HUMANITY WITHOUT HYDROGEN BONDING RUBRIC

How can we present the importance of Hydrogen Bonding to the Chemistry Department at GWU?

Criteria Points

1 2 3 4

Organization- Time Group did not Group did not Group Use time well. ______
management use time well. complete completed most The group
Little or no work some work on of the work on completed the
was by the group time. Worked time. work on time.
members done, frantically to
so the project finish the
was not project on
completed. time.

Project The project is Group Group organized Group

missing or organized the project with organized
incomplete. most of the headings and content with
Group members project. subheadings. headings and
randomly placed However, the Text and subheadings.
text and graphics placement of graphics were Text and
on the project. text and easy to read. graphics were
graphics neat, which
sometimes made the
made the project easy to
project hard read.
to read.

Content Knowledge Group used one Group used a Group used a Group used ______
article for few articles few articles for multiple
research on their for research research on their articles for
assigned topic. on their assigned topic. research on
They plagiarized assigned Paraphrased their assigned
instead of topic. sentences were topic.
paraphrasing the Paraphrased clear and easy to Paraphrased
article. Failed to sentences read. Group sentences
reference the were unclear incorrectly cited were clear and
article in their and hard to the sources. easy to read.
project. The read. The Sources cited
group members group correctly.
were incorrectly
disrespectful, cited the
while others were sources.
presenting.

Presentation Group used Group used ______

 Google Slides for Group used Group used Google Slides
their presentation Google Slides Google Slides for their
but had no for their for their presentation.
general audience presentation. presentation. They
in mind. Only Little The group Considered
one member of consideration considered the the general
the group was of the general general audience and
presenting their audience. audience. Some highlighted
topic. There was Only two of the group the
no order of members in members took importance of
presentation, the group turns presenting the project.
unclear focus. presented their topic. All the group
their topic. Sequences of members took
Content is information are turns
loosely well organized presenting
connected, for the most their topic.
transitions part, but more Transitions
lack clarity. clarity with are clear and
transition is create a
needed. succinct and
even flow.

Spelling & Writing contains Group made Minor errors, The writing is ______
Grammar numerous errors frequent but the sentence virtually
in spelling and errors in structures flow error-free in
grammar, which spelling and and are terms of
interferes with grammar. transparent; spelling and
comprehension. Illustrates grammar.
careful
proofreading.
 Student Exploration: Ionic Bonding

Vocabulary​: electron affinity, ion, ionic bond, metal, nonmetal, octet rule, shell, valence electron.

Prior Knowledge Questions​ (Do these ​BEFORE ​using the Gizmo.)

1. Nate and Clara are drawing pictures with markers. There are 8 markers in a set. Nate has
9 markers and Clara has 7. What can Nate and Clara do so that each of them has a full
set?

2. Maggie is sitting at a table with Magda and Gina. Maggie has 10 markers, but Magda and
Gina each have only 7 markers. How can they share markers so each has 8?

Gizmo Warm-up
Just like students sharing markers, atoms sometimes share or swap electrons. By doing this,
atoms form bonds. The ​Ionic Bonds​ Gizmo allows you to explore how ​Ionic Bonds ​form.

To begin, check the ​Sodium (Na)​ and ​Chlorine (Cl) ​are selected from the menus at right. Click
play ​(➤) to see electrons orbiting the nucleus of each atom. (Note: These atom models are
simplified and not meant to be realistic.)

1. Each atom consists of a central nucleus and several ​shells ​that contain electrons. The
outermost electrons are called ​valence electrons​. (Inner electrons are not shown).

How many valence electrons does each atom have? Sodium: ​ ​ Chlorine: ___

2. Click ​pause (॥). Elements can be classified as ​metals ​and ​nonmetals​. Metals do not hold
on to their valence electrons very tightly, while nonmetals hold their electrons tightly.
Electron affinity​ is a measure of how tightly the valence electrons are held.

A. Try pulling an electron away from each atom. Based on this experiment, which
atom is a metal? ​ ​Which is a nonmetal? ____
B. Try moving the electron from a metal to a nonmetal. What happens?
 _________________________________________________________
Activity A: Get the Gizmo ready:
● Click ​Reset.
Ions ● Check that Sodium and Chlorine are
still selected.

Introduction: Some of the particles that make up atoms have an electrical charge. Electrons are
negatively charged, while protons are positively charged. Particles with opposite charges (+ and
-) attract, while particles with the same charge (+ and + or - and -) repel.

Question: What happens when atoms gain or lose electrons?

1. Count​: Electrons move around the nucleus of atoms in specific shells, shown by the rings around
the atoms in the Gizmo. The first ring holds two electrons, and the second holds eight. (Electrons
in the inner rings are not shown; you can assume these rings are full.)

A. Observe the sodium and chlorine atoms. Assuming that the inner rings are full of
electrons, how many electrons are there total in each atom?

Sodium: ____​ ​Chlorine: ___

B. Each atom is neutrally charged, which means that each atom has the same
number of protons and electrons. Based on this, how many protons are in each
atom?

Sodium: ____​ ​Chlorine: ___

2. ​ Observe​: Most atoms are stable with a configuration of eight valence electrons. This is known as
the ​octet rule​. How many valence electrons does each atom have?

​Sodium: ____ Chlorine: ___

3. ​Form a bond​: Each electron has a charge of -1, and each proton has a charge of +1. You
can calculate the charge of an atom by subtracting the number of electrons from the
number of protons. Move an electron from the sodium to the chlorine atom.

A. What are the charges of each atom now? Sodium:​ ​__ Chlorine: ​ ​___
Turn on ​Show charge​ to check. These charged atoms are called ​Ions​.

B. Is each Ion stable? Explain.

___________________________________

Click ​Check ​in the lower right corner of the Gizmo to check.
 4. ​Think and discuss​: Why is there an attraction between the two ions in this chemical bond?

Activity B: Get the Gizmo ready​:

● Click ​Reset.
Ions ● Select Lithium (Li)
and Oxygen (O).

Question: How are ionic compounds formed?

1. ​Observe​: Look at the red lithium atom and the blue oxygen atom. Recall that most atoms
are stable when their outermost ring has eight electrons. (Some atoms, such as lithium and
beryllium, are stable when their outermost ring has two electrons.)

A. How many electrons will the lithium atom give up to become stable? ___
B. How many electrons does the oxygen atom need to become stable? ____
C. Can a stable compound be made from these two atoms? Explain why or why not.
_________________________________________________________________
2. ​Form bonds​: Click ​Add metal ​to add another lithium atom, and then transfer electrons
from the lithium to the oxygen. Click ​Check​.
A. Did you make a stable compound? ____
B. Turn on ​Show formula​. What is the formula of this compound? ___
C. Turn on ​Show charge​. What is the charge of each ion? Li___ Li ___ O ___
3. ​Practice​: Use the Gizmo to create stable compounds from the combinations given below.
After transferring electrons, arrange the atoms to demonstrate the attraction between
positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Click ​Check ​to check each compound.

Write the ionic charges (such as Ca2+) and chemical formulas below.
Ionic charges Chemical formula
​
A. Lithium and fluorine: Li __ ​ F __ ____
B. Beryllium and oxygen: Be __ O __ ___
​
C. Magnesium and fluorine: Mg __​ F __ ____
D. Aluminum and chlorine: Al __ Cl __ ____
E. Beryllium and nitrogen: Be __ N __ ____
 Reasons to Study Chemistry
Kimberley McGee - Updated February 08, 2019

To some, it may seem intimidating and like something that only happens in beakers on Bunsen
burners in controlled labs. That is not so. Chemistry is all around you. From the fibers that wick
away moisture in your clothing to the purified water in your bottle, chemistry can be found in
nearly every part of our modern life.

There are many reasons for studying this fascinating subject. Whether or not you are planning on
pursuing a career in chemistry, the study of this diverse subject can be rewarding on many levels.
There are many advantages to studying chemistry

What Is Chemistry?

Chemistry is the study of matter and energy and how they interact under different conditions and
in a variety of settings. It is considered the central science because it dips into the other science
subjects, including biology, physics, environmental science and geology.

Aside from the rudimentary skills studying chemistry can offer a student, there are many benefits
of studying chemistry that work well in other areas of your schooling or your professional
pursuits.

Three Reasons to Study Chemistry

There are many reasons to delve into this wide-ranging subject. However, it can be narrowed
down to three reasons that chemistry is beneficial to study on any level. Three reasons to study
chemistry are:

● It helps you make informed decisions about products.

● It helps you to understand chemical reactions that can increase your cooking talents.

● It teaches useful skills such as logic, reasoning and problem solving.

Reasons to Study Chemistry as a Major

Once you’ve completed a four-year degree in chemistry, there are many ways it can be applied.
There is a plethora of careers in which a degree in chemistry can be used to a student’s distinct
advantage.

A pre-med student can use the degree as a base for a medical career as a surgeon, biochemist,
endocrinologist, pharmacist or microbiologist. A research scientist will use a four-year degree in
chemistry to further his work in environmental studies. Chemistry degrees are also needed for
careers such as chemical oceanographers, chemical engineers and chemical information
specialists.

Taking a minor in chemistry can also boost certain careers. Patent lawyers need a healthy
understanding of chemistry, as do food developers and waste management specialists.

Skills Gained From Studying Chemistry

There are many benefits of studying chemistry. Chemistry courses can teach you how to
communicate complex ideas or concepts through the written and spoken word. These advanced
literacy skills gained through the many papers you will write in chemistry classes can assist you
in writing reports and giving presentations later in life.

Throughout your chemistry coursework, you will need to create spreadsheets, PowerPoint
presentations and detailed reports with references. This will help you to understand and use
different types of computer software that is also used in the professional workplace.

There is a lot of data handling in chemistry. Juggling complex concepts, mathematical statistics
and research from a wide variety of sources will help you to hone skills that you can use for
project and time management. Working with a group of students to achieve a goal will
strengthen your teamwork skills.

Chemistry in the Home Field

A background in chemistry, either from a few classes or as a minor, can help you in everyday
situations. Chemistry is lurking in your kitchen cupboards and under the bathroom sink. If you
mix bleach and ammonia, the chemical reaction of the two cleaners creates toxic vapors called
chloramines. These can create watery eyes, coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain and other
respiratory irritations when they are inhaled.

Mixing baking soda with vinegar causes the two kitchen staples to erupt in a powerful but
explosive mix. The acetic acid in the vinegar reacts to the sodium bicarbonate in the baking soda.
Hydrogen ions form when the two materials meet and form carbonic acid. The carbonic acid then
begins to compose into bubbling water and carbon dioxide gas.
 Covalent Bonding: Note Outline

1. In an ionic bond electrons are

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Draw the ionic bond of potassium fluoride (KF) below.

a. What two ions are formed to create potassium fluoride?

_________________ ________________
3. _________ ___________ are formed from the attraction between
_______________________________________________ and fixed, positively charged
____________ ______________.

4. What is a covalent bond?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

5. Shared electrons are called ______________________ _______________________.

6. What does chlorine have to do to achieve the octet rule?
_____________________________________________.
7. How many bonding pairs does chlorine have? ________________.

I. IONIC BONDS -

II. METALLIC BONDS -

III. COVALENT BONDS -

 Group 1: DNA

Please use this document to write a paragraph describing what your group would have done
differently to improve your presentation.

Use a ​blue ​ink pen to write.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zNExa8APRCYEowBzd5_yDWkX_CCPVZXNTljZ5A3F
U7w/edit?usp=sharing

Group 2: Water

Please use this document to write a paragraph describing what your group would have done
differently to improve your presentation.

Use a ​blue ​ink pen to write.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zNExa8APRCYEowBzd5_yDWkX_CCPVZXNTljZ5A3F
U7w/edit?usp=sharing