesabamisad
S  sistemaSi am movlenebs Seesabameba t a da t b droebi. vTqvaT
S sistemaSi jer xdeba movlena a wertilSi, xolo Semdeg b
wertilSi. cxadia, rom S sistemaSi am movlenebs Soris drois
Sualedi t ab  tb  t a sididis tolia, xolo igive movlenebs
Soris drois Sualedi moZrav S  sistemaSi iqneba t ab  t b  t a .
lorencis (20.13) gardaqmnis formulebis Tanaxmad vRebulobT:

tb  t a   xb  x a 
t ab  tb  t a  c2 . (23.1)
1  2
sadac xa , xb - Sesabamisad a da b wertilebis koordina-
tebia S sistemaSi.
exla davuSvaT, rom S sistemaSi orive movlena moxda
erTdroulad, e.i. t ab  0 , maSin (23.1) gamosaxulebis Tanaxmad
S  sistemaSi miviRebT: t ab  0 . es ki imas niSnavs, rom S
sistemis sxvadasxva wertilebSi erTdroulad momxdari
movlenebi ar arian erTdrouli S  sistemaSi da masSi
momxdari movlenebis Tanmimdevroba am sistemaSi myofi
damkvireblisaTvis damokidebuli iqneba t ab  t b  t a sxvaobis
niSanze. aseve S  sistemaSi erTdroulad momxdari movlenebi
ar aris erTdrouli S sistemaSi.
vTqvaT, sxeuli moZraobs OX RerZis gaswvriv u siCqariT.
Tu t a momentSi is imyofeba x a wertilSi, xolo t b momentSi x b
wertilSi, maSin am manZilis gasavlelad mas dasWirdeba
x  xa  dro. (23.1) formulis Tanaxmad movlenebs Soris
tb  t a  b
u
drois Sualedi uZravi sistemis mimarT  siCqariT moZrav
sistemaSi iqneba;
t  t  u 
tb  t a  b a 1  2  . (5.3.2)
1  2  c 

144
 rogorc aRvniSneT, SeuZlebelia aTvlis sistemis mimarT
sxeuli moZraobdes sinaTlis siCqareze meti siCqariT, anu
u  c. aseve SeuZlebelia sistemaTa urTierTmoZraoba sinaTlis
siCqareze meti siCqariT, e.i.   c . amdenad, t ab  t b  t a
warmoadgens arauaryofiT sidides da Tu a wertilSi
momxdari movlena warmoadgens b wertilSi momxdari movlenis
mizezs uZrav sistemaSi. maSin nebismier moZrav sistemaSi
mizezi aseve win uswrebs Sedegs. es ki mizez-Sedegobriobis
absoluturobas niSnavs.

145
$24. siCqareTa Sekrebis relativisturi kanoni. me-18-e
paragrafSi galileis gardaqmnis formulebis saSualebiT
gamoyvanilia klasikur fizikaSi siCqareTa Sekrebis kanoni.
fardobiTobis Teoriis mixedviT es kanoni samarTliania
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca Sesakrebi siCqareebi
gansazRvruli arian erTi da igive sistemis SigniT, xolo Tu
Sesakrebi siCqareebi gansazRvrulia sxvadasxva sistemaSi, maSin
(18.3) kanoni samarTliani ar aris. exla gamoviyvanoT siCqareTa
Sekrebis relativisturi kanoni zogadad, roca Sesakrebi
siCqareebi gansazRvrulia sxvadasxva sistemebSi.
Tavidan ganvixiloT martivi SemTxveva: vTqvaT, aTlis S 
sistemaSi materialuri wertili moZraobs O X  RerZebis
gaswvriv mudmivi u  siCqariT:
x
u  . (24.1)
t
S  sistema moZraobs S sistemis mimarT  siCqariT igive
mimarTulebiT, amasTan OX || O X , OY || O Y  da OZ || O Z  .
ganvsazRvroT materialuri wertilis siCqare S sistemis
mimarT:
x
u
. (24.2)
t
gamoTvlebis gasamartiveblad CavTvaloT, rom roca t  t   0
materialuri wertili imyofeba koordinatTa saTaveSi da
amasTan x  x   0 . (20.14) gamosaxulebis Tanaxmad:

t 
x
x   t  c 2
x da t  . (24.3)
1  2 1  2
CavsvaT (24.3) gamosaxulebebi (24.2)-Si, miviRebT:
x x   t 
u  , (24.4)
t 
t   2 x
c
gavyoT mricxveli da mniSvneli t  droze:

146
 x t

u t
 t   u  . (24.5)
t   x u 
 2 1 2
t c t c
swored (24.5) gamosaxuleba gamosaxavs erTnairad mimarTuli
siCqareebis Sekrebis relativistur kanons. zRvrul SemTx-
u 
vevaSi, roca   c da u   c, maSin miviRebT  1 da
c2
u  u  . (24.6)
e.i. rogorc mosalodneli iyo siCqareTa Sekrebis kanoni
gadadis galileis siCqareTa Sekrebis (18.3) kanonSi, roca saqme
gvaqvs sinaTlis c siCqareze gacilebiT mcire siCqareebTan.
vaCvenoT, rom rom siCqareTa Sekrebis relativisturi
kanoni akmayofilebs fardobiTobis Teoriis meore postulats
sxvadasxva inerciul sistemebSi sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobisa
da maqsimalurobis Sesaxeb. vrqvaT, sinaTlis nawilaki fotoni
S  sistemaSi moZraobs u   c siCqariT. vaCvenoT, rom S
sistemaSic misi siCqare aseve u  c sididis tolia. CavsvaT
u   c (24.5) gamosaxulebaSi, miviRebT:

1
c  c c,
u c (24.7)
c 
1 2 1
c c
e.i. Tu u   c , maSin u  c , anu miRebuli Sedegi akmayofilebs
fardobiTobis specialuri Teoriis meore postulats.
exla vaCvenoT, rom ragind didi siCqareebis SekrebiT
jamuri siCqare ar aRemateba sinaTlis siCqares vakuumSi. zemoT
Tqmulis dasamtkiceblad vipovoT c u sxvaoba (24.5)
gamosaxulebis gamoyenebiT:

cu  c 
u 

c
u  c 2  u 
c 2  u   cu      cc 2 u c    . (24.8)
c u 
1 2
c
(24.8) gamosaxuleba yovelTvis dadebiTia, e.i. uc.
erTaderT SemTxvevaSi, roca u   c da   c miiRweva jamuri
siCqaris sinaTlis siCqaresTan toloba. miRebuli Sedegi
cxadyofs, rom sinaTlis c siCqare aris fardobiTi siCqaris
zRvruli mniSvneloba, magram aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobis da maqsimalurobis postulati

147
moiTxovs damatebiT ganmartebebs. upirveles yovlisa,
SevniSnoT, rom sinaTlis siCqare damkirveblis sistemaSi
sxvadasxva siCqariT moZravi sxeulis mimarT imave
damkvirveblis TvalsazrisiT aris sxvadasxva. am SemTxvevaSi
erTi da igive sistemis SigniT damkvirveblis TvalsazrisiT
sinaTlis siCqare materialuri sxeulis siCqaresTan ikribeba
klasikuri kanoniT, amitom uZravi damkvirveblisaTvis moZravi
sxeulisa da sinaTlis gavrcelebis fardobiTi siCqare
SeiZleba iyos rogorc naklebi aseve meti sinaTlis siCqareze
sicarieleSi.

zogad SemTxvevaSi (20.15) formulis gaTvaliswinebiT u da

u  siCqareebisaTvis miiReba Semdegi gamosaxuleba:


  1

   
u     2 1   2  1  , u ,  
u 
u ,  
. (24.9)
1
c2
aseTia zogadad fardobiTobis Teoriis Tanaxmad siCqareTa
Sekrebis kanoni. ganvixiloT (5.4.9) kanonis kerZo SemTxvevebi:
 
a) roca u  ||  , maSin
 
 u  
u  ; (24.9a)
u 
1 2
c
 
b) roca u    , maSin
  
u  1  2 u   ; (24.9b)
 
g) roca  || OX || O X  , xolo u nebismieri mimarTule-
bisaa, maSin
dx u x   dy u y 1   dz u z 1  
2 2

ux  , uy   , uz   . (24.9g)
xt u x dt u x dt u x
1 2 1 2 1 2
c c c
yvela zedoT moyvanili formula zRvrul SemTxvevaSi aseve
gadadis me-18-e paragrafSi moyvanil (18.3) siCqareTa Sekrebis
klasikur kanonSi.

148
$25. relativisturi aCqareba. klasikuri fizikis erTerTi
ZiriTadi Sedegia is, rom (18.4) gamosaxulebis Tanaxmad erTi
inerciuli sistemidan meoreSi gadasvlisas ar icvleba
materialuri sxeulis aCqareba, e.i.klasikuri meqanikis
farglebSi aCqareba invariantulia da ucvlelia nebismieri
inerciuli sistemis mimarT.
gansxvavebuli Sedegi miiReba aCqarebisaTvis fardobiTobis
TeoriaSi mis mimarT lorencis gardaqmnis formulebis
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. relativisturi aCqarebis
gamosaTvlelad unda moviqceT Semdegnairad:
gavadiferencialoT siCqaris gardaqmnis veqtoruli (24.9)
gamosaxuleba da gavyoT is drois diferencialTan,
 
 du  du 
gaviTvaliswinoT is, rom a  , a  da miviRebT aCqarebis
dt dt 
veqtoris gardaqmnis formulas.
aRniSnuli procedura zogad SemTxvevaSi sakmaod rTulia,
amitom ganvixiloT kerZo SemTxveva, roca S da S  sistemaTa

RerZebi erTmaneTis paraleluria da  || OX || O X  , amasTan
aCqarebulad moZravi sxeuli aCqarebis gamoTvlis momentSi
uZravia S inerciuli sistemis mimarT, anu siCqaris
diferencialis gamoTvlis Semged CavTvaloT, rom u x  0.
am kerZo SemTxvevisaTvis unda gamoviyenoT (24.9.g) siCqaris
gardaqmnis gamosaxulebebi. jer vipovoT aCqarebis a x mdgeneli,
amisaTvis gavadiferencialoT u x da gavyoT dt diferencialze
(rogorc avRniSneT u x  0 ) :
 u   
du x 1  x   u x    2 du x
 c 
 du x 1   2 
c
du x 
 u x 
2

1  2 
 c 
da

dx  dt  
dt  c2 .
1  2
gavyoT pirveli gamosaxulebis orive mxare meoreze:

149
 du  1   2  2 du x
3
du x
du x
1    1   2 2
3 3
 2
2  x  (25.1)
dt   u   dt 
dt  dx  dt 1  x2 
c2  c 
da sabolood miviRebT:
3

a x  a x (1   2 ) 2 . (25.2)
analogiurad miiReba a y da a z gardaqmnis formulebic:
a y  a y 1   2  da a z  a z 1   2  . (25.3)
Sesabamis klasikur formulaSi mcire siCqareebis dros
marTlac, roca sruldeba piroba   1 , maSin am
formulebidan vRebulobT:
 
a  a . (25.4)

150