edwardperico

TNCT (Trends Network and Critical

Thinking in the 21st Century)
This is the post excerpt.

Advertisements Advertisements

REPORT THIS AD REPORT THIS AD

Social trends have been a part of life since the beginning of time. Society reacts
to certain stimuli, whether it is a type of music, fashion or activity. These
trends are not always created by the majority, but the majority of society does
typically follow.

The 1980s brought leg warmers, neon-colored clothing and big hair, whereas
the 1960s saw social trends like bell-bottom jeans, peace signs and protests
against war. Every era offered social trends that seemed to fade away as the
new decade began. As technology progresses, the changes in social trends do as
well. For instance, beepers and cordless phones were once all the rage but were
eventually replaced with cell phones and iPads.

Facebook and Twitter introduced a new social trend by introducing a new way
to connect with people from far and near. Social networking began a long-
lasting type of social trend unlike some shorter-lived trends like tennis shoes
with built-in roller blades and disco music.

Social trends are constantly changing, and many companies use their ability to
anticipate the social change as part of their business marketing campaign.

In the world of fashion, styles always seem to be changing. What is trending

one season may be passé the next. In fact, some styles don’t seem to last longer
than a month, and navigating the world of jewelry is no different. It may feel
impossible to stay stylish without breaking the bank by aimlessly following
every trend to hit the market. However, a deeper understanding of the
differences between fads, trends and classics, will enable you to put an end to
the fashion fueled guessing game.

FAD , TREND: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE ?

1) Fads

The easiest way to categorize a fad is one word: short-lived. Typically, fads last
for a total of one season, but they can also last less than a month. Fads are
novelty driven fashion choices. A fad is often referred to as “catching on” with
the larger population, but will often fade as quickly as it appeared. The easiest
way to remember a fad is through a simple alliteration: fads fade. Although
engaging in fads can be fun, they are often not worth investing a large amount
of money or time.

2)Trends

Trends have a much longer lifespan than fads. In fact, they can continue to be
fashionable for years and even decades. The primary difference between a trend
and a fad is that trends have the potential to be long-term influencers on the
market. In addition, trends often involve altered classics. For example, specific
colors can be declared “trendy.” For 2014, the colors orange and blue garnered
a lot of attention. However, orange and blue are classic colors; in other words, a
classic piece has been declared a “trend.” Trends can be much more difficult to
track, but the best rule of thumb when considering whether a piece is a classic
or a trend, is to ask yourself: “Will I still love this in five years?” If the answer is
a resounding “Yes,” then chances are that the piece is either a classic or an
updated classic, both of which will age beautifully.

Understanding of LAN (local area networking) 

LAN describes a network that reaches a limited area, such as a single office
building, where the computer that has network is physically adjacent to one
another. A large LAN for example on an office or corporate complex, where it
can be separated into multiple workgroup to further facilitate manejemennya.
In this case, a workgroup comprised of user who do share the same resources,
such as files, printers and application programs. For example, on a LAN of a
company you can create a workgroup to different departments, such as sales,
finance, human resources. The distance is approximately up to 10 km.
Advantages jaingan LAN is 
1. Exchange of files (file sharing) 

2. Use the printer can be done by all clients (printer sharing) 

3. The data files can be stored on the server, so it can be accessed from any
client securities according to the authorization of all employees, which can be
made based on the company’s organizational structure so that data security is
assured. 

4. Data files in / out from / to the server can be controlled 

5. The process of backing up data quick and easy

6. The risk of losing data by a computer virus becomes very small 

7. Communication between employees can be done using email and chat

Strategy Development: Social Network Analysis

ToolkitsJanuary 2009

Social Network Analysis (SNA)

 – is a research technique that focuses on identifying and comparing the

relationships within and between individuals, groups and systems in order to
model the real-world interactions at the heart of organisational knowledge and
learning processes. Whereas an organisation chart shows formal relationships
of function and responsibility, SNA aims to illuminate informal relationships:
‘who knows whom’ and ‘who shares with whom’. This allows leaders to
visualise and understand the diverse relationships that either facilitate or
impede knowledge sharing. ‘Because these relationships are normally invisible,
SNA is sometimes referred to as an ‘organisational X-ray’ – showing the real
networks that operate underneath the surface organisational structure’ .
After social relationships and knowledge flows become visible, they can be
evaluated, compared and measured. Results of SNA can then be applied at the
level of individuals, departments or organisations to:
Identify those (individuals and groups) playing central roles (thought leaders,
key knowledge brokers, information managers, etc).

Identify bottlenecks and those isolated.

Spot opportunities to improve knowledge flow.

Target those where better knowledge sharing will have the most impact.

Raise awareness of the significance of informal networks.

Detailed description of the process

The SNA process involves information collection by means of questionnaires

and/or interviews. Data targeted are those regarding relationships within a
defined group or network of people. Then, using a software tool designed for
the purpose, responses are mapped. Analysis of data arising from the responses
can go on to offer a baseline. Using this baseline, it is then possible to plan and
prioritise changes and interventions geared towards improving social
connections and knowledge flows within the group or network.
There are various key stages involved:
Identification of the target network (e.g. team, group, department).

Background data collecting, obtained through interviewing managers and key

players regarding specific needs and problems.

Outlining and clarifying objectives and scope of analysis, and determining the
level of reporting.

Formulating hypotheses and questions.

Developing the survey methodology and the questionnaire.

Using these tools to interview the individuals in the network to identify

relationships and knowledge flows.
Using a mapping tool to map out the network visually.

Review of the map and of problems and opportunities highlighted, by means of

interviews and/or workshops.

Design and implementation of actions to bring about desired changes.

Mapping the network again after an appropriate period of time.

Key points/practical tips

It is important that SNA involves knowing what information to gather in the

first place. As a result, it is vital to put a great deal of thought into the design of
the survey and questionnaire. Effective questions typically focus on a variety of
factors, such as those that follow:
Who knows whom and how well?

How well do people know each others’ knowledge and skills?

Who or what gives people information about a specific

theme/relationship/process?

What resources do people use to find information, get feedback/ideas/advice

about a specific theme/relationship/process?

What resources do people use to share information about

theme/relationship/process?

Example: SNA in Mozambique humanitarian relief 

In February 2000, Mozambique suffered its worst flooding in almost 50 years:

699 people died and hundreds of thousands were displaced. Over 49 countries,
30 INGOs and 35 local organisations provided humanitarian assistance. A team
of researchers used SNA methods to examine the structure of inter-
organisational relations among the 65 NGOs involved in the flood operations.
The results showed a correlation between the central role of an organisation in
the social network (i.e. the number and strength of connections with other
organisations) and the numbers of beneficiaries served, specifically during the
emergency period immediately following the flooding. This association was
shown in turn to be affected by other factors, such as NGO type, sector of
engagement and provincial presence. As an example, with the exception of the
Mozambican Red Cross (which was the most central member of the network),
local NGOs in general remained peripheral to the coordination processes. This
suggests that local civil society capacity for responding to future disasters had
not been developed over the course of the crisis, and that the response may
have increased dependence on INGOs. Interestingly, the association between
network position and beneficiary numbers did not hold during the post-
emergency recovery period, a fact which was linked to the observed reduction
of coordination levels during this phase.
By using social network analysis to determine how the network structure
affects inter-organisational coordination and humanitarian aid outcomes, the
study showed that the success of humanitarian aid operations ultimately
depends on the ability of organisations to work together, and that working
together was built on knowledge sharing, joint operations and projects, in an
appropriate inter-organisational network structure.

GLOBAL NETWORK :Labor and Migration

Globalization – is the process of international integration arising from the

interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.
Advances in transportation (such as the steam locomotive, steamship, jet
engine, and container ships) and in telecommunications infrastructure
(including the rise of the telegraph and its modern offspring, the Internet and
mobile phones) have been major factors in globalization, generating further
interdependence of economic and cultural activities. Though many scholars
place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history long
before the European Age of Discovery and voyages to the New World,

GLOBAL MIGRATION
a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, especially in order to
find work: Most global migration is from developing countries to developed
ones. global migration patterns.

(Types of Migration)

Internal migration. 

This refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as

between states, provinces, cities, or municipalities. An internal migrant is
someone who moves to a different administrative territory.

International migration. 

This refers to change of residence over national boundaries. An international

migrant is someone who moves to a different country.

Planetary Networks:Climate Change

Climate change, also called global warming, refers to the rise in average
surface temperatures on Earth. An overwhelming scientific consensus
maintains that climate change is due primarily to the human use of fossil fuels,
which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air.

Effects of Climate Change.

Global climate change has already had observable effects on the environment.
Glaciers have shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up earlier, plant and
animal ranges have shifted and trees are flowering sooner.

Effects that scientists had predicted in the past would result from global
climate change are now occurring: loss of sea ice, accelerated sea level rise and
longer, more intense heat waves.

Change will continue through this century and beyond

Global climate is projected to continue to change over this century and beyond.
Global climate is projected to continue to change over this century and beyond.
The magnitude of climate change beyond the next few decades depends
primarily on the amount of heat-trapping gases emitted globally, and how
sensitive the Earth’s climate is to those emissions.

Temperatures will continue to rise

Because human-induced warming is superimposed on a naturally varying

climate, the temperature rise has not been, and will not be, uniform or smooth
across the country or over time.
Because human-induced warming is superimposed on a naturally varying
climate, the temperature rise has not been, and will not be, uniform or smooth
across the country or over time.

Frost-free season (and growing season) will lengthen.

The length of the frost-free season (and the corresponding growing season)
has been increasing nationally since the 1980s, with the largest increases
occurring in the western United States, affecting ecosystems and agriculture

The length of the frost-free season (and the corresponding growing season)
has been increasing nationally since the 1980s, with the largest increases
occurring in the western United States, affecting ecosystems and agriculture.
Across the United States, the growing season is projected to continue to
lengthen.

In a future in which heat-trapping gas emissions continue to grow, increases of

a month or more in the lengths of the frost-free and growing seasons are
projected across most of the U.S. by the end of the century, with slightly smaller
increases in the northern Great Plains. The largest increases in the frost-free
season (more than eight weeks) are projected for the western U.S., particularly
in high elevation and coastal areas. The increases will be considerably smaller if
heat-trapping gas emissions are reduced.

Changes in precipitation patterns

Average U.S. precipitation has increased since 1900, but some areas have had
increases greater than the national average, and some areas have had decreases
Average U.S. precipitation has increased since 1900, but some areas have had
increases greater than the national average, and some areas have had
decreases. More winter and spring precipitation is projected for the northern
United States, and less for the Southwest, over this century.

Projections of future climate over the U.S. suggest that the recent trend towards
increased heavy precipitation events will continue. This trend is projected to
occur even in regions where total precipitation is expected to decrease, such as
the Southwest.

More droughts and heat waves

Droughts in the Southwest and heat waves (periods of abnormally hot weather
lasting days to weeks) everywhere are projected to become more intense, and
cold waves less intense everywhere.
Droughts in the Southwest and heat waves (periods of abnormally hot weather
lasting days to weeks) everywhere are projected to become more intense, and
cold waves less intense everywhere.

Summer temperatures are projected to continue rising, and a reduction of soil

moisture, which exacerbates heat waves, is projected for much of the western
and central U.S. in summer. By the end of this century, what have been once-
in-20-year extreme heat days (one-day events) are projected to occur every
two or three years over most of the nation.  

Hurricanes will become stronger and more intense

The intensity, frequency and duration of North Atlantic hurricanes, as well as

the frequency of the strongest (Category 4 and 5) hurricanes, have all increased
since the early 1980s

The intensity, frequency and duration of North Atlantic hurricanes, as well as

the frequency of the strongest (Category 4 and 5) hurricanes, have all increased
since the early 1980s. The relative contributions of human and natural causes
to these increases are still uncertain. Hurricane-associated storm intensity and
rainfall rates are projected to increase as the climate continues to warm.

Sea level will rise 1-4 feet by 2100

 Global sea level has risen by about 8 inches since reliable record keeping began
in 1880. It is projected to rise another 1 to 4 feet by 2100

Global sea level has risen by about 8 inches since reliable record keeping began
in 1880. It is projected to rise another 1 to 4 feet by 2100. This is the result of
added water from melting land ice and the expansion of seawater as it warms.

In the next several decades, storm surges and high tides could combine with
sea level rise and land subsidence to further increase flooding in many of these
regions. Sea level rise will not stop in 2100 because the oceans take a very long
time to respond to warmer conditions at the Earth’s surface. Ocean waters will
therefore continue to warm and sea level will continue to rise for many
centuries at rates equal to or higher than that of the current century.

Arctic likely to become ice-free

The Arctic Ocean is expected to become essentially ice free in summer before
mid-century.
The Arctic Ocean is expected to become essentially ice free in summer before
mid-century.

Democratic Intervention

The Democratic Intervention is a Portuguese left-wing political association

founded in order to promote and defend socialist ideas in Portugal and other
countries . Members of it take part as independents in the electoral alliance
Unitary Democratic Coalition, along with the Portuguese Communist Party and
the Ecologist Party “The Greens”.

IMPORTANCE OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, & GOVERNANCE TO

DEVELOPMENT
Human welfare is defined not only in terms of freedom from hunger and
poverty but also respect for individual dignity. 

USAID recognizes that long-term, sustainable development is closely linked to

sound democratic governance and the protection of human rights.  We view the
democracy, human rights, and governance (DRG) sector not in isolation but as
a critical framework in which all aspects of development must advance
together. 

Our projects in health, education, climate change, and food security will not be
effective and sustainable unless we work to:

Support legitimate, inclusive and sound governance.

Protect the basic rights of citizens.

Support stable and peaceful democratic transitions.

Former USAID Administrator Rajiv Shah called for a “united approach” to

integrate democracy, human rights, and governance considerations with
socio-economic sectors in pursuit of broader U.S. development objectives. 
The Administrator recognized that inclusive, accountable, and democratic
governments are necessary and critical for ensuring that communities can
withstand conflict and/or other shocks and that development gains are not
lost, as well as creating stable partners for the United States. 

DRG goals in politically restrictive countries can often be more effectively

advanced through integrated programming led by other sectors.  Integrated
programs are not intended to replace core DRG programming or to dilute the
efforts of socio-economic sectors.  Rather, they are intended to be complement
and reinforce. 

An integrated approach is rooted in existing Agency practices throughout the

program cycle.  Moreover, integration is consistent with a number of key policy
documents:

Domestically, with the Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review

(QDDR), National Security Strategy, and Presidential Policy Directive on Global
Development.

Internationally, with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, the Accra

Agenda for Action, and the Busan Partnership for Effective Development
Cooperation. 

Integration further promotes the principles of USAID Forward’s

Implementation and Procurement Reform for increased engagement of host-
country systems and local capacity development. 

The Administrator signed a new policy to include democracy, human rights, an

governance integration in program-cycle guidance and practices and to
establish an Integration Fund in support of an Agency-wide staff trained in
democracy, human rights, an governance cross-sectoral approaches.

We are investing in collaborative efforts in democracy, human rights, and

governance because strong institutions and democratic participation, and
well-trained staff and a solid evidence base, are essential to the long-term
success of our work in areas such as global health, climate change, and food
security.

Information and communications technology

Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

 is an extended term for information technology (IT) which stresses the role of
unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone
lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software,
middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access,
store, transmit, and manipulate information. 

The term ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audio-visual and
telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link
system. There are large economic incentives (huge cost savings due to
elimination of the telephone network) to merge the telephone network with the
computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal
distribution and management.

However, ICT has no universal definition, as “the concepts, methods and

applications involved in ICT are constantly evolving on an almost daily basis.”
The broadness of ICT covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate,
transmit or receive information electronically in a digital form, e.g. personal
computers, digital television, email, robots. For clarity, Zuppo provided an ICT
hierarchy where all levels of the hierarchy “contain some degree of
commonality in that they are related to technologies that facilitate the transfer
of information and various types of electronically mediated
communications”.Skills Framework for the Information Age is one of many
models for describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals for the
21st century.

Advantages of Using ICT in Learning-Teaching Processes. Information and

Communication Technologies have recently gained groundswell of interest.

With the aim to draw evidences regarding the advantages and benefits of ICT in
schools achievements. It seeks to measure the impact of ICT on students’
outcomes

DISADVANTAGE..

1) Cost 
More and more resources are being put into ICT in schools – the cost of
laptops, wireless broadband, projectors for example contribute a large
percentage of the school’s budget.
A $850 million Standard ICT Operating Environment (SOE) system has begun
in 2012, enabling students to tap onto wireless networks in their schools with
speeds up to 1Gbps to do their school online assessments or research for their
projects – particularly in the secondary and tertiary levels of education.

2) Misuse of ICT

Instead of using their laptops or tablets for their studies and online tests, more
often than not students stray away and visit social networking sites like
Facebook or Twitter.

Then, listening to the teachers in lessons are no longer their main priority –
they would be too focused on playing games or visiting social networking sites. 

This would result in lower academic grades. However, should the student be
focused to their studies, such activities may not play out and that would mean
ICT is an advantage to them.

 Picture

A student using Facebook in class.

3) School Bags + Laptops?

Crescent Girls’ School, one of the 5 FutureSchools in Singapore, requires each

student to own a laptop. Coupled with heavy textbooks, notes and homework,
the laptop is quite a burden to the students’ back. 

An average laptop weighs about 2.0kg. Although homework is online, there are
often times that the homework is to be printed out and handed in. 
Schools are becoming more dependent on e-learning (learning on the internet)
but textbooks are mostly print publications. Hence, the weight of this laptop,
textbooks, and homework may bear health consequences in the near future.

Neural and social networks.

neural network
In information technology, a neural network is a system of hardware and/or
software patterned after the operation of neurons in the human brain. Neural
networks — also called artificial neural networks — are a variety of deep
learning technologies. Commercial applications of these technologies generally
focus on solving complex signal processing or pattern recognition problems.
Examples of significant commercial applications since 2000 include
handwriting recognition for check processing, speech-to-text transcription,
oil-exploration data analysis, weather prediction and facial recognition.

social networking

Social networking is the practice of expanding the number of one’s business

and/or social contacts by making connections through individuals, often
through social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Google+.
Based on the six degrees of separation concept (the idea that any two people on
the planet could make contact through a chain of no more than five
intermediaries), social networking establishes interconnected online
communities (sometimes known as social graphs) that help people make
contacts that would be good for them to know, but that they would be unlikely
to have met otherwise.

Depending on the social media platform, members may be able to contact any
other member. In other cases, members can contact anyone they have a
connection to, and subsequently anyone that contact has a connection to, and
so on. Some services require members to have a preexisting connection to
contact other members.

While social networking has gone on almost as long as societies themselves

have existed, the unparalleled potential of the Web to facilitate such
connections has led to an exponential and ongoing expansion of that
phenomenon. In addition to social media platforms, the capacity for social
interaction and collaboration is increasingly built into business applications.

edwardperico / February 19, 2017

edwardperico / Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com.