Question 1) Explain introduction of school of management thoughts?

a) Classical approach
b) Modern approach

Answer)

The schools of management thought are theoretical frameworks for the study of
management. Each of the schools of management thought are based on somewhat different
assumptions about human beings and the organizations for which they work. Since the formal
study of management began late in the 19th century, the study of management has progressed
through several stages as scholars and practitioners working in different eras focused on what
they believed to be important aspects of good management practice. Over time, management
thinkers have sought ways to organize and classify the voluminous information about
management that has been collected and disseminated. These attempts at classification have
resulted in the identification of management schools.
Classical Management Theory is a “Body of management thought based on the belief
that employees have only economical and physical needs, and that social needs and need
for job-satisfaction either don’t exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, this
school advocates high specialization of labour, centralized decision making, and profit
maximization.” To have originated at the end of the nineteenth century and in the beginning
of the twentieth century, the Classical Management Theory dominated management thinking
in the 1920s and 1930s by emphasising on the efficiency of the work process. Classical
Management Theory has three schools of thought Scientific Management, which identifies
the best way to do a line of work; “Bureaucratic Management, which focuses on rules and
procedure, hierarchy and clear division of labour; and Administrative Management, which
emphasises the flow of information within the organisation.”
Modern management theory highlights, the complexity of the organisation as well as
individuals and the diversity of their needs, motives, aspirations and potentials. As a result,
one-time status or universal management principles are impracticable. The complexities
require intricate managerial strategies for dealing with people and organisation. As against
the rational economic man of the classical theory and the social person view of neoclassical
theory, the complex employee view is the premises of modem management theory. Four
important modern management theories arising out of the complex employee view, are
systems theory, contingency theory, organisational humanism, and management
science.

Question 2) Describe basics of organization.

Answer)

MEANING AND STEPS OF ORGANISING

Organising is combining human efforts, assembling resources and unifying the two to
achieve objectives. There are many steps that go into organising. They are as follows:
 The first step is to organise and divide the work. The work is divided in a way that
there is no duplication of work and also so that the burden is avoided.
 The divided work is then give to individuals who specialize in that field. This is
called departmentalization.
 Finally, the duties are assigned to each department and a formal authority is
established.

IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIZING
 Organizing the work to specific departments leads to specialization of the work.
Specialization leads to an increase in productivity as workers perform the same work
regularly.
 Organizing helps in forming a formal authority. This makes for clearer
communication which specifies the responsibility of each individual.
 Organizing also leads to optimum use of resources as there is no duplication of
work. This means that there is also a more effective administration.  
 It also allows the business to adapt to a changing business environment.
 This would also stimulate creativity in employees and managers because of
availability of time.
 Organizing helps in the growth and diversification of an enterprise. It does this by
enabling it to deviate from existing norms and taking up new challenges.