Basal

Ganglia
=The Basal Ganglia composed of: 1- caudate nucleus
2- Globus pallidus
3- putamen

=the internal capsule separate these from the
thalamus:
*The anterior limb of the internal capsule separate
caudate nucleus from – putamen and globus
pallidus.

*the genu on the sides of the third ventricle

*the posterior limb of the internal capsule separate
the thalamus from the – putamen and globus
pallidus.

= globus pallidus (interna-the more medial one -
and externa) and putamen together form Lentiform
nucleus=lenticular nucleus

=putamen and caudate nucleus form Neostriatum /
striatum

=corpus striatum composed of: - caudate nucleus,

globus pallidus, putamen, amygdaloid body and
claustrum


= functions of the basal ganglia:
Modulation of the skeletal muscle movement
‫أو ﻣن ﺧﻼل ال‬corticospinal tract ‫ﺑﺣﯾث أي ﺣرﻛﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ال‬
cerebellum and ‫اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﺑﮭﺎ ﯾﺗم ﻣن ﺧﻼل ال‬corticobulbar tract
basal nuclei
‫ﻟﻠﺣرﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﯾث‬smoothness ‫ ھو ﻋﻣل‬basal ganglia‫اﻟﻣطﻠوب ﻣن ال‬
very smooth and without errors ‫ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﻛون‬
:‫ﺗﻘوم ﺑذﻟك ﻣن ﺧﻼل طرﯾﻘﺗﯾن‬
Direct and indirect pathway

 **Note: G.P.EXT and G.P.INT maintain the tonic
inhibition of the thalamus =>
‫ﺗﺛﺑط ﻋﻣﻠﮭﺎ وﺗﻣﻧﻌﮭﺎ ﻣن أداء وظﯾﻔﺗﮭﺎ‬
The direct pathway:
At rest: there is no involuntary movement because
there is no excitatory input from cerebral cortex to the
striatum so the striatum doesn’t receive any excitation
=> so the striatal neurons-medium spine neurons –that
going from striatum to make synapse with G.P.I will be
few (these neurons are inhibitory neuron type GAPA)
** the inhibition on G.P. I is low that’s mean the G.P. I is
more active so the GAPA neurons from G.P. I (inhibitory
neurons) to the thalamus –ventrolateral nucleus and
ventroanterior nucleus of the thalamus (motor nuclei) -
will be a lot. So the thalamus will be inhibited and there
is no excitatory impulse from thalamus to the cerebral
cortex so there is no involuntary movement.

 -At exercise:
There is an idea for movement so primary
somatosensory cortex => premotor
area=>supplementary area to the primary motor area so
there is an excitatory input from cerebral cortex to the
striatum (glutamate excitatory neuron ) that’s mean the
striatum is activated and the GAPA neurons (inhibitory )
from the striatum to the G.P.I will be a lot and will
inhibit the G.P.I , then the GAPA neurons from G.P.I to
the thalamus( called Ansa lenticularis) will be few so the
thalamus will be activated and will give excitatory
glutamate neurons to the cerebral cortex to the
corticospinal tract so the movement will happen.
Conc: the direct pathway increase the motor activity

 The indirect pathway:
At exercise: The cerebral cortex will increase the
excitation on striatum, so it will give GAPA neurons to
the G.P.EXT (to inhibit it) so GAPA neurons from G.P. Ext
to the subthalamic nucleus will decrease that’s mean it
will be more active and will send excitatory glutamate
fiber to G.p.I (called Ansa fasciculus) these fibers
activate G.P.I and increase GAPA neurons from it to the
thalamus so inhibit the thalamus and prevent it from
giving excitation to the cerebral cortex.
Conclusion: the indirect pathway inhibits the motor
activity
 =Both the direct and indirect pathway modulate the
movement for example the direct pathway constricts
the biceps and the indirect pathway relax the triceps.

**the spstansia nigra facilitate the initiation of the
direct and indirect pathway:
There is a corticonigral tract (use glutamate) from
cerebral cortex to the posterior part of spstansia nigra
(pars compacta) so pars compacta will send
dopaminergic neuron to the striatum
The striatum has two receptors for dopamine D1 and
D2,
D1 is an excitatory receptors facilitate the direct
pathway caused excitation of striatum increasing its
GAPA neuron to the GPI inhibit it and decrease its GAPA
neuron to the thalamus so the thalamus will be more
active and send more excitation to the cerebral cortex.
D2 is an inhibitory receptors inhibit the indirect pathway
so inhibit striatum decreasing its GAPA neurons to the
GPEXT and activating it so increasing in its GAPA
neurons to the subthalamic nucleus inhabiting it and
decreasing its glutamate neurons to G.P.I so decrease
the GAPA neurons to the thalamus that’s mean the
thalamus will be more active and send more excitation
to the cerebral cortex.

 Conc:
-The direct pathway turns up the motor activity
-The indirect pathway turns down the motor activity
-D1 facilitate the direct pathway by activate it causing
increasing in the motor activity
-D2 inhibit indirect pathway (which turns down the
motor activity) so increase the motor activity

**in the striatum there is an inter neurons –
intercercuate neurons-these are cholinergic neurons act
in reverse way to the dopaminergic ones so it will:
-inhibit the direct pathway => decrease the motor
activity
-activate the indirect pathway =>decrease the motor
activity