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mine drainage--maden drenajı(çekilme-boşaltma)

bygone-mazi
Mine Drainage remnant-kalıntı
mined (v) - maden çıkarmak
As settlers travelled west and mined the American landscape, thousands
of new mines were created over the centuries and then abandoned.
Now, these long-forgotten remnants of a bygone area still haunt us, as
their operations left behind materials and rock exposures that can be
easily eroded and carried downstream. The United States Geological
Survey (USGS) helps track the sources of acidic mine drainage and helps
land managers develop better mitigation strategies.

concentrantion-yığılım-toplanma
BACKGROUND
Mine drainage refers to any surface water or groundwater that drains
from an active or abandoned mining operation. Mine drainage can be
high-quality similar to natural waters or contaminated by leftover
materials. Polluted mine drainage can be extremely acidic and is often
laden with high concentrations of toxic, heavy metals. In general, the
more acidic the water, the more likely it is to be harmful to living
organisms. dissolve-çözünme
settle- v - yerleşmek
n - sıra-bank
Mine drainage forms from a chemical reaction between water and rocks
containing sulfur-bearing minerals. The resulting waters become rich in
sulfuric acid and dissolved iron. As the iron settles out of the water, it
can form red, orange, or yellow sediments in the bottom of streams.
The acidic runoff further dissolves heavy metals such as copper, lead,
mercury into groundwater or surface water. The rate and degree by
which acid-mine drainage proceeds can be increased by the action of
certain bacteria.
by the action off-etkisiyle
runoff-akarsu

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Acid mine drainage can change the colour of a stream into red or orange.

deposit-katman
THE CHEMISTRY OF MINE DRAINAGE
Because the chemistry of water samples can rapidly change if removed
from the mine, many mine drainage measurements are made in the
field. The first measurement typically looks at acidity, which is reported
as pH. A neutral pH has a value of 7. Any sample that reads below a pH
of 7 is characterized as being acidic. Anything greater than 7 is
described as being basic. The more acidic the water is, the better it is at
eroding mining slag, rocks, and other materials. The water then
transports the contaminated mine materials to nearby rivers before
eventually depositing the materials downstream. Some mine drainage
has been seen to have pH in the 2.5-4 range1. nearby-yakınlarda
Another water-quality parameter that is useful for characterizing water
quality of acid mine drainage is specific conductance. Conductance is a
measurement of the electrical conductivity in a water sample and is a
indicator of what's dissolved in a liquid. It is also very inexpensive to
measure, unlike testing for metals and other pollutants. Different
substances will affect the conductance of water, allowing scientists to
conductance-iletkenlik
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use changes in conductance as an indicator of changes of whatever is in

the water - in this case the number of contaminants coming from the
mine.

Sampling acid mine drainage residuals in Elk County, Pennsylvania. The USGS has pioneered a new
use for these residuals that are currently a disposal challenge, using them to filter phosphorus from
agricultural and municipal wastewaters. (Credit: Philip Sibrell, USGS)

municipal-belediye disposal-yok etme