J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No.

6A

a½TOa'gif;\ Zmwfvrf;zefwD;rItwwfynm
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ESifharmif;cs"m;? oHy&mwpfjcrf;? rsdK;½dk;ADZ0w¬Kwdkrsm;\ Zmwfvrf;zefwD;rIudk
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jzpfap&ef ZmwfysdK;? Zmwfwuf? ZmwfxGwf? Zmwfqif;? Zmwfodrf;ydkif;
wdkUwGif Zmwfvrf;zefwD;rI enf;pepfrsm;jzpfonfh ZmwfysdK;ydkif;rSpí
pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfatmif zefwD;wifjyjcif;? Zmwfwufydkif;ü Zmwfaqmif
tcsif;csif; tm;NydKifrIrsm;oHk;í zefwD;jcif;? jr§KyfuGufrsm;udkoHk;í y&dowf\
odvdkpdwfudk EdI;qGay;jcif;? ZmwfxGwfydkif;wGifvnf; y&dowf\pdwfudk
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ed'gef;
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cJhol jzpfygonf/ 1907 wGif armifodef;wif? rodef;½Sif 0w¬Kukd pwifa&;om;
cJhonf/ taemufwdkif;wGif ay:xGef;aeNyDjzpfonfh 0w¬Kwdkvrf;aMumif;udk jrefrm
EkdifiHü pwifxGef;um;vmatmif rsdK;aphcscJhol yDrdk;eif;? '*kefa½TrQm;? r[maqG?
Z0e ponfh yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;xJwGif yg0ifol jzpfonf/ qmtmomudkeifEGdKif;\
½Sm;avmh[krf;0w¬Krsm;ukd pHkaxmufarmifpH½Sm;0w¬Kwdkrsm;tjzpf trSD;jyKí jyKjyif
zefwD;cJhol jzpfygonf/ a½TOa'gif;\0w¬Kwdkrsm; 200eD;yg;cefY ½Sdonfhteuf
avhvmMunfh&mwGif pHkaxmufarmifpH½Sm;0w¬KuJhokdY vQdKU0Sufonf;zdk0w¬Kwdkrsm;
yg0ifouJhokdY aZmf[dwfuJhodkY vlwdkY\ udk,fusihfw&m;udk tav;ay;a&;zGJUaom
0w¬Kwdkrsm;vnf; yg½Sdonfudk awGU½Sd&ygonf/ þpmwrf;ü a½TOa'gif; a&;om;
cJhaom vQdKU0Sufonf;zdkqefonfh "m;ajr§mifESiafh rmif;cs"m;? vlYobm0tzGJUaumif;
rsm;jzifh pdwftvS\wefzdk;udk Zmwfvrf;qifa&;om;xm;aom oHy&mwpfjcrf;
0w¬K? rsdK;½dk;ADZ\oabmukd jr§KyfuGuf? vSnfhuGufrsm;oHk;í Zmwfvrf;qif wifjy
Ä a'gufwm? vufaxmufuxdu? jrefrmpmXme? [oFmwwuúodkvf
604 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

xm;aom rsdK;½dk;ADZ0w¬Krsm;\ Zmwfvrf;zefwD;yHkudk avhvmwifjyygonf/

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jzpfaomaMumifh tcef;(1)wGif 0w¬KwdkrSZmwfvrf;oabm? zefwD;rIoabmudk
wifjyNyD; tcef;(2)wGif txufyg0w¬Krsm;\ Zmwfvrf;zefwD;yHkudk avhvm
wifjyygrnf/

1/ 0w¬Kwdrk SZmwfvrf;oabm
0w¬Kqdkonf taemufEdkifiHrsm;wGif 18 &mpkcefYrSpwifí xGef;um;vm
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0w¬KwdkESifhywfoufíwufwdk;u-
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Zmwfaqmif\ csufydkifaomb0udk wpfcsufrQ azmfjyEdkifvQif
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jzpf&yfwpfck? qifjcifyHkwpfck? tawG;tac:wpfck ponfjzifh
wpfckaom tcsufudk A[dkr@dKifjyKí zGJUqdkaom tzGJU
jzpfygonf}}2
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ygarmu©OD;wifa½Tuvnf;-
]]0w¬Kwdkonf qdkvdkcsifaom tjzpftysuf udpöwpf&yf?
tuGufav;wpfuGufudk xif;ueJ? 0if;ueJ xifom
jrifomatmif uspfuspfvspfvspf wdkwdkwkwfwkwf o½kyfazmf
jy&aom &opmaytzGJUwpfck jzpfonf}}3

1
wufwdk;? 1965-c? 10-11/
2
xif? armif? 1979? 217/
3
wifa½T(ygarmu©)? OD;? 2002? 33/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 605

[kazmfjyxm;ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh 0w¬Kwdkonf tcsdefwdkawmif;NyD; pmvHk;a&

enf;ygonf/ taMumif;t&mvnf; tuGufwpfuGufudkom wifjy&rnf/ a&;zGJU
orQ pmaMumif;? pum;vHk;? pmydk'fwdkif;onf xdxdrdrd vdk&if;a&muf&rnfqdkaom
oabmrsm;udk awGU&ygonf/
0w¬KwdkwGifyg0ifaom Zmwfvrf;oabmESifhywfoufí avmfa&;tD;½dkpuD;pfu-
]]Zmwfvrf;qdkonfrSm &opmayvkyfief;wGif jzpf&yfrsm;\
tpDtpOf jzpfonf}}1
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ZmwfxGwfydkif;? Zmwfajzydkif;rsm; yg0ifonf[k qdkxm;ygonf/ ½dkpuD;pf\
tqdt k & Zmwfvrf;wGif tp? tv,f? tqH;k [lí oH;k ydkif;½So d nf/ ZmwfysdK;onf
Zmwfvrf;ESifh pwifrdwfqufay;aom tcef;jzpfonf/ xdktcef;wGif pma&;olonf
Zmwfaqmifrsm;\ aemufcHtaMumif;t&mrsm; 0w¬KaemufcHESifh Zmwfvrf;tajccH
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk wifjywwfonf/ Zmwfwufydkif;onf Zmwfvrf;\
t"dutpdwftydkif; jzpfonf/ xdktydkif;ü t"duZmwfaqmifonf rdrd\
&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifodkY atmifjrifpGma&muf½Sd&ef twm;tqD;rsm;udk ½kef;uef
ausmfjzwf&onf/ ZmwfxGwfydkif;onf 0w¬K\ pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftaumif;qHk;ESifh
onf;xdwf&ifzdktjzpfqHk; tydkif; jzpfonf/ Zmwfajzydkif;onf Zmwfvrf;\
A[dktm;NydKifrINyD;qHk;aom ae&mjzpfonf/ 0w¬Ktrsm;pkwGif ZmwfxGwfESifhZmwfajz
twlwlyif jzpfonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ZmwfxGwfydkif;ü Zmwfvrf;
jzpf&yfwdkif; ajz½Sif;NyD;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
ZmwfxGwfydkif;wGif tEdkift½HI;tajzwpfckudk azmfjyay;&ygonf/ xdktajzonf
pmzwfoltaeESifh jzpfEkdifacs½Sdonf[k ,lqEkdif&rnf/ Zmwfvrf;ü tEkdift½HI;
azmfjyNyD;aomtcg pmzwfol\ odvdkpdwfonfvnf; ajyavsmhoGm;&ygonf/
tcsdKU0w¬Kwdkrsm;wGif Zmwf½SdefusoGm;aom Zmwfqif;ydkif; (Falling action)
yg0ifavh ½Sdygonf/ Zmwfodrf;ydkif;wGifvnf; pmzwfol\pdwfudk auseyf
ESpfodrfhrIjzpfatmif wifjyoifhygonf/
Zmwfwuf? ZmwfxGwfESifhywfoufí q&maZmf*sDu-

1
Rozakis, 2004, 90.
606 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

]]Zmwfwufonf 0w¬K½SnfwGif ½Snfvsm;aomfvnf; 0w¬KwdkwGif

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ZmwfaqmifESifhywf0ef;usifvlYtzGJU tm;NydKifrI? ZmwfaqmifESifhobm0w&m;
tm;NydKifrI? ZmwfaqmifESifhuHMur®m tm;NydKifrI? ZmwfaqmifwpfOD;wnf;\
twGif;pdwf tm;NydKifrIwdkY jzpfygonf/
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taMumif;oihf csdwfquf&onf/ ,if;udk taMumif;qufenf;[k ac:ygonf/
0w¬KwdkwGif &oajrmuf&ef tjzpftysuf? trlt&m? cHpm;rIudk pmzwfolwdkY
jrifa,mif? Mum;a,mifvmatmifjyNyD;vQif ZmwfaqmifESifh xyfwlxyfrQcHpm;&ef
tEkpdwf jc,frIef;a&;zGJUenf;udk oHk;&onf/ xkdYjyif edrdwfjyuGuf? jr§KyfuGuf?
vSnfhuGufrsm; oHk;í pmzwfol\odvdkpdwfudk jr§ifhwifay;&onf/ ZmwfxGwfydkif;
a&mufvQif Zmwfwufydkif;wGif jr§Kyfxm;cJhaom jzpf&yfrsm;udk jyefí½Sif;vif;
azmfxkwfay;&rnf jzpfygonf/

2/ "m;ajr§mifESihf armif;csxm;
"m;ajr§mifESifh armif;cs"m;0w¬Kwdkudk 1934 'DZifbmvxkwf '*kefr*¾Zif;wGif
a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ 0w¬K\&nf½G,fcsufrSm t,lonf;rIrsm;\ qdk;usdK;udk
azmfjyNyD;vQif rdwfaqGtcsif;csif;ay:ü avmbpdwfjzifh opömrJholwdkY\qdk;usdK;udk
azmfjyvdkjcif; jzpfygonf/ Zmwfvrf;rSm pma&;olonf ausmif;aebufoli,fcsif;
jzpfol jrawmif½Gmü wm0efusaeaom opfawm0efaxmufOD;0if;armif\
zdwfrIaMumifh xdk&GmodkYa&muf&SdcJh&m w½kwftaMumfqdkif&SifwpfOD;\ ajymjycsuf
rsm;udk Zmwfvrf;qifa&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
1
aZmf*sD? 2009? 197/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 607

2? 1/ Zmwfvrf;tusOf;
xD;csdKifh&Gmae OD;xGef;vdIifonf ajrydkif½Sif OD;MumnGefY\om; jzpfonf/
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acsmarmonfomru a,mufsm;wdkY wwftyfaom twwfynmudk pG,fpHk&ol
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OD;xGef;vdIifESifh rBuD;a&TwdkYwGif Mur®mqdk;0ifvmonf/ OD;MumñGefYrdom;pkü
Oyg'geftpGt J vrf; jzpfonf/ rdom;pkwGif om;OD;onf a,musfm;av; jzpf&rnf/
rdef;uav;jzpfvQif jyif;xefaom ab;tEÅ&m,f awGUBuHKEdkifonf[laom tpGJ
tvrf; jzpfonf/ þpGJvrf;rIaMumifhyif rBuD;a&TrSm rD;zGm;NyD;wpfvrjynfhrD
aoqHk;oGm;í udkxGef;vdIifrSm vlrSef;rod rl;½l;um aemufqHk;ü vlygaysmufqHk;
oGm;&onf/ OD;MumñGefYvifr,m;vnf; pdwfxdcdkufNyD; ra½S;raESmif;yif
uG,fvGefcJh&onf/ orD;jzpfol cifjrBuD;onf ½kyf&nfacsmarmvSyí rdbrsm;
xm;&pfcJhaom tarGaMumifh (16)ESpft&G,fwGif ajrykdif&SifopfukefonfBuD;
jzpfvmonf/ opfukefonf OD;zdk;rSef\om; &efukefaumvdyfwGif ausmif;wuf
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xdktcsdefwGif OD;wdkif;ausmfqdkonfh tusnf;wefNyD; xif½Sm;aomtrm&GwfESifhvl
a&mufvmNyD; cifjrBuD;udk pHkprf;onf/ zcif OD;xGef;vdIifrSm rufqDydkaw;eD;,m;
ppfajrjyifwGif aoqHk;NyD[k qdkonf/ rMumrD cifjrBuD;ESifh touf 40 t½G,f&Sd
OD;wdkif;ausmfwdkY vufxyfawmhrnfhowif; jzpfay:vmonf/ xdktwGif;
OD;xGef;vdIif jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmonf/ þonfudkrodaom OD;wdkif;ausmfonf
armifcspfarmifudk jyóem½SmaepOf OD;xGef;vdIifu "m;ajr§mifjzifh csdefxm;onf/
OD;wdkif;ausmfu jyefvnfckcH&ef cg;rSarmif;cs"m;udk jzKwfonfESifh OD;xGef;vdIif\
"m;ajr§mifonf OD;wkdif;ausmf\vnfyif;udk xdk;rdNyD; OD;wdkif;ausmf aoqHk;
oGm;onf/ OD;xGef;vdIifrSmrl vGwfajrmufoGm;NyD; armifcspfarmifESifhcifjrBuD;
wdkYvnf; r*FvmaqmifMuavonf/

2? 2/ Zmwfvrf;zefwD;yHk
"m;ajr§mifESifh armif;cs"m;0w¬Kudk zefwD;&mü pma&;olonf umva'o
aemufcHjzifh tpysdK;xm;onf/ jrawmif½Gm\om,myHk? xD;csdKifhNrdKU\ om,myHk
rsm;udk pwifa&;om;xm;onf/ xdkaemufcHtzGJUESifhtwl xD;csdKifh½Sd w½kwf
608 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

taMumfqdkifwGif pma&;olESihf qdkif½Sifw½kwfwkdY ajympum;jzifh tpysdK;um

qdkif½Sifu-
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vu©PmESifh nDñGwfonfudk awGU½Sd&ygonf/ 0w¬K\tpwGifyif pmzwfol\
odvdkpdwfudk EdI;qGay;NyD; Zmwfvrf;udk a½SUqufac:aqmifoGm;ygonf/
a½TOa'gif;\0w¬KwdktzGifhonf pmzwfoludk ½kwfw&ufEdk;Mum;oGm;apNyD;
pmzwfol\pdwfudk vIyfEdI;oGm;apygonf/ ZmwfysdK;ydkif;wGif xdwfvefYzG,f&m
pum;jzihf y&dowfpdwfudk EdI;qGNyD; Zmwfwufydkif;wGif ½kwfw&uf ckefwuf
roGm;bJ Zmwfwuf\ ½IyfaxG;aomZmwfvrf;wGif yg0ifywfoufolwdkYESifh
BudKwifrdwfqufay;xm;onf/
OD;xGef;vdIifonf NydKifpH½Sm;onfh ysdKwdkif;MudKufonfh ESif;qDcdkif jzpfonf/
t&nftcsif; ½Sdonf/ ponhftcsufrsm;udk BudKwifcif;usif;wifjyxm;onf/
xdktzGJUrsm;aMumifh OD;xGef;vdIiftay:wGif odvdkpdwf xufoefvmMuonf/
]]armifxGef;vdIifwGif remvdkol a,musfm;rsm; aygrsm;onf/
xdkolrsm;udkvnf; ESdrfeif;EdkifcJhonf/ xD;csdKifholtysdKrsm;onf
armifxGef;vdIifudk vdck sifMuonf/ odkY&mwGif armifxGef;vdIifu
rnfonfhrdef;rrQ vSnfhrMunfh/ opfukefonf OD;b[def;\

1
a½TOa'gif;? 2006? 97/
2
xifvif;? 1979? 201-202/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 609

wpfa,mufwnf;aom orD; rBuD;a&TESifh pHkrufcspfcif

aeonf}}1
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uefYowfxm;onfh tcsdefumvabmiftwGif;ü a&GUvsm;ajymif;vJae&onf/
a&TOa'gif;onf Zmwfvrf;tajymif;tvJjyK&ef uHMur®mqdk; 0ifa&mufjcif;udk
xnfhoGif;cJhygonf/
ajrykdif½Sif OD;MumñGefYrdom;pkwGif om;OD;onfa,musfm;av; jzpf&rnf/
rdef;uav;jzpfvQif rdbESpfyg;rSm ab;tEÅ&m,fawGU&onf[k pGJvrf;,HkMunfrI
jzpfonf/ rBuD;a&Tonf rdef;uav;arG;onfhtwGuf 'ku©jzpf&onf/ vifa,musfm;
jzpfolrSmvnf; vlrSef;rod ysufpD;&onf/ rBuD;a&T taMumufvGefNyD; aoG;Ek
om;EkwGif aoqHk;&onf/ armifxGef;vdIifrSmrl ajrrsdKoGm;onfhtvm; aysmufuG,f
oGm;&onf/ armifxGef;vdIif rnfonfhae&mokdY a&mufoGm;onfqdkaomtaMumif;tm;
pmzwfoltm; jr§KyfuGuftjzpf zefwD;cJhonf/ armifxGef;vdIif aoNyD[kvnf;
ra&r&m today;xm;onf/
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azmfjyxm;onf/ pma&;olonf 0w¬Kudk vQdKU0Sufonf;zdkZmwfvrf;tjzpf zefwD;
wifjyvdkaomaMumifh pmzwfoltm; Zmwfvrf;tvSnfhtajymif;jyKum onf;xdwf
&ifzdkjzpfatmif zefwD;,lcJhonf/ armifcspfarmifESifhcifjrBuD;wdkY vufxyftHh
qJqJwGif &nf&G,fcsufajymif;jyefjzpfapaom 0w¬Kudk zefwD;cJhonf/ "m;ajr§mifESifh
armif;cs"m;0w¬KwGif tm;NydKifrIudk Zmwfvrf;\ oHk;csdK;ESpfcsdK;rSom toHk;jyK
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1
a½TOa'gif;? 2006? 98/
2
Alberts, 2010, 14./
610 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

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ZmwfuGufrsm; xnfhoGif;cJhonf/ xdkZmwfuGufrsm;u Zmwfvrf;udk w[kefxdk;
ouf0ifvIyf½Sm;oGm;aponf/ jrKyfxm;aomZmwfuGufrSm wdkif;ausmfqdkol rsufESm
trm&Gwf½Sdí ½kyfqdk;aomvlwpfOD; xkdNrdKUodkY a&mufvmjcif; jzpfonf/ xkdYaemuf
cifjrBuD;onf armifcspfarmifESifhvufrxyfbJ OD;wdkif;ausmfESifh ,lawmhrnf
[laom owif;jzpfay:vmjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkae&mü cifjrBuD;onf OD;wdkif;ausmfudk
rnfonfhtwGuf vufxyf&rnf[laom taMumif;udk jr§KyfuGuftjzpf vkyfxm;
cJhonf/
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aponf/ OD;xGef;vdIifESifh OD;wdkif;ausmfwdkY\ tm;NydKifrIudk onf;xdwf&ifzdk
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OD;wdkif;ausmfonf OD;xGef;vdIiftm; owfNyD; orD;jzpfol cifjrBuD;ESifhwuG
ypönf;rsm;udk tydkif&,l&ef BudK;pm;jcif;jzpfonf[k azmfjycJhonf/
xdk0w¬KudkMunfhvQif q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;onf Zmwfvrf;tprSpí
pdwf0ifpm;atmif zefwD;EdkifcJhonf/ rdom;pk aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrUaomb0udk &nf&G,fcsuf
ajymif;jyef jzpfapcJh&onf/ Mur®mqdk;0ifenf;udk oHk;cJhonf/ OD;xGef;vdIif
aysmufqHk;aejcif; [lonfh jrKyfuGufudkvnf; oHk;cJhonf/ xdkrSwqifh OD;wdkif;ausmf

1
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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 611

½kwfw&ufay:vmNyD; Zmwfvrf;udk tvSnfhtajymif;jyKcJhonf/ OD;xGef;vdIifESifh

OD;wdkif;ausmfwdkY\tm;NydKifrIudk ZmwfxGwfydkif;a&mufrS azmfjycJhonf/ Zmwfodrf;ydkif;ü
vlqdk;ESifhvlaumif;wGif vlaumif;udk tEdkifay;jcif;jzifh ,kwfrmolwdkY\tusdK;udk
odomapcJhonf/ a&TOa'gif;\Zmwfvrf;zefwD;rIonf onf;xdwf&ifzdkjzpf½Hkru
&ifemzG,f? ZmwfemzG,fjzpfatmifvnf; zefwD;xm;onf/ vQdKU0Sufonf;zdk
oufouf r[kwfbJ vlYoabmvlUobm0ESifh cHpm;rIrsm; Mur®mqdk;rsm; &ifqdkif
wdkufrIrsm; jzpfay:atmif jc,frIef;a&;om;xm;aom &oajrmuf 0w¬Kaumif;
wpfyk'f jzpfygonf/
0w¬KrS t"duZmwfaqmif ESpfOD;jzpfaom OD;xGef;vdIifESifh OD;wdkif;ausmf
wdkY\ tm;NydKifrItcef;udk,lí 0w¬Kudktrnfay;xm;yHkuvnf; 0w¬Ktay:
pdwf0ifpm;rI jzpfaponf/ OD;xGef;vdIifESifh OD;wdkif;ausmf udkifaqmifonfh
vufeuftrnfrsm;jzifh ]"m;ajr§mifESifharmif;cs"m;} [ktrnfay;xm;yHkrSm 0w¬KrS
ZmwfaqmifESpfOD;\ tm;NydKifrIudkomru vufeufESpfck\ tm;NydKifrIoabmvnf;
ouf0ifapygonf/

3/ rsdK;½dk;ADZ
rsdK;½dk;ADZ0w¬Kudk a&TOa'gif;onf 1962 atmufwdkbmvxkwf vQdKU0Suf
onf;zdkr*¾Zif;ü a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ &nf&G,fcsufrSm rsdK;½dk;ADZ\
oabmudk tav;xm;pOf;pm;apvdkjcif; jzpfygonf/ zcifrSm vnfvnfywfywf
½SdonfqdkvQif om;jzpfolrSm vnfvnfywfywf &Sdwwfonf/ wcsdKUrSm zcifu
vnfywfaomfvnf; om;jzpfolrSm EHkcsmonf/ tcsdKUrSm zcifu ½dk;at;
aomfvnf; om;jzpfolrSm vnfvnfywfywf ½Sdwwfonf/ þ0w¬KwGif rsdK;½dk;ADZ
oabmudk pOf;pm;zG,f wifjyxm;onf/

3? 1/ Zmwfvrf;tusOf;
armifrif;armifonf ykZGefawmifrS yGJpm;BuD; OD;atmifausmf\ om;
jzpfonf/ yGJpm;BuD; OD;atmifausmfonf yGJpm;avmuü tvGefyg;eyfuRrf;usifol
jzpfonf/ uG,fvGefcsdefü om;jzpfoltm; wdkufav;vHk;ESifh bPfü aiGodef;aygif;
rsm;pGm xm;cJhonf/ OD;atmifausmf\oli,fcsif; OD;zdk;omrSm OD;atmifausmfuJhokdY
yg;eyfrIr&SdonfhtwGuf tajcrvSjzpfum uG,fvGefcsdefü om;jzpfol armifñGefYwif
612 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

twGuf wdkufwpfvHk;ESifh pyg;pufwpfvHk;om xm;EdkifcJhonf/ armifñGefYwifESifh

armifrif;armifwdkYonf ½Hk;tkyfpma&;BuD; OD;usifay:\orD; cifvSMunfudk
tNydKifydk;Muonf/ cifvSMunfonf ½dk;at;aom armifrif;armifudk a&G;cs,f
vdkufonf/ okdYaomf aemufydkif;wGif armifñGefYwifESifh wwGJwGJaeonf/ rdwfaqG
oli,fcsif;rsm;u owday;aomfvnf; armifrif;armifu oHo,r&SdouJhodkYyif
aexkdifcJhonf/ wpfaeYoü armifrif;armif\tdrfwGif *g;'if;ygwDyGJ usif;yonf/
ygwDyGJü aoewfypfyGJvnf; ygonf/ aoewfypfyGJwGif armifrif;armifonf
armifñGefYwiftm; aemufajymifusDp,fí aoewfjzifhcsdef&m usnfqHxGufí
armifñGefYwif aoqHk;cJh&onf/ armifrif;armifrSm rdwfaqGrsm;\oufaocHrIaMumifh
w&m;aovGwfoGm;yHkjzifh Zmwfodrf;xm;ygonf/

3? 2/ Zmwfvrf;zefwD;yHk
0w¬K\tpwGifyif ZmwfaqmifESifh pwifrdwfqufay;onf/ armifrif;armifonf
zcifu yg;eyfvdr®maomfvnf; armifrif;armifu tvGefxltoltjzpf p½dkuf
az:onf/ zcifxm;cJhaom pufESpfvHk;udk rtkyfcsKyfEkdifí armifñGefYwifxH
a&mif;vdkuf&onf/ yGJpm;cudkvnf; armifñGefYwifu ruscHbJ armifrif;armif
uom uscHcJh&onf/ pufzdk;aiGrSmvnf; ig;Muif;qDESifh ig;Muif;aMumfouJhodkY
&vdkufonf[k yGJpm;avmuü ajymusefcJh&onf/ armifñGefYwifrSm zcifu
yg;eyfuRrf;usifrI r&Sdaomfvnf; om;jzpfolu vnfvnfywfywf&Sdoltjzpf
p½dkufazmfxm;onf/
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acsmarmvSyjyD; tvGefacwfqefol jzpfonf/ bdkqefolvnf; jzpfonf/
armifrif;armifESifh armifñGefYwif ESpfOD;vHk; cifvSMunfudk cspfBudKufMuonf/
cifvSMunfonf tvGef½dk;taom armifrif;armifudk a&G;cs,fvdkufonf/
vufxyfNyD;aemufydkif;wGif armifñGefYwifESifh cifvSMunfwdkY NidwG,faeMuonf/
ywf0ef;usifu odaomfvnf; armifrif;armifroday/ armifrif;armifodaom
tcgüvnf; armifñGefUwifudk tm;emí onf;cHaecJhonf/ armifñGefYwif
oD[kdVfokdY bk&m;zl;oGm;rnf[k owif;vTifhum trnfajymif;í vufrSwf
ESpfapmif jzwfxm;onf/ xdktaMumif;udk ESpfOD;pvHk;ESifh&if;ESD;aom pma&;olu
owday;aomfvnf; armifrif;armifu ta&;rxm;ay/ armifñGefYwif oD[dkVfodkY
roGm;rDnwGif armifrif;armiftdrfü EkdufygwD usif;yonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 613

NrdKUrsufESmzHk; EdkifiHjcm;om;? w½kwf? ukvm; rsufESmjzLrsm;ESifhwuG pma&;ol

0wfvHkawmf&OD;bpDwdkY oGm;a&mufMuonf/ armifñGefYwifvnf; xdkyGJodkYvmonf/
xdkyGJwGif aoewfypfNydKifyGJygonf/ trsdK;orD;rsm;u ajcmufvHk;jyL;ESifh ypf&onf/
trsdK;om;rsm;u ar*smaomfrqif\ aoewf½SnfESifh ypf&onf/ armifrif;armif
tvSnfhwGif a½SUü ajcmufOD;ypfNyD; jzpfonf/ aoewfwpfvufwGif usnfqH
ajcmufawmifhom½Sdí tjcm;olrsm;u usnfqHxnfh&ef ajymMuonf/ armifrif;armifu
rxnfhbJ armifñGefYwiftm; aemufajymifusDp,f[efjyK&mrS usnfqHxGufí
armifñGefYwif aoqHk;cJh&onf/ ar*smaomfrqif\aoewfonf ½dk;½dk;aoewf
r[kwf ,rf;awmifh 7 awmifh xdk;&aom a&S;aoewfBuD;jzpfaMumif; c&D;rxGufrD
ar*smaomfrqifu armifrif;armiftm; ajymjyxm;cJhonf/
xdkjzpf&yfrwdkifrD rdrdZeD;ESifharmifñGefYwif\ azmufjyefrIudk odaeaom
armifrif;armifonf trlt&majymif;vJvsuf &Sdonf/ w&m;a&;0efBuD;rsm;\
wif;epfNydKifyGJwGif tNrJwrf;AdkvfpGJcJhaomfvnf; ,ck awmif½dkufajrmuf½dkuf
jzpfaeonf[kvnf;aumif;? yxrwef;pm; usm;upm;oljzpfvsuf usm;ukd
awmifa&TUajrmufa&TU a&TUaeonf[k vnf;aumif; armifrif;armif trlt&m
ajymif;aeyHkudk azmfjyxm;onf/
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twGif;pdwfcsif; tm;NydKifae&mrS NrdKodyfonf;cHcJhaom armifrif;armif aygufuGJ
cJhaom tcef;jzpfonf/ xdktcef;onf ZmwfxGwfydkif; jzpfonf/ armifrif;armifaMumifh
armifñGefYwif aoqHk;cJh&onf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh armifrif;armif ao'Pfay;cH&rnf
jzpfonf/ Zmwfvrf;zefwD;&mü ZmwfxGwfydkif;wGif tajzay:aomtcg pmzwfol\
pdwfwGif jzpfEdkifacs&Sdonf [laom ,HkMunfrI&Sd&onf/ xkdodkY&Sdap&ef pma&;olonf
rdrd\ZmwfxGwfydkif; tqHk;tjzwftwGuf tusdK;oifhtaMumif;oifh wifjyEkdif
&rnf/ xdkodkY aMumif;usdK;oifh&ef a&TOa'gif;u armifrif;armif pdwfua,muf
u,ufjzpfyHkudk rdwfaqGrsm;od&ef BudKwifcif;usif;cJhonf/ rdwfaqGrsm;u
oufaocH&ef&SdMuonfhtwGuf armifrif;armifvGwfajrmufcJhonf/
Zmwfwufydkif; wpfavQmufvHk; p½dkufrwlaom armifrif;armifESifh
armifñGefYwifudk tm;NydKifapcJhonf/ ZmwfxGwfydkif;wGif armifrif;armifonf
zcifuJhokdY yg;eyfoljzpfaMumif; tajzay:cJhonf/ a&TOa'gif;onf Zmwfvrf;
zefwD;&mü armifrif;armif\p½dkufudk ydyd&d&djzihf jr§KyfuGuf jyKvkyfxm;cJhonf/
armifñGefYwif\p½dkufudkrl armifrif;armifESifhqefYusifí oGufoGufvufvuf
614 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

vnfvnfywfywf p½dkufay:atmif yHkazmfxm;cJhonf/ xYdkaMumifh pma&;ol\

Zmwfvrf;tvSnfhtajymif; jyKay;rnfh jr§KyfuGufudk ydyd&d&d xm;EdkifcJhonf/
ZmwfxGwfydkif;onf ydyd&d&djzifh y&dowfauseyfapaom tajzudk ay;EdkifcJhonf/
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½Hkru vnfyif;ygapmif;apmif;}} 3
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rsdK;½dk;ADZ0w¬KwGif pma&;olonf Zmwfaqmifcsif;tm;NydKifrIudk toHk;jyK
cJhonf/ rwlnDaom Zmwfaqmifrsm;\p½dkufudk azmfjyí pmzwfol tm;rvdk
tm;r&jzihf odvdkpdwfjzpfvmatmif pnf;½Hk;ac:aqmifoGm;EdkifcJhonf/ ZmwfxGwfydkif;wGif
vlaumif;udktEkdifay;jcif;jzifh ½dk;om;rI½Sdjcif;\wefzdk;udk od½Sdapygonf/
rsdK;½dk;ADZ0w¬KwGif pma&;ol trsm;tm;jzifh oHk;avh½Sdaom udk,fwdkifajym
½Iaxmifhudk oHk;xm;onf/ ZmwfaMumif;ajymoludk uREfkyfjzifh oHk;xm;onf/
ajymolu t"dur[kwfbJ Zmwfaqmifrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifaom pma&;q&m
jzpfonf/ ZmwfaMumif;ajymolonf Zmwfaqmif r[kwfonfhtwGuf awGUjrif
Mum;odorQudkom ajymoGm;onf/ ZmwfaMumif;ajymol\ cHpm;rIESifhtawG;
rsm;udk razmfjyEdkifay/ Zmwfaqmifjzpfonfh armifrif;armifudk ZmwfaMumif;
ajymol tjzpfxm;vQifvnf; vQdKU0Sufaomtcef;rsm;udk jr§Kyfxm;onfjzpfí
obm0rus/ armifrif;armif\tawG;udk azmfjyvdkufvQif jr§KyfuGuf ay:oGm;rnf/

1
a½TOa'gif;? 2006? 102/
2
a½TOa'gif;? 2006? 102/
3
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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 615

armifrif;armif\ pdwf&if;rSefESifhyg;eyfrI ay:vQifvnf; Zmwfvrf;onf qGJaqmifrI

½Sdrnfr[kwf/ ZmwfaMumif;ajymolrSm pma&;oljzpfaeí vQdKU0Sufonf;zdk0w¬KrSm
tqifajyacsmarGUoGm;&jcif; jzpfayonf/
rsdK;½dk;ADZ0w¬K\ t"dutaMumif;t&mudk xif½Sm;ay:vGifaponfh 0w¬Kwdk
trnfay;yHkaMumifh odvdkpdwfudk jrifhwufvmaponf/ Zmwfvrf;ESifh vdkufzufpGm
trnfay;xm;aMumif; awGU&onf/

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oHyk&mwpfjcrf;0w¬Kwdkonf 1937 azaz:0g&Dvxkwf ol&d,r*¾Zif;wGif
a&;zGJUcJhaom 0w¬Kjzpfonf/ 0w¬K&nf½G,fcsufrSm awmolawmifom;wdkY\obm0
½dk;om;ajzmifhrSefaom arwåmudk azmfjyvdkjcif; jzpfygonf/

4? 1/ Zmwfvrf;tusOf;
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vnfywfpOf ajrydkif½Sifom; xGef;OD;ESifh cspfBudKufí taMumif;ygcJhonf? cifyGef;
jzpfol xGef;OD;ESifh a,mu©rjzpfol a':odef;cifwdkYonf roef;jrifhudk *½kpdkufí
roef;jrifhuvnf; ½dkaopGm wHkYjyefcJhonf/ roef;jrifhxHwGif tqkwfa&m*g
jzpfí &efukefaq;½HkwGif uko&onf/ a&m*grSm wpfvausmfaomfvnf;
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rsm;udk a&mif;csaygifESH&aomaMumifh qif;&JoGm;aom xGef;OD;wdkY om;trdtay:
rauseyfcJhay/ tqHk;wGif rdaxG;jzpfolu zcifay;aom v,fwpfawmonf
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pdwfonf ajymif;vJoGm;NyD; xGef;OD;tm; MuifMuifemem qufqHyHkjzifh Zmwfodrf;
xm;onf/
616 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

4? 2/ Zmwfvrf;zefwD;rI
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todrS trSeftoda&mufatmif wifjy&mü awm"avhp½dkufjzifh ½dk;om;Muifem
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xdktajctaerS Zmwfvrf;udk a½SUodkYa½GUvsm;&ef tajymif;tvJjyKonhftaejzifh
roef;jrifhtm; tqkwfema&m*g jzpfaponf/ tqkwfemudk aMumufvefYp&m

1
a½TOa'gif;? 2006? 388/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 617

aumif;aoma&m*g? aiGukefrsm;aoma&m*g ponfh acwftajctaeudk aemufcHjyKí

Zmwfvrf;udk tajymif;tvJjyKxm;onf/ roef;jrifhtwGuf om;trdESpfOD; pdk;&drf
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zGHUNzdK;rIonf twlvufwGJoGm;Muonf/ oHy&mwpfjcrf;0w¬KwGif tm;NydKifrIrSm
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rmepdwfESifh xGef;OD;? a':odef;cifwdkY\ arwåmpdwfwdkYudkom rodrom tm;NydKif
xm;onf/ xGef;OD;ESifha':odef;cif\p½dkufudk wjznf;jznf; jr§ihfwifí Zmwf½Sdef
jrifhvmaponf/ roef;jrifh\ pdwfaejrifhonfh[efESifh t&m&mudk raumif;jrif
wwfrItay: a':odef;cif\ onf;cHrIudk-

1
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618 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

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ESpfv oHk;vrQyif aexdkifzdkY cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf ponfjzifh
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rsm;jzifh rmefwufaeaom roef;jrifh pdwfajymif;oGm;&ef rdaxG;a':vSBuD;udk
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xGef;OD;tay: oabmxm;ajymif;vJoGm;yHkudkjy&mü oHy&m½Smvbwf&nfonf
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wpfjcrf;eJY aus&qdkwm 'D[mxifyg&JU tar} [laom ajympum;uvnf;
Zmwfvrf;wpfckvHk;\ t"dutcsufudk ay:vGifaponfh pum;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
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q&mBuD;a½TOa'gif;onf vQdKU0Sufonf;zdk0w¬K? pHkaxmuf0w¬Krsm;udk
zefwD;&müom uRrf;usifonfr[kwf? vlYpdwfoabmudk Zmwfvrf;qif&mü
uGJjym;atmif zefwD;í pmzwfol\pdwfudk vIyf½Sm;vmatmif zefwD;EkdifaMumif;
awGU½Sd&ygonf/

1
a½TOa'gif;? 2006? 395/
2
a½TOa'gif;? 2006? 397/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 619

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a&TOa'gif;onf Zmwfvrf;wifjy&mü ZmwfaMumif;ajymoludk a&G;cs,fonhf
½Iaxmifhudk Zmwfvrf;ESifhvdu k zf ufatmif pDpOfEdkifcJhonf/ "m;ajr§mifESifah rmif;cs"m;
0w¬KwGif ZmwfaMumif;ajymolonf pma&;oljzpfonf/ pma&;olonf xD;csdKifhodkY
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a&mufrS azmfxkwf&mwGif jyufjyufxifxif odjrifEkdif&ef ZmwfuGufqif
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ajymxm;onf/ uefYowfod½Iaxmifh a&G;cs,f&mü roef;jrifh\ udk,f? EIwf?
ESvHk;udk o½kyfazmfxm;onf/ roef;jrifh\ tawG;ESifhcHpm;rIudk od&aomfvnf;
xGef;OD;? a':oef;jrifhwdkY\ tawG;udk rjyacs/ trlt&mcHpm;rIjzifhom tEkpdwf
jc,frIef;a&;zGJUxm;onf/ wpfzufZmwfaqmifudk trlt&mjzihf yHkazmfNyD; wpfzuf
Zmwfaqmifudk cHpm;rItawG;jzifh jyxm;onfhtwGuf tm;NydKifrIonf odrfarGU
vSyNyD; Zmwfodrf;udk y&dowf auseyfvufcHaponf/
620 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

a½TOa'gif;onf rnfonfh0w¬KrsdK;rqdk y&dowfpdwftm½Hkudk qGJaqmif

Edkifatmif Zmwfvrf;qif zefwD;EdkifpGrf;½SdoljzpfaMumif; awGU½Sd&ygonf/

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ol\Zmwfaqmifrsm;onf wpfrsdK;wpfzHk xl;jcm;onf/ Zmwfaqmifxl;jcm;rIjzifh
Zmwfvrf;udk pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif pnf;½Hk;Edkifonf[k xifjrifrdygonf/
xdkYaMumifh a&TOa'gif;\ Zmwfaqmifp½dkuf zefwD;rIrsm;udkvnf; qufvuf
avhvmoifhonf[k xifjrifrdygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 621

usrf;ud;k pm&if;

jrefrmbmom
aZmf*sD? 1999/ 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf/ &efukef? &mjynfhpmtkyfwdkuf
wufwkd;? 1965-c/ urÇmausmf0w¬Krsm;ESifhwufwdk;\½Sif;jycsuf/ &efukef? yk*HyHkESdyfwdkuf/
wifa½T? OD;/ (ygarmu©)/ 1920 0ef;usif jrefrm0w¬Kwdkrsm;? wuúodkvfynmya'om
pmapmif? twGJ 13? tydkif; 6? &efukef? txufwef;ynmOD;pD;Xme
xif? armif/ 1979/ odyÜH0w¬Kwdkpmwrf;rsm;? 0w¬Kwdkpmwrf;('kwd,wGJ)? yxrtBudrf/
&efukef? pmayAdrmefyHkESdyfwdkuf/
rif;ausmf/ 1975/ Zmwfvrf;? &efukef? pHy,fOD;pmay/
a&TOa'gif;/ (2006-*)/ 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf? (wwd,wGJ)? &efukef? pdwful;csdKcsdKyHkESdyfwdkuf/
a&TOa'gif;/ (2006-i)/ 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf? (yÍörwGJ)? &efukef? pdwful;csdKcsdKyHkESdyfwdkuf/
a&TOa'gif;/ (2006-p)/ 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf? (q|rwGJ)? &efukef? pdwful;csdKcsdKyHkESdyfwdkuf/
atmifoif;/ 1978/ pmaya&;&maqmif;yg;rsm;/ &efukef? tarhtdrfpmpOf

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WRITING, Alpha Books, 375 Hudson Street, New York.
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