Topic 5:

PER-UNIT VALUE

Lecturer:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Hermagasantos Zein, M.Sc.
Contact:
▪ Teknik Konversi Energi Polban Bandung
▪ Email: hermaga_s@yahoo.co.id
▪ Hp: 081321108991
 Content
1. Two Types of Tree phase system
2. Phasor diagram
3. Star System
4. Delta System
5. Triangle Power
6. Balance Condition
7. Balance Voltage
8. Balance Currents
9. Power in Balance Condition
10. Example
11.Homework

Hermagasantos Zein, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban

1. PU Concept

➢ Simple
➢ Uniform
➢ Transformer impedance is same when look of two sides
2. Base Value

➢ Two bases of unit have to know: Voltage and Power

➢ The others can calculate from them
➢ Let on the system we know:

Voltage base : Vd= Vln kV

Power base :
Sd = S1φ MVA
3. The Others Base Values

From them, we can calculate, that are Current base

Sd
Id = KA
Vd

Impedance base

Vd Vd2
Zd = = 
Id Sd
 4. Example

One line transmission (single phase) has load 10 MVA and power factor 0.8
leading, on voltage system 20 kV from send side. If line impedance is 5+j10
Ohm, calculate source voltage, power, impedance and current flow in the line in
unit.
Solution:
Assumption Vd=20 kV and Sd=10 MVA, we can calculate: Zd=202/10 = 40 Ohm,
Id=10/20=0,5 kA.
So: V(pu) =V/Vd = 20kV/20kV = 1+j0 pu=1 0 pu
Power= S=P+jQ=10x0,8 +j10x0,6 MVA=8+j6 MVA
In unit: S(pu) = S/Sd = (8+j6)MVA/10MVA =0,8+j0,6 pu
Z(pu) = Z/Zd = (5+j10) Ohm/40 Ohm =0,125+j0,250 pu
Current in unit is: I(pu)=S/V = (0,8+j0,6) pu/(1+j0)pu=0,8+j0,6 pu
Voltage in unit: Vs=Vr+ZI=(1+j0)+(0,125+j0,250)(0,8+j0,6)
=1+(0,1-0,15)+j(0,075+0,2)
=0,95+j0,275= 0,9916,14 pu
0

Or Vs= 0,9916,140 pu x 20 kV= 19,816,140 kV

I = (0,8+j0,6)x0,5 kA=0,4+j0,3 kA= 0,536,8 kA
0
5. Three phase in unit

S3φ = 3 Vll I l dan S3φ = 3S1φ

In the equation, voltage in kV and power in MVA, yield

Sd(3φ(
Id = kA
3 Vd(ll)
2
Vd(ll)
Zd = Ohm
Sd(3φ(
6. Change base

Known old base: Vd(old) and Sd(old),

new base : Vd(new) and Sd(new)

2
 Vd(old)   Sd(new) 
Znew (pu) =     Zold (pu)
V  S 
 d(new)   d(0od) 

New impedance in unit is valid for new base

6. Change base …

Reactance of a generator based on its name plate: 13.2 kV and

30 MVA, is 0.20 pu. If base was changed to be 13.8 kV and 50
MVA, calculate reactance in unit that reference to new base.
Solution: From above equation, we can

2
 Vd(lama)   Sd(baru) 
X baru (pu) =     X lama (pu)
V  S 
 d(baru)   d(lama) 
2
 13,2 kV   50 MVA 
=    0,20 pu = 0,306 pu
 13,8 kV   30 MVA 
7. Choice of Bases

In the electric system use any voltage systems, example Jamali

system: used 500 kV, 150 kV and 70 kV. Voltage in unit choice base
that same of each voltage system, and power base used same
value, like 1000 MVA. This consequence, current and impedance
base is no same in each the system.
8. Example-2

The following Figure is transmission network in tree phases

system that have two voltage system, that are 500 kV and
150 kV. In the network was loaded with 1000 MVA. Calculate
all base of this system.

500 KV 150 KV 1000 MVA

8. Example-2 …

Solution: Try phase system,

• In line 500 KV: defined base: Vd=500 KV and Sd=1000 MVA.

• So, 500 2
Zd = = 250 Ohm
1000
1000
Id = = 1,154 kA
3 500
• In line 150 KV: defined base: Vd=150 KV and Sd=1000 MVA.

150 2
Zd = = 22,5 Ohm
1000
• So, 1000
Id = = 3,849 kA
3 150
9. Homework

1. Prove that impedance in unit of transformer is same when refer to its

side (from primer side or secondary side).
2. A generator has name plate: 15 kV, 25 MVA, power factor 0.8 and
X=0,3 pu. Calculate in unit of the generator (voltage, current, power
and impedance) on base 12.5 kV and 100 MVA.
3. In the figure-4.2 below, how voltage drop and current flow in each line
in unit and then convert to normal again (kV, A, MVA, Ohm).
500 KV 150 KV
5+j10 Ohm 7,5+j11 Ohm

1000+j600 MVA 500+j200 MVA

4. Determine actual impedance, voltage, current, power from the

following Figure
4 3 5

2 1
9. Homework …impedance in unit and Table2 is content calculation
The table 1 is line
result of power flow that use base 20 KV and 100 MVA.

table 1
from Bus t o Bus R(pu) X(pu)
5 1 0.01 0.10
5 3 0.01 0.10
3 4 0.20 2.00
3 1 0.01 0.10
1 2 0.20 2.00
4 2 0.01 0.10

table 2
Bus S(pu) I(pu) V(pu)
1 -1.20-j0.50 -1.21-j0.56 0.9757-j0.0393
2 -1.00+j0.00 1.01-j0.06 0.9825-j0.0610
3 1.20+j0.57 1.20+j0.52 1.0193+j0.0376
4 1.00+j0.10 1.00+j0.06 0.9993+j0.0387
5 0.02+j0.05 0.02+j0.05 1
9. Homework …

A line 20 kV is connected to a transformer

(20/150 kV) and the transformer is connected
to a bus, if known:

▪ Z(20kV)= 2+j5 Ohm

▪ Z(trfo) = 10 Ohm look from 150 kV side
▪ Z(150 kV)= 5+j10 ohm
▪ I(load)= 50 A in 150 kV

Calculate total losses?

 OK, our class is over

Thank You

Hermagasantos Zein, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban