TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION: ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Sheet metal drawing ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Types of metal Drawing ................................................................................................................................ 2
Applications............................................................................................................................................... 3
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN DRAWING. ........................................................................................................... 3
SHEET FORMING OPERATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 6
Sheet forming: .......................................................................................................................................... 6
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WIRE AND ROD DRAWING: ..................................................................................... 7
Initial stock size: ........................................................................................................................................ 7
DRAWING EQUIPMENT ANALYSIS. ............................................................................................................... 8
Simple analysis of wire drawing................................................................................................................ 9
ADVATAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DRAWING. ...................................................................................... 9
ADVANTAGES. ........................................................................................................................................... 9
DISADVANTAGES..................................................................................................................................... 10
PROPOSED QUESTIONS:.............................................................................................................................. 10
REFERENCES: ............................................................................................................................................... 11
INTRODUCTION:
Drawing is a metalworking process which uses tensile forces to stretch metal, glass, or
plastic. As the metal is drawn (pulled), it stretches thinner, into a desired shape and thickness.

Sheet metal drawing

The specific definition for sheet metal drawing is that it involves plastic deformation over
a curved axis.

Fig 1: the general drawing process.

Types of metal Drawing

1. Deep drawing and shallow drawing

2. Bar, tube, and wire drawing

Definition of terms:

 Bar or rod drawing:

Rod drawing is the processs that draws the tube with a mandrel inside the tube; the mandrel is
drawn with the tube. The advantage to this process is that the mandrel defines the inner diameter
and the surface finish and has a quick set up time for short runs. The disadvantages are that
lengths are limited by the length of the mandrel, usually no more than 100 feet (30 m), and that a
second operation is required to remove the mandrel, called reeling. This type of process is
usually used on heavy walled or small (inner diameter) tubes.

Applications
- applications include super-high pressure tubing and hydraulic tubing (with the addition of a
finishing tube sinking operation).

-This process is also use for precision manufacturing of trombone hand slides

 Wire drawing:

This technique has long been used to produce flexible metal wire by drawing the material
through a series of dies of decreasing size. These dies are manufactured from a number of
materials, the most common being tungsten carbide and diamond.

PROCESSES INVOLVED IN DRAWING.

 Lubrication:

Lubrication in the drawing process is essential for maintaining good surface finish and long die
life. The following are different methods of lubrication:

Wet drawing: the dies and wire or rod are completely immersed in lubricants

Dry drawing: the wire or rod passes through a container of lubricant which coats the surface of
the wire or rod

Metal coating: the wire or rod is coated with a soft metal which acts as a solid lubricant

Ultrasonic vibration: the dies and mandrels are vibrated, which helps to reduce forces and allow
larger reductions per pass

Roller dies: Drawing (also referred as Roll drawing): roller dies are used instead of fixed dies
to convert shear friction to rolling friction with dramatic reduction in the drawing forces. When
roller dies are adopted, the drawing stages are composed by 2-4 idle rolls and the wire is pulled
within the rolls clearance. This type of solution can be easily adopted also to produce flat or
profiled drawn wires.
 Various lubricants, such as oil, are employed.
employed. Another lubrication method is to immerse the
wire in a copper (II) sulphate solution, such that a film of copper is deposited which forms a kind
of lubricant. In some classes of wire the copper is left after the final drawing to serve as a
preventive of rust or to allow easy soldering. The best example of copper coated wire is in MIG
wire used in welding.

 Push Pointing:: Several inches of the lead ends of the bar or tube are reduced in size by
swagging or extruding so that it can pass freely through the drawing die. Note: This is
done because the die opening is always smaller than the original bar or coil section size.
Drawing dies

Diagram of a carbide wire drawing die

Drawing from Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003),

Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653
0 65653-4, figure
19-58.}

The entry region is generally a bell-shaped

bell shaped mouth that does not contact the work piece.
Its function is to contain and push the lubricant into the die and prevent wearing of wo
work
and die surfaces.
 The approach region is where the drawing operation occurs. It is cone-shaped with an
angle (half-angle) normally ranging from 6° to 20°
The bearing surface or land, determines the size of the final drawn work-piece.
Finally, the back relief is the exit zone. It is provided with a back relief angle (half-angle)
of about 25-30°

 Cold Drawing, Process Drawing: In this process, the material being drawn is at room
temperature (i.e. Cold-Drawn). The pointed/reduced end of the bar or coil, which is
smaller than the die opening, is passed through the die where it enters a gripping device
of the drawing machine. The drawing machine pulls or draws the remaining unreduced
section of the bar or coil through the die. The die reduces the cross section of the original
bar or coil, shapes the profile of the product and increases the length of the original
product.
 Finished Product: The drawn product, which is referred to as Cold Drawn or Cold
Finished, exhibits a bright and/or polished finish, increased mechanical properties,
improved machining characteristics and precise and uniform dimensional tolerances.
 Multi-Pass Drawing: The cold drawing of complex shapes/profiles may require that each
bar/coil be drawn several times in order to produce the desired shape and tolerances. This
process is called multi-pass drawing and involves drawing through smaller and smaller
die openings. Material is generally annealed between each drawing pass to remove cold
work and to increase ductility.
 Annealing: This is a thermal treatment generally used to soften the material being drawn,
to modify the micro structure, the mechanical properties and the machining
characteristics of the steel and/or to remove internal stresses in the product. Depending on
the desired characteristics of the finished product, annealing may be used before, during
(between passes) or after the cold drawing operation, depending on material requirements
SHEET FORMING OPERATIONS
Sheet forming:
Involves plastic deformation of sheets like deep drawing, cutting, bending, hemming,
flanging, curling, stretch forming/stretching, stamping etc.
 Figures above show different forms of sheet bending.

Source: R. Ganesh Narayanan, IITG M.P. Groover, Fundamental of modern manufacturing

Materials, Processes and systems, 4ed

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WIRE AND ROD DRAWING:

Initial stock size:

- The basic difference between bar drawing and wire drawing is the stock size that is used for
forming. Bar drawing is meant for large diameter bar and rod, while wire drawing is meant for
small diameter stock. Wire sizes of the order of 0.03 mm are produced in wire drawing.
DRAWING EQUIPMENT ANALYSIS.
Equipment used:

Drawing of rod by draw bench.

Continuous drawing of wire.

Maintaining the Drawing machine.

When you turn off the drawing machine, you do the following;

 Equipment cleaning: clean the air filter of thew electric control box and lubricate the oil
filter.
  Anti-rust treatment.
 Drainage and exhaust treatment.
 Turn off power and protect from rain and moisture.
 Provide rat prevention facilities

To turn on the drawing machine, check the following :

 Electrical cabinet (water in the electrical box)

 Mechanical parts
 Turn on the power step by step
 Allow the component to energize

Simple analysis of wire drawing

True strain in wire drawing under ideal deformation (no friction and redundant work)

is given by, E=ln(Ao/Af) = ln(1/1-r), here r=Ao-Af/Ao

Under ideal deformation, the stress required in wire drawing is given by,

stress=Yf ln(Ao/Af). Here, Yf= KEn/1+n,

Yf is the average flow stress corresponding to E mentioned in above equation.

The drawing force is given by: F= (Area)(Stress)

The power required for drawing is given by multiplying drawing force with exit

Velocity of the work piece: P=(force)(Velocity)

ADVATAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DRAWING.

ADVANTAGES.
 Improved surface finish
 Improved dimensional accuracy
 Improved mechanical and machining properties
DISADVANTAGES
 Metal thickness has a large effect on processing price.
 Special sleeves required to assist in driving the parts into the dies.
 The process is costly for low production rate.

PROPOSED QUESTIONS:
1) The amount of possible drawing force is limited by;
a)force of material, b)tensile strength of material, c)ductility of material, d) none of the
above.

2) The operation required to remove the mandrel is?

a) reeling b)lubrication, c)rolling, d) punching

3) The following are materials used for making dies except;

a) tungsten, b) steel, c) carbide, d) diamond.

4) The following are materials that can be drawn except;

a) steel, b) copper alloys, c) aluminium alloys, d) cast iron.

5) Push pointing perform using which of the following process;

a) hammering, b) pressing, c) extrusion, d) compression.

REFERENCES:
1. Degarmo, p. 432.

2. Kalpakjian, pp. 415–419.

3. R. Ganesh Narayanan, IITG M.P. Groover, Fundamental of modern manufacturing Materials,

Processes and systems, 4ed

4. Ganoksin Project. "Rolling and Drawing". Archived from the original on 2014-08-08.

5. Degarmo, p. 434..

6. Spinning the Elements – Cold Drawing, Chemical Heritage Foundation, archived from the
original on 2001-05-04, retrieved 2008-11-13