Matiste 2015

Pfahler 2008
ABACUS
4th Century B.C.

The abacus, a simple counting

aid, may have been invented in
Babylonia (now Iraq) in the fourth
century B.C.
This device allows users to make
computations using a system of
sliding beads arranged on a rack.
Considered the first computer
Matiste 2015
Pfahler 2008
First Computer
ABACUS

Pfahler 2008
 BLAISE PASCAL
(1623 - 1662)
 In 1642, the French mathematician
and philosopher Blaise Pascal invented a
calculating device that would come to
be called the "Adding Machine".
One of the first and earliest
mechanical devices used for calculating
was the Pascaline

Pfahler 2008
 BLAISE PASCAL
(1623 - 1662)
 Originally called a "numerical wheel
calculator" or the "Pascaline", Pascal's
invention utilized a train of 8 moveable
dials or cogs to add sums of up to 8
figures long. As one dial turned 10
notches - or a complete revolution - it
mechanically turned the next dial.
Pascal's mechanical Adding Machine
automated the process of calculation.
Although slow by modern standards, this
machine did provide a fair degree of
accuracy and speed.
Matiste
Only performed addition, not
2015
Pfahler 2008
Blaise Pascal
Matiste 2015 Pfahler 2008
 Gottfried Wilhelm von
Leibniz

The stepped reckoner

Supposed to be able to add, subtract, multiply, divide and calcula

**Device never worked P fah ler 20

p r o p erly
08
CHARLES BABBAGE
(1791 - 1871)
 Born in 1791, Charles Babbage
was an English mathematician and
professor.
 In 1822, he persuaded the
British government to finance his
design to build a machine that
would calculate tables for
logarithms.
Called the “Difference Engine.”
Device was to calculate
numbers to 20th place and print
them at 4
digits per minute.
Pfahler 2008
With Charles Babbage's creation
Charles Babbage

1822 Babbage's Difference Engine

Pfahler 2008
 Analytical Engine
1833
• Used to perform a variety of
calculations by following a set
of instructions or programs
stored on punch cards
• Machine only designed but
never built

Pfahler 2008
Joseph Jacquard Pfahler 2008
 Charles Babbage
Considered the “Father of
Computers”

Pfahler 2008
Pfahler 2008
First Computer Programmer
Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace
Matiste 2015
Pfahler 2008
 U.S. Census
• Done every 10 years
• Process done by hand in 19th
century
• Took 10 years to complete
UNTIL

Matiste 2015
Pfahler 2008
Herman Hollerith

Pfahler 2008
Hollerith’s Punch Card
Tabulating Machine
Pfahler 2008
 Tabulating Machine
• Used electricity rather than mechanical gears
• Holes representing information to be tabulated
were punched in cards
• The location of each hole represented a specific
piece of information (male vs. female)
• Cards inserted into the machine and metal pins
used to open and close electrical circuts
• If the circuit was closed, a computation was
increased by one
 Population Count
• Now took only 6 weeks to count 63 million
Tabulating Machine Company

International Business
ati te 2015
Machines
HOWARD AIKEN
(1900 - 1973)
 Aiken thought he could create a
modern and functioning model of
Babbage's Analytical Engine.
He succeeded in securing a grant of
1 million dollars for his proposed
Automatic Sequence Calculator; the
Mark I for short. From IBM.
In 1944, the Mark I was "switched"
on. Aiken's colossal machine spanned
51 feet in length and 8 feet in height.
500 meters of wiring were required to
connect each c
omponent. Pfahler 2008
HOWARD AIKEN
(1900 - 1973)

 The Mark I did transform

Babbage's dream into reality and did
succeed in putting IBM's name on
the forefront of the computer
industry.
From 1944 on, modern
computers would forever be
associated with digital
intelligence.
Pfahler 2008
Howard Aiken
Mark I Pfahler 2008
Mark I Calculator
Pfahler 2008
 1939-1942
• First electronic computer
built by John Atanasoff and
Clifford Berry
• Computer used binary number
system of 1 and 0
• Binary system is still used
today

Pfahler 2008
 ENIAC - 1946

 Electronic Numerical Integrator

And Computer
a machine that computed at speeds
1,000 times faster than the Mark I
was capable of only 2 years earlier.
Using 18,00-19,000 vacuum tubes,
70,000 resistors and 5 million
soldered joints this massive
instrument required the output of a
small power station to operate it.

Pfahler 2008
ENIAC

Matiste 2015
ENIAC
1943-1946

 It could do nuclear physics

calculations (in two hours) which it
would have taken 100 engineers a year
to do by hand.
The system's program could be
changed by rewiring a panel.
Weighed 30 tons and was 1500
square feet (average area of a 3
bedroom house

Pfahler 2008
ENIAC
1946
Pfahler 2008
 Computer
• An electronic machine accepts data, processes it
according to instructions and provides the results
as new data
• Can make simple decisions and comparisons
 Program
• List of instructions written in a special
language that the computer
understands
•
Vacuum Tubes
2015
 1930’s – 1940’s
• Alan Turning developed “Universal
Machine”
• He envisioned a computer that could
perform any different tasks by
simply changing a program rather
than by changing electronic
components
 1945 – John Von Newmann
• Developed stored programs concept
• Program would be stored in CPU
or Central Processing Unit
TRANSISTOR
1947

 In the laboratories of Bell

Telephone, John Bardeen, Walter
Brattain and William Shockley
discovered the "transfer
resistor"; later labeled the
transistor.
Advantages:
increased reliability
consumed 1/20 of the electricity of
vacuum tubes
were a fraction of the cost
Pfahler 2008
TRANSISTOR
1947
 This tiny device had a huge
impact on and extensive implications
for modern computers. In 1956, the
transistor won its creators the Noble
Peace Prize for their invention.

Pfahler 2008
Transistor

Matiste 2015
Transistor Radio
 First Computer Bug

Grace Hopper
ALTAIR
1975
 The invention of the transistor
made computers smaller, cheaper
and more reliable. Therefore, the
stage was set for the entrance of
the computer into the domestic
realm. In 1975, the age of personal
computers commenced.
Under the leadership of Ed Roberts
the Micro Instrumentation and
Telemetry Company (MITS) wanted to
design a computer 'kit' for the home
hobbyist. Pfahler 2008
 1970 John Huff
• Transistors were replaced by
integrated circuits or chips, giving
computers tremendous speed to
process information at a rate of
millions of calculations per second.
• In 1970 John Huff invented the
microprocessor, an entire CPU on
a single chip. This allowed for the
building of a microcomputer or
personal computer.

Pfahler 2008
ALTAIR
1975
 Based on the Intel 8080
processor, capable of controlling 64
kilobyes of memory, the MITS
Altair
- as the invention was later called -
was debuted on the cover of the
January edition of Popular Electronics
magazine.
Presenting the Altair as an
unassembled kit kept costs to a
minimum. Therefore, the company was
able to offer this model for only
$395. Supply could not keep Pufaphlerw20i0t8h
demand.
ALTAIR
1975
 ALTAIR FACTS:
No Keyboard
No Video Display
No Storage Device

Pfahler 2008
IBM (PC)
1981

 On August 12, 1981 IBM

announced its own personal
computer.
Using the 16 bit Intel 8088
microprocessor, allowed for increased
speed and huge amounts of memory.
Unlike the Altair that was sold as
unassembled computer kits, IBM sold
its "ready-made" machine through
retailers and by qualified salespeople.
Pfahler 2008
IBM (PC)
1981

 To satisfy consumer appetites

and to increase usability, IBM gave
prototype IBM PCs to a number of
major software companies.
For the first time, small companies
and individuals who never would have
imagined owning a "personal" computer
were now opened to the computer
world.

Pfahler 2008
 MACINTOSH
(1984)
 IBM's major competitor was a
company lead by Steve Wozniak and
Steve Jobs; the Apple Computer Inc.
The "Lisa" was the result of their
competitive thrust.
This system differed from its
predecessors in its use of a "mouse" -
then a quite foreign computer
instrument - in lieu of manually typing
commands.
However, the outrageous price of
the Lisa kept it out of reach for many
computer buyers.
Pfahler 2008
MACINTOSH
(1984)

 Apple's brainchild was the

Macintosh. Like the Lisa, the
Macintosh too would make use of
a graphical user interface.
Introduced in January 1984 it was
an immediate success.
The GUI (Graphical User Interface)
made the system easy to use.

Pfahler 2008
MACINTOSH
(1984)

 The Apple Macintosh debuts in

1984. It features a simple, graphical
interface, uses the 8-MHz, 32-bit
Motorola 68000 CPU, and has a built-
in 9-inch B/W screen.
 Cost $2,495

Pfahler 2008